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2024 | Buch

Green Approaches in Sustainable Aviation

Proceedings of International Symposium on Sustainable Aviation 2022

herausgegeben von: T. Hikmet Karakoc, Raj Das, Ismail Ekmekci, Alper Dalkiran, Ali Haydar Ercan

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Buchreihe : Sustainable Aviation

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Über dieses Buch

Sustainable aviation is a long-term strategy to provide innovative solutions to the industry’s environmental challenges. The International Symposium on Sustainable Aviation is a multi-disciplinary symposium that presents research on current sustainability-based issues and future trends in aviation from an economic, social, and environmental perspective. The conference provides a platform offering insights on a broad range of current issues in aviation, such as aviation and environment, commercial air transport, regulations and policy, sustainable aerospace vehicles and technologies, and environmental modeling and measurements. The ISSA symposium allows researchers, scientists, engineers, practitioners, policymakers, and students to exchange information, present new technologies and developments, and discuss future direction, strategies, and priorities in sustainable aviation topics.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Short Review on Taxation Action in the Sustainability of Green Airports
Abstract
Climate change and global warming are common problems that require collective action. The aviation sector has an undeniable impact on these problems, and the concept of sustainability has become a prominent element in the aviation sector. Sustainable airport development brings positive external effects such as reduction of energy consumption, reduction of negative impacts on water and air quality, waste minimization, and decreasing negative environmental impacts of airport construction. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 13% of greenhouse gas emissions are caused by the aviation sector, making green airports the most logical choice for sustainable development. The air transportation sector should act responsibly to balance economic development, social progress, and environmental responsibility. To do this, airports have started to pay attention to sustainability by placing the issue of sustainability at the focus point. Airports Council International (ACI) and ICAO work on common projects to create infrastructures that target the ecological planning in airports, distribute land use plans based on this issue, and form an appropriate system for airport managements. Green building applications are increasing at bio-center-oriented green airports operating with an environmentally sensitive management approach, contributing to the ecosystem by improving water quality, increasing biodiversity, conserving natural resources, and minimizing environmental effects.
Filiz Ekici, Öner Gümüş, Alper Dalkiran, T. Hikmet Karakoc
A Covariance Matching-Based Adaptive EKF for Nanosatellite Attitude Estimation
Abstract
This study discusses and compares the performance of R-adaptive extended Kalman filters (EKF) with different covariance matching techniques for a nanosatellite attitude estimation. A non-traditional approach is used for the estimation process where the TRIAD and an EKF are integrated to reduce the computational load. In order to make the EKF adaptive, covariance matching techniques are used with single scaling factor (SSF), multiple scaling factors (MSFs), and fading factors (FFs), which is an alternative approach to MSFs. To compare the performance of the proposed algorithms, one simulation is performed where a noise increment is applied to the x-axis magnetometer. As a result of the simulation, it is seen that MSF and FF approaches are superior to the SSF approach. On the other hand, no differences in performance are observed between the MSF and FF approaches.
Hasan Kinatas, Chingiz Hajiyev
Internal Heat Gain in Airport Buildings via Occupants
Abstract
In airport buildings where there is a very high number of people circulation, the heat gains caused by occupants should be taken into accountAbstract when calculating the total energy consumption of the buildings. In complex structures used by many people, such as airports, heat gains from people should be calculated. In the study, heat gains from people’s clothing surface through convection and radiation were taken into account. The heat gain used here is the amount of heat produced by people. Heat generation occurs in a mechanically ventilated environment in airport buildings, unlike naturally ventilated residential buildings. Therefore, convection heat transfer can occur both naturally and forcedly. In airport buildings, the total heat gain values are found by multiplying the heat gain value calculated for one person with the number of passengers in the airport. As a result, the sum of the amount of convection and radiation heat transfer interior heat gain for a passenger is calculated between 135.719 and 223.711 W, depending on the indoor air velocity.
