Skip to main content
Erschienen in: International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics 2/2012

01.06.2012 | Original Article

Handwritten character recognition using wavelet energy and extreme learning machine

verfasst von: Binu P. Chacko, V. R. Vimal Krishnan, G. Raju, P. Babu Anto

Erschienen in: International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics | Ausgabe 2/2012

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This paper deals with the recognition of handwritten Malayalam character using wavelet energy feature (WEF) and extreme learning machine (ELM). The wavelet energy (WE) is a new and robust parameter, and is derived using wavelet transform. It can reduce the influences of different types of noise at different levels. WEF can reflect the WE distribution of characters in several directions at different scales. To a non oscillating pattern, the amplitudes of wavelet coefficients increase when the scale of wavelet decomposition increase. WE of different decomposition levels have different powers to discriminate the character images. These features constitute patterns of handwritten characters for classification. The traditional learning algorithms of the different classifiers are far slower than required. So we have used an extremely fast leaning algorithm called ELM for single hidden layer feed forward networks (SLFN), which randomly chooses the input weights and analytically determines the output weights of SLFN. This algorithm learns much faster than traditional popular learning algorithms for feed forward neural networks. This feature vector, classifier combination gave good recognition accuracy at level 6 of the wavelet decomposition.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Weitere Produktempfehlungen anzeigen
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Santhosh KC, Nattee C (2009) A comprehensive survey on on-line handwriting recognition technology and its application to the Nepalese Natural Handwriting. Kathmandu Univ J Sci Eng Technol 5(1):31–55 Santhosh KC, Nattee C (2009) A comprehensive survey on on-line handwriting recognition technology and its application to the Nepalese Natural Handwriting. Kathmandu Univ J Sci Eng Technol 5(1):31–55
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Plotz T, Fink GA (2009) Markov models for offline handwriting recognition: a survey. Int J Document Anal Recogn 12:269–298CrossRef Plotz T, Fink GA (2009) Markov models for offline handwriting recognition: a survey. Int J Document Anal Recogn 12:269–298CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Raju G (2008) Wavelet transform and projection profiles in handwritten character recognition—a performance analysis. In: Proceedings of International Conference on ADCOM, pp 309–313 Raju G (2008) Wavelet transform and projection profiles in handwritten character recognition—a performance analysis. In: Proceedings of International Conference on ADCOM, pp 309–313
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Plamondon R, Srihari SN (2000) On-line and off-line handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(1):63–84CrossRef Plamondon R, Srihari SN (2000) On-line and off-line handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(1):63–84CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhattacharya U, Chaudhuri BB (2009) Handwritten numeral databases of indian scripts and multistage recognition of mixed numerals. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31(3):444–457CrossRef Bhattacharya U, Chaudhuri BB (2009) Handwritten numeral databases of indian scripts and multistage recognition of mixed numerals. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31(3):444–457CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu C-L, Nakashima K, Sako H, Fujisawa H (2003) Handwritten digit recognition: benchmarking of state-of-the-art techniques. Pattern Recogn 36:2271–2285MATHCrossRef Liu C-L, Nakashima K, Sako H, Fujisawa H (2003) Handwritten digit recognition: benchmarking of state-of-the-art techniques. Pattern Recogn 36:2271–2285MATHCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimura F, Miyake Y, Sridhar M (1995) Handwritten ZIP code recognition using Lexicon free word recognition algorithm. Proc Int Conf Document Anal Recogn 2:906–910CrossRef Kimura F, Miyake Y, Sridhar M (1995) Handwritten ZIP code recognition using Lexicon free word recognition algorithm. Proc Int Conf Document Anal Recogn 2:906–910CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu H, Ding X (2005) Handwritten character recognition using gradient feature and quadratic classifier with multiple discrimination schemes. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp 19–25 Liu H, Ding X (2005) Handwritten character recognition using gradient feature and quadratic classifier with multiple discrimination schemes. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp 19–25
