Green formulation of palladium nanoparticles on photocatalytic behavior of fabric dyes removal and its antibacterial assay

Conventional water treatment tools have a great deal of difficulty in attempting to remove such contaminants. Green-derived palladium nanoparticles have been used as a photocatalyst in this study to break down fabric dye in an aqueous environment utilizing visible light irradiation. Palladium nanoparticles were developed using a sustainable strategy and cumin Cuminum extract. Pd NPs’ (111), (200), (220), and (311) interlayer planes corresponding to the diffraction peaks at 2θ values were 38.9°, 45.2°, 65.4°, and 82°. Pd NPs may include phyto-chemicals or anti-oxidants in herbal extract, as shown by blue emission with an emission peak at 480 nm and an excitation peak at 460 nm. SEM analysis confirmed that the size of the PdNPs was 13 nm, and it is spherical and tubular rods. The rod-like formations may be seen to have particle diameters between 12 and 22 nm from TEM analysis. The object’s diffraction fringe is consistently metallic Pd in the face-centered cubic stage, with a period of 0.245 nm. The deletion of the UV absorption peak at 519 nm revealed that the saffranin O dye had been eliminated. Considering a quantum yield of m = 2.37 s⁻¹, efficient decolorization of palladium nanoparticles was estimated to be 98% after 90 min. In addition, the photodegradation was shown to use the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic approach, as shown by the regression model’s R² of 0.98. The maximal diameter of the hindrance zone for Escherichia coli was determined to be 24 mm, especially at lower concentrations (10 µl/ml).