Okan Kon, İsmail Caner
Cold Flow Properties of Biojet Fuels in Aviation
Abstract
Cold flow properties are very important in terms of flight safety in both civil and military aviation fuels. The cold flow properties of biofuels are worse compared to currently used aviation fuels, but they are of great importance in terms of environment safety and emissions. When the studies done so far on a new biodiesel used in this study were examined, no study was found in the literature. The production method of Onopordum biodiesel was patented by the author with the Turkish Patent Institute’s document numbered 2022/05453. Biojet fuel was obtained by mixing Onopordum biodiesel with JP-8 fuel, which is a military aviation fuel, in certain proportions (B2, B3, B5). The cold flow properties of the obtained biojet fuel were tested and the results were presented. This study has been done for the first time in the world literature for the biofuel used in this study, and it is possible to test the additives added to the fuel mixtures at different rates or to produce different alternative fuels by diversifying the types of additives used.
Mustafa Acaroğlu, Fatma Düzenli
Innovative Process for the Purification of Green Aviation Fuel Additive “Dimethoxymethane”: Pervaporation
Abstract
The aim of this study is purification of aviation fuel additive “dimethoxymethane” by using pervaporation process. Polyetherimide (PEI) membrane was utilized for the purification of dimethoxymethane from dimethoxymethane/methanol mixtures. Membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Purification tests were performed in different feed methanol concentration and operation temperature. Methanol selectivity value was obtained as infinite. The results obtained show that high purity dimethoxymethane green aviation fuel additive can be achieved by pervaporation process.
Derya Unlu
Deceleration Behavior of Super-Lightweight XPS Foams: Number of Layers Effect
Abstract
The design of a lightweight structure is extensively researched and implemented in various industries, especially in aircraft applications, and is tied to the green aviation concept. Because a smaller mass requires less lift force and thrust during flight, reducing the weight of an aircraft is an effective way to improve energy efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. In this study, the deceleration properties of XPS foam materials used in the core of composite structures are investigated. The effect of the gradual increase of XPS layers on its deceleration property was discussed. The deceleration of the designed specimens was measured by a drop-tower impact system. The results showed that increasing only two grams while reducing the deceleration of the samples five times on the scale of ten layers.
Mohammad Rauf Sheikhi, Selim Gürgen, Onder Altuntas, Melih Cemal Kuşhan
Green Purchase Intention in the Air Travel Industry: Influence of Environmental Knowledge and Attitude
Abstract
Today, air travel accounts for a significant portion of global carbon dioxide emissions and is a major source of greenhouse gases. Therefore, sustainability concerns are central to all efforts within the air travel industry. Increasing awareness of environmental sustainability also drives customers’ purchasing decisions. Although the literature on green purchasing behaviors has been thoroughly researched, explanations for travelers’ green purchasing behaviors are limited. This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of green purchase intention within the context of the air travel industry. In doing so, this study investigates the direct and indirect effects of environmental knowledge through green attitude in general on green purchase intention. The data collection process was completed with the questionnaire technique collected from 156 respondents from Turkey. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was employed in the analysis of the research model. Research findings showed that there are significant and positive relationships between environmental knowledge, green attitude in general, and purchase intention. Moreover, green attitude appeared to significantly mediate the relationship between environmental knowledge and green purchase intention. As a result, increased environmental knowledge among consumers should not be ignored as it influences purchase intention directly and indirectly in air travel consumption.
Mahmut Bakır
Evaluation of Air Transport Projects Development by AHP
Abstract
Due to accelerated and high competition levels of the transport market conditions in the aviation sector, the structured approach of aviation has generated a sophisticated air transport system where the quality is sensitive and immediately responsive to the supply side. Quantifications of quality have become increasingly important. Due to the system’s diversity, interdependency, and unsupportable properties, calculating quality factors is not an easy process. In order to do this, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) employed four groups of aviation specialists to create a survey based on three-level hierarchy model of the quality of the air transport supply in order to assess and balance the important and critical factors of the current air transport system. A general air transport supply quality model built by hierarchical structure with four primary criteria, fifteen first-level sub-criteria, and twelve second-level sub-criteria.