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi M, Fujisawa Y, Wakabayashi T, Kimura F (2002) Handwritten numeral recognition using gradient and curvature of gray scale image. Pattern Recogn 35(10):2051–2059MATHCrossRef Shi M, Fujisawa Y, Wakabayashi T, Kimura F (2002) Handwritten numeral recognition using gradient and curvature of gray scale image. Pattern Recogn 35(10):2051–2059MATHCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Shustorovich A (1994) A subspace projection approach to feature extraction: the 2D gabor transform for character recognition. Neural Netw 7(8):1295–1301CrossRef Shustorovich A (1994) A subspace projection approach to feature extraction: the 2D gabor transform for character recognition. Neural Netw 7(8):1295–1301CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Heutte L, Paquet T, Moreau JV, Lecourtier Y, Oliver C (1998) A structural/statistical feature based vector for handwritten character recognition. Pattern Recogn Lett 19(7):629–641CrossRef Heutte L, Paquet T, Moreau JV, Lecourtier Y, Oliver C (1998) A structural/statistical feature based vector for handwritten character recognition. Pattern Recogn Lett 19(7):629–641CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu X-Q, Wang K-Q, Zhang D (2005) Wavelet energy feature extraction and matching for palmprint recognition. J Comput Sci Technol 20(3):411–418MathSciNetCrossRef Wu X-Q, Wang K-Q, Zhang D (2005) Wavelet energy feature extraction and matching for palmprint recognition. J Comput Sci Technol 20(3):411–418MathSciNetCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Juang C-F, Cheng C-N, Chen T-M (2009) Speech detection in noisy environments by wavelet energy-based recurrent neural fuzzy network. Expert Syst Appl 36:321–332CrossRef Juang C-F, Cheng C-N, Chen T-M (2009) Speech detection in noisy environments by wavelet energy-based recurrent neural fuzzy network. Expert Syst Appl 36:321–332CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang G-B, Chen L, Siew C-K (2006) Universal approximation using incremental constructive feedforward networks with random hidden nodes. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 17(4):879–892CrossRef Huang G-B, Chen L, Siew C-K (2006) Universal approximation using incremental constructive feedforward networks with random hidden nodes. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 17(4):879–892CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu Q-Y, Qin AK, Suganthan PN, Huang G-B (2005) Evolutionary extreme learning machine. Pattern Recogn 38:1759–1763MATHCrossRef Zhu Q-Y, Qin AK, Suganthan PN, Huang G-B (2005) Evolutionary extreme learning machine. Pattern Recogn 38:1759–1763MATHCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang G-B, Zhu Q-Y, Siew C-K (2006) Extreme learning machine: theory and applications. Neurocomputing 70:489–501CrossRef Huang G-B, Zhu Q-Y, Siew C-K (2006) Extreme learning machine: theory and applications. Neurocomputing 70:489–501CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Lorigo LM, Govindaraju V (2006) Offline arabic handwriting recognition: a survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 28(5):712–724CrossRef Lorigo LM, Govindaraju V (2006) Offline arabic handwriting recognition: a survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 28(5):712–724CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Srihari SN, Yang X, Ball GR (2007) Offline Chinese handwriting recognition: an assessment of current technology. Front Comput Sci China I(2):137–155 Srihari SN, Yang X, Ball GR (2007) Offline Chinese handwriting recognition: an assessment of current technology. Front Comput Sci China I(2):137–155
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Abuhaiba ISI, Mahmoud SA, Green RJ (1994) Recognition of handwritten cursive Arabic characters. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 16:664–672CrossRef Abuhaiba ISI, Mahmoud SA, Green RJ (1994) Recognition of handwritten cursive Arabic characters. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 16:664–672CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Amin A, Al-Sadoun H, Fischer S (1996) Hand-printer arabic character recognition system using an artificial network. Pattern Recogn 29:663–675CrossRef Amin A, Al-Sadoun H, Fischer S (1996) Hand-printer arabic character recognition system using an artificial network. Pattern Recogn 29:663–675CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Makhoul J, Schwartz R, Lapre C, Bazzi I (1998) A script independent methodology for optical character recognition. Pattern Recogn 31:1285–1294CrossRef Makhoul J, Schwartz R, Lapre C, Bazzi I (1998) A script independent methodology for optical character recognition. Pattern Recogn 31:1285–1294CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Khorsheed MS, Clocksin WF (1999) Structural features of cursive arabic script. In: Proceedings of British Machine Vision Conference, pp 422–431 Khorsheed MS, Clocksin WF (1999) Structural features of cursive arabic script. In: Proceedings of British Machine Vision Conference, pp 422–431
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Shaher AA, Hancock ER (2003) Learning mixtures of point distribution models with the EM algorithm. Pattern Recogn 36:2805–2818MATHCrossRef Al-Shaher AA, Hancock ER (2003) Learning mixtures of point distribution models with the EM algorithm. Pattern Recogn 36:2805–2818MATHCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Dehghani A, Shabani F, Nava P (2001) Offline recognition of isolated Persian handwritten characters using multiple hidden markov models. In: Proceedings of international conference on information technology: coding and computing, vol 20, pp 506–510 Dehghani A, Shabani F, Nava P (2001) Offline recognition of isolated Persian handwritten characters using multiple hidden markov models. In: Proceedings of international conference on information technology: coding and computing, vol 20, pp 506–510