Omar Alharasees, Utku Kale
A Comparative Study of the Reporting Approach for Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility Between Iberia and Turkish Airlines
Abstract
The aim of this study is to make a side-by-side comparison between the two flag carriers of Turkey and Spain on the method they use to communicate with the public on how they face the social and environmental problems and their responsibility toward the community. Two different frameworks for addressing CSR are analyzed, one based on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals on the other based on Global Reporting Initiative standards; the reports taken into account were sustainability reports published during 2019, 2020, and 2021 by both companies. The results showed that Iberia, using the sustainable development goal method, published reports with less content and in general not very technical focusing more on social responsibility, unlike Turkish Airlines, which used the global reporting initiative method, publishing more technical reports; however, they used more infographics and images to make the display of the information more didactic. It is worth mentioning that Iberia didn’t outsource the redaction of the reports, whereas Turkish Airlines did it, being a debalancing factor in the quality and approach.
Eliezer José Arellano García, Rubén Pérez Fernández, César Montañés Alonso, Gamze Orhan
Fuel Efficient Flight Level Assignments Under Wind Uncertainties for the Conflict Resolution Problem at the En-Route Phase
Abstract
Conflict resolution problem can be solved using three different approaches: airspeed change (SC), heading angle change (HAC), and flight level change (FLC). SC and HAC do not affect the vertical position of aircraft; however, changing the flight level of an aircraft causes an interaction between different levels. Also, the wind effect may change between the levels, which can affect the aircraft’s ground speeds. In such a situation, controllers may need to intervene to ensure minimum separations between aircraft. Even though FLC is performed with a single instruction, conflict resolution using this approach creates follow-up difficulties for the controllers. This study develops a stochastic conflict resolution algorithm by considering the FLC instructions to help the controller decisions. To find out the possible benefits of the model, it is compared to deterministic and expected value approaches. Real wind data is obtained from the weather sound database and integrated into the model. Both wind speed and wind direction uncertainties are considered, and the differences between the wind speeds for different levels are reflected in the model as coefficients. As a result, the presented model provided an average of 4.17% fuel savings compared to the deterministic approach and resulted with resilient solutions applicable under wind uncertainties.
Ramazan Kursat Cecen, Kadir Dönmez
MCDM Risk Assessment in Ground Operation
Abstract
Performing operations on time is imperative to aviation on both the ground and flight sides. Minutes, considered worthless in daily life, are crucial for airlines to carry out various processes. Failure to conduct an operation on expected time causes delays correlatively. In addition, airlines prioritize preventing safety gaps caused by time constraints. The avoidance of accidents in aviation in which the human factor has to be taken into account is possible with proactive solutions. This study examines safety issues and accident sources in ramp operations using the Multi-Criteria Decision Making approach. The risk factors determined by classification and pairwise comparisons are scored on a 5-point Likert scale according to the PROMETHEE method, considering weight percentages.
Ilker Inan, Ilkay Orhan
Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Face Milling of Waspaloy Superalloy
Abstract
Waspaloy is a superalloy material with wide applications in the aerospace industry. In this study, Waspaloy superalloy was face milled using coated carbide inserts under dry cutting conditions. The effect of cutting parameters on cutting force was investigated experimentally and statistically. The Taguchi method was used as a statistical method. Cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting tool were selected as input parameters. Sixteen experiments were performed with a Taguchi orthogonal experimental design. A comparison of the experimental data with the data obtained from the prediction models showed results with acceptable accuracy. In measuring the prediction adequacy of the test results, the quadratic model was used and the coefficient of determination was R2 = 87.58%. The effects of cutting parameters on cutting forces were analyzed using ANOVA. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the most effective parameter on the cutting forces was the cutting tool (GC2030) with a rate of 82.99%. The feed rate was 2.75% and the cutting speed was 1.80% effective. As a result of the optimization made with the Taguchi method, it was determined that the cutting speed was 20 m/min, the feed rate was 0.1 mm/tooth, and the cutting tool gave better results in GC2030. The data obtained as a result of the validation experiment is within the confidence interval. This result confirms the suitability of Taguchi optimization for cutting force.