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Gillevic D, Suen CY (1998) HMM-KNN word recognition engine for bank cheque processing. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Brisbane, Australia, August 1998, pp 1526–1529 Gillevic D, Suen CY (1998) HMM-KNN word recognition engine for bank cheque processing. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Brisbane, Australia, August 1998, pp 1526–1529
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kennr S, Anisimov V, Baret O, Gorski N, Price D, Simon IC (1997) The A2iA intercheque system: courtesy amount and legal amount recognition for French cheques. In: Impedovo S, Wang PSP, Bunke H (eds) Machine perception and artificial intelligence, vol 28. World Scientific, USA, pp 43–86 Kennr S, Anisimov V, Baret O, Gorski N, Price D, Simon IC (1997) The A2iA intercheque system: courtesy amount and legal amount recognition for French cheques. In: Impedovo S, Wang PSP, Bunke H (eds) Machine perception and artificial intelligence, vol 28. World Scientific, USA, pp 43–86
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim G, Govindaraju V (1997) Bank cheque recognition using cross validation between legal and courtesy amounts. Int Conf Pattern Recogn Artif Intell 11(4):657–674CrossRef Kim G, Govindaraju V (1997) Bank cheque recognition using cross validation between legal and courtesy amounts. Int Conf Pattern Recogn Artif Intell 11(4):657–674CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Ko AH, Cavalin PR, Sabourin R, de Souza Britto A Jr (2009) Leave-one-out-training and leave-one-out-testing hidden markov models for a handwritten numeral recognizer: the implications of a single classifier and multiple classifications. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31(12):2168–2178CrossRef Ko AH, Cavalin PR, Sabourin R, de Souza Britto A Jr (2009) Leave-one-out-training and leave-one-out-testing hidden markov models for a handwritten numeral recognizer: the implications of a single classifier and multiple classifications. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31(12):2168–2178CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Nunes CM, de S Britto Jr. A, Kaestner CAA, Sabourin R (2004) An optimized hill climbing algorithm for feature subset selection evaluation on handwritten character recognition. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp 365–370, 2004 Nunes CM, de S Britto Jr. A, Kaestner CAA, Sabourin R (2004) An optimized hill climbing algorithm for feature subset selection evaluation on handwritten character recognition. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp 365–370, 2004
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Giusti N, Masuli F, Sperduti A (2002) Theoretical and experimental analysis of a two stage system for classification. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24(7):893–904CrossRef Giusti N, Masuli F, Sperduti A (2002) Theoretical and experimental analysis of a two stage system for classification. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24(7):893–904CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao J, Ahmadi M, Sridhar M (1995) Recognition of handwritten numerals with multiple features and multistage classifiers. Pattern Recogn 28(2):153–160CrossRef Cao J, Ahmadi M, Sridhar M (1995) Recognition of handwritten numerals with multiple features and multistage classifiers. Pattern Recogn 28(2):153–160CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Vamvakas G, Gatos B, Perantonis SJ (2010) Handwritten character recognition through two-stage foreground sub-sampling. Pattern Recogn 43:2807–2816MATHCrossRef Vamvakas G, Gatos B, Perantonis SJ (2010) Handwritten character recognition through two-stage foreground sub-sampling. Pattern Recogn 43:2807–2816MATHCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang L, Liu C (2010) Handwritten Chinese character recognition method based on non-parametric dimensionality reduction. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Design and Applications, pp VI-217–VI-220 Huang L, Liu C (2010) Handwritten Chinese character recognition method based on non-parametric dimensionality reduction. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Design and Applications, pp VI-217–VI-220
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsukumo J, Tanaka H (1988) Classification of hand-printed Chinese characters using non linear normalization and correction methods. In: Proceedings of international conference on pattern recognition, Roma, Italy, pp 168–171 Tsukumo J, Tanaka H (1988) Classification of hand-printed Chinese characters using non linear normalization and correction methods. In: Proceedings of international conference on pattern recognition, Roma, Italy, pp 168–171
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Fu H-C, Xu Y–Y (1998) Multilinguistic handwritten character recognition by Bayesian decision based neural networks. IEEE Trans Signal Process 46(10):2781–2789CrossRef Fu H-C, Xu Y–Y (1998) Multilinguistic handwritten character recognition by Bayesian decision based neural networks. IEEE Trans Signal Process 46(10):2781–2789CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Mao J, Mohiuddin KM (1997) Improving OCR performance using character degradation models and boosting algorithm. Pattern Recogn Lett 18:1415–1419CrossRef Mao J, Mohiuddin KM (1997) Improving OCR performance using character degradation models and boosting algorithm. Pattern Recogn Lett 18:1415–1419CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Dong J-X, Krzyzack A, Suen C-Y (2005) Fast SVM training algorithm with decomposition on very large training sets. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 27(4):603–618CrossRef Dong J-X, Krzyzack A, Suen C-Y (2005) Fast SVM training algorithm with decomposition on very large training sets. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 27(4):603–618CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu C-L, Sako H, Fujisawa H (2003) Handwritten Chinese character recognition: alternatives to non linear normalization. In: Proceedings of international conference on document analysis and recognition, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp 524–528 Liu C-L, Sako H, Fujisawa H (2003) Handwritten Chinese character recognition: alternatives to non linear normalization. In: Proceedings of international conference on document analysis and recognition, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp 524–528
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu C-L, Marukawa K (2005) Pseudo 2D shape normalization methods for handwritten Chinese character recognition. Pattern Recogn 38(12):2242–2255CrossRef Liu C-L, Marukawa K (2005) Pseudo 2D shape normalization methods for handwritten Chinese character recognition. Pattern Recogn 38(12):2242–2255CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu C-L, Sako H, Fujisawa H (2002) Performance evaluation of pattern classifiers for handwritten character recognition. Int J Document Anal Recogn 4:191–204CrossRef Liu C-L, Sako H, Fujisawa H (2002) Performance evaluation of pattern classifiers for handwritten character recognition. Int J Document Anal Recogn 4:191–204CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Kato N, Suzuki M, Omachi S, Aso H, Nemoto Y (1999) A handwritten character recognition system using directional element feature and symmetric Mahalanobis distance. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 21(3):2781–2789CrossRef Kato N, Suzuki M, Omachi S, Aso H, Nemoto Y (1999) A handwritten character recognition system using directional element feature and symmetric Mahalanobis distance. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 21(3):2781–2789CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Leung K-C, Leung CH (2009) Recognition of Chinese handwritten characters by combining regularization, Fisher’s discriminant and distorted sample generation. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp 1026–1030, Barcelona Leung K-C, Leung CH (2009) Recognition of Chinese handwritten characters by combining regularization, Fisher’s discriminant and distorted sample generation. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp 1026–1030, Barcelona
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Leung KC, Leung CH (2010) Recognition of handwritten Chinese characters by critical region analysis. Pattern Recogn 43:949–961MATHCrossRef Leung KC, Leung CH (2010) Recognition of handwritten Chinese characters by critical region analysis. Pattern Recogn 43:949–961MATHCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Chinnuswamy P, Krishanmoorthy SG (1980) Recognition of hand-printer Tamil characters. Pattern Recogn 12(3):41–152CrossRef Chinnuswamy P, Krishanmoorthy SG (1980) Recognition of hand-printer Tamil characters. Pattern Recogn 12(3):41–152CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Shanthi N, Duraiswamy K (2009) A Novel SVM-based handwritten Tamil character recognition. Pattern Anal Appl Shanthi N, Duraiswamy K (2009) A Novel SVM-based handwritten Tamil character recognition. Pattern Anal Appl
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Sukhaswami MB, Seetharamulu P, Pujari AK (1995) Recognition of Telugu characters using neural networks. Int J Neural Syst 6(3):317–357CrossRef Sukhaswami MB, Seetharamulu P, Pujari AK (1995) Recognition of Telugu characters using neural networks. Int J Neural Syst 6(3):317–357CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Desai AA (2010) Gujarati handwritten numeral optical character recognition through neural network. Pattern Recogn 43:2582–2589MATHCrossRef Desai AA (2010) Gujarati handwritten numeral optical character recognition through neural network. Pattern Recogn 43:2582–2589MATHCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Chaudhuri BB, Pal U (1997) Skew angle detection of digitized Indian script documents. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(2):182–186MathSciNetCrossRef Chaudhuri BB, Pal U (1997) Skew angle detection of digitized Indian script documents. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(2):182–186MathSciNetCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Rajasekararadhya SV, Ranjan PV (2009) Efficient zone based feature extraction algorithm for handwritten numeral recognition of popular south Indian scripts. J Tech Appl Inform Technol 7(1):1171–1180 Rajasekararadhya SV, Ranjan PV (2009) Efficient zone based feature extraction algorithm for handwritten numeral recognition of popular south Indian scripts. J Tech Appl Inform Technol 7(1):1171–1180