Oğuzhan Çakmakoğlu, Ahmet Demirer, Yakup Turgut, Ömer Seçgin
The Role of Additive Manufacturing Towards Sustainable Aerospace Structures
Abstract
The continual increase in aviation and aerospace operations globally has ushered in a large increase in the development of innovative materials and structures. With the need for sustainable aerospace platforms and operations paramount, the creation of more efficient, lightweight structures is necessary for future operations. Additive manufacturing (AM) presents the unique ability to fabricate highly optimised, complex structures that can reduce the associated environmental impact in their development, sustainability and operation. Whilst still yet to be fully utilised, the abundant benefits that arise from AM technology have and will enable a plethora of new avenues to be explored. This chapter outlines the importance of AM technology towards a more sustainable aerospace sector and flags the novel opportunities it provides for future development. The primary advantages of AM that contribute to this are analysed, including reduced mass, material usage and production costs, as well as its prospective capabilities of in-space manufacturing and in-situ resource utilisation.
Joshua Rodrigues, Simon Barter, Raj Das
Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of Penguin-Inspired Biomimetic Aircraft Wing
Abstract
Aerodynamic performance of a penguin-inspired biomimetic aircraft wing was numerically evaluated using delayed detached Eddy simulation, where the SST K-ω model was applied as Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model. At a Reynolds number of 5 × 105, penguin-inspired biomimetic aircraft wing exhibits the flow separation characteristics after 20 deg angle of attack (AOA). Penguin-inspired biomimetic aircraft wings promise better performance compared to almost all the aerofoils if we only consider the stall effect; as for almost all the baseline aerofoils, the stall occurs at around 10–16 deg AOA. The maximum drag coefficient obtained was 0.35 for 30 deg AOA, the maximum lift to drag ratio was 7.8 at 10 deg AOA, and the aerodynamic efficiency is expected to be maximum at that point. Moreover, compared to baseline NACA0012 aerofoil, for 15, 20, and 25 deg AOA, the penguin-inspired biomimetic aircraft wing offers 30.43%, 65.94%, and 33.16% higher lift to drag ratio, respectively.
Mahadi Hasan Masud, Peter Dabnichki
Leading and Trailing Edge Configuration for Distributed Electric Propulsion Systems
Abstract
In pusher-type aircraft, the impact of putting the propeller on the trailing edge and impact of propeller on the tip of the wing have been carefully researched. The results reveal an increase in propelling efficiency and a reduction in drag. In addition, there is a lot of study being done right now on distributed propulsion and the advantages it has in terms of aerodynamic effects and propelling advantages. This paves way for the possibility of positioning the propeller on the trailing edge of the wing and using the increased propulsive efficiency afforded by boundary layer ingestion (BLI). This research studies the effect of positioning the propeller on the trailing edge of the wing instead of the leading edge on power savings and advances in propulsive efficiency. A scaled remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) wing is tested in a wind tunnel utilizing a brushless direct current (BLDC) engine with several propeller configurations. A new term, ingestion ratio (IR), is introduced to describe the effect of the change in propeller size on power savings. The investigation revealed that positioning the propeller on the trailing edge of the wing increases the propelling efficiency by up to 5.8% and saves up to 24.7% of electricity.
Mithun Eqbal, Matthew Marino, Patrick Farley
Cost and Weight Optimization of Recyclable Honeycomb Sandwich Panels
Abstract
In this study, four-parameter sub-optimization considering their failure modes has been performed on honeycomb core sandwich panels to obtain optimal weight. Five common failure criteria were used in the analysis of sandwich beam under four-point bending (quarter-span), considering the core material to be isotropic or specially orthotropic. The five chosen failure criteria yielded five different failure mode combinations. The sub-optimal weights for the five failure mode combinations were obtained at the confluence of four failure criteria, of which one is the global optimum. Aluminum (5052-H34 alloy) was chosen as the facesheet material with the core material types (unreinforced and fiber reinforced composites). The shear strength of all fiber-reinforced cell wall materials has been assumed to be 0.6 times the tensile strength of the material in the direction of the fibers, and the fiber volume fraction, vf was taken to be 0.3 for all fiber-reinforced core materials. The optimal weight index was determined for load indices ranging from 1 × 10−8 to 1 × 10−6, which corresponds to loads (per unit width) between 703 N/m and 70300 N/m. On close examination, the dominant mode of failure for these panels at lower relative densities closer to 10−4 is intracellular bucking, which changes to core buckling when the relative densities get closer to 10−3, but at higher relative densities, this changes to facings cracking in tension. The optimal weight index predicted by the manual and Matlab procedure was 0.42 kg/m3 at a failure combination of FC-FW-IB-CB. However, the Matlab optimization predicts the same weight index at the confluence of only three (FW, IB, and CB) failure criteria, as opposed to the confluence of four failure criteria (FC, FW, IB, and CB) in the manual optimization method.
Sanjeev Rao, Jeremy Chen
Negative Emission Technologies: Miraculous Solution or Aberrant Blindness?
Abstract
The IPCC tries to imagine scenarios to meet the objective of limiting global warming to +1.5 °C compared to the pre-industrial period. One scenario places importance on negative emission technologies (NETs). NETs involve taking GHGs and storing them underground or in the oceans. CCS is complex in many ways: there are differing views on the feasibility of the technology, its sequestration capacity, its deployability, and its long-term safety and stability. It was therefore interesting to know if they are a miraculous solution or an aberrant blindness. This study aims to study the representations of NETs among academics and to see how representations of the economy and the environment are determinant in the representations of NETs. The research is based on semi-directive interviews with seven academics. The results show, through discourse analysis, that academics neither support nor totally reject NETs. These social representations vary on the place that academics give to NETs among solutions to address global warming. Support for NETs and CCS is conditional on the implementation of a range of other decarbonization solutions, particularly renewable energy and energy efficiency. Interviewees are quite critical of the environmental impacts of CCS, the economic cost, and the carbon sequestration capacity.
Derya Soysal
Sustainable Operations for Airport Warehouse Cargo Management
Abstract
Examining and standardizing airport warehouse processes due to the changing management style, shifts, and management reports among managers are essential. Airport cargo warehousing standardization operations will ensure planning tasks with the standardized activity rules based on schedule-requirement analysis. Thus, non-standard approaches can be eliminated, and cargo operational efficiency and operational sustainability can be achieved. Key performance indicators must be defined and followed to ensure sustainable operational excellence. Also, workforce standards should be defined as local/global. Standard airport cargo procedures should be specified for critical decision points in daily operations. This study assessed the effectiveness and impact of buildup, breakdown, acceptance, delivery, and X-ray activities in airport cargo operations.
Eylem Turhan, Ilkay Orhan, Alper Dalkiran
Outlines of Sustainable Air Transportation in ICAO Annex Documents: Roots of Sustainability
Abstract
Sustainability in aviation assesses three dimensions; social, economic, and environmental domains have many specific focus areas to measure sustainable aviation. On the other hand, ICAO Annex documents aim to standardize aviation industry to harmonize the other elements of aviation, which are airlines, airports, and ground handling companies. Annex documents have succeeded these three stakeholders in those three domains of sustainability. The nature of standardization led organizations to survive for centuries; so sustainability and standardization can be accepted as closed phenomenons. This chapter investigates the roots and index of sustainability by examining each possible index to match the sub-criteria of each domain. As a first step, studies have focused on economic sustainability, which is key to commercial companies’ primary target. However, standardization in the annex document targeted social and environmental factors rather than economic ones. Furthermore, all domains have been discussed in the conclusion section.
Rukiye Öztürk, Sara Kaya, Alper Dalkıran
World Air Transportation Recovery After COVID-19 Restrictions
Abstract
While the global domestic market trended sideways, international and domestic market recovery was revealed by the numbers of published reports. The significant international routes have already outperformed the reports of the previous peaks of 2019. Inflation appears to be exposing itself at the bottom through a lack of bookings, but changes in the price of jet fuel have not stemmed the rise. Like many developing countries, countries that rely heavily on international travel will not reach 2019 passenger numbers until 2025 or 2026. This study gathers many reports and papers together to have a current snapshot for the benefit of the authors in the symposium.
Alper Dalkıran
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Green Approaches in Sustainable Aviation
herausgegeben von
T. Hikmet Karakoc
Raj Das
Ismail Ekmekci
Alper Dalkiran
Ali Haydar Ercan
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-33118-3
Print ISBN
978-3-031-33117-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33118-3