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Dutta A, Chaudhary S (1993) Bengali Alpha numeric character recognition using curvature features. Pattern Recogn 26(12):1757–1770CrossRef Dutta A, Chaudhary S (1993) Bengali Alpha numeric character recognition using curvature features. Pattern Recogn 26(12):1757–1770CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhattacharya U, Das TK, Datta A, Parui SK, Chaudhuri BB (2002) A hybrid scheme for hand-printed numeral recognition based on a self organizing network and MLP classifiers. Int J Pattern Recogn Artif Intell 16(7):845–864CrossRef Bhattacharya U, Das TK, Datta A, Parui SK, Chaudhuri BB (2002) A hybrid scheme for hand-printed numeral recognition based on a self organizing network and MLP classifiers. Int J Pattern Recogn Artif Intell 16(7):845–864CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhowmick TK, Bhattacharya U, Parui SK (2004) Recognition of Bangla handwritten characters using an MLP classifier based on stroke features. In: Proceedings of international conference on neural information processing, pp 814–819 Bhowmick TK, Bhattacharya U, Parui SK (2004) Recognition of Bangla handwritten characters using an MLP classifier based on stroke features. In: Proceedings of international conference on neural information processing, pp 814–819
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanmandlu M, Murthy OVR (2007) Fuzzy model based recognition of handwritten numerals. Pattern Recogn 40(6):1840–1854MATHCrossRef Hanmandlu M, Murthy OVR (2007) Fuzzy model based recognition of handwritten numerals. Pattern Recogn 40(6):1840–1854MATHCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Banashree NP, Andhre D, Vasanta R, Satyanarayana PS (2007) OCR for script identification of Hindi (Devnagari) numerals using error diffusion Halftoning algorithm with neural classifier. Proc World Acad Sci Eng Technol 20:46–50 Banashree NP, Andhre D, Vasanta R, Satyanarayana PS (2007) OCR for script identification of Hindi (Devnagari) numerals using error diffusion Halftoning algorithm with neural classifier. Proc World Acad Sci Eng Technol 20:46–50
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Lajish VL (2007) Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference based pattern recognition studies on handwritten character images. Ph.D dissertation, University of Calicut, India Lajish VL (2007) Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference based pattern recognition studies on handwritten character images. Ph.D dissertation, University of Calicut, India
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Raju G, Moni BS (2009) Global and local elastic meshing for handwritten Malayalam character recognition. Int J Comput Inform Technol Eng 3(1):149–153 Raju G, Moni BS (2009) Global and local elastic meshing for handwritten Malayalam character recognition. Int J Comput Inform Technol Eng 3(1):149–153
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Moni BS, Raju G (2009) Meshing and normalized vector distance from centroid for handwritten Malayalam character recognition In: Procedings of ICSIP, pp 398–403 Moni BS, Raju G (2009) Meshing and normalized vector distance from centroid for handwritten Malayalam character recognition In: Procedings of ICSIP, pp 398–403
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Moni BS, Raju G (2009) Multiple MLP classifiers for handwritten Malayalam character recognition. In: Proceedings of ICMCM, pp 349–354 Moni BS, Raju G (2009) Multiple MLP classifiers for handwritten Malayalam character recognition. In: Proceedings of ICMCM, pp 349–354
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Moni BS, Raju G (2010) Quadratic classifier for handwritten Malayalam character recognition. In: Proceedings of NCSC, pp 59–68 Moni BS, Raju G (2010) Quadratic classifier for handwritten Malayalam character recognition. In: Proceedings of NCSC, pp 59–68
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Raju G, Moni BS (2009) Global elastic meshing for handwritten Malayalam character recognition. In: Proceedings of national conference on computer science and engineering, pp 10–14 Raju G, Moni BS (2009) Global elastic meshing for handwritten Malayalam character recognition. In: Proceedings of national conference on computer science and engineering, pp 10–14
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Chacko BP, Babu Anto P (2009) Discrete curve evolution based skeleton pruning for character recognition. In: Proceedings of IAPR, pp 402–405 Chacko BP, Babu Anto P (2009) Discrete curve evolution based skeleton pruning for character recognition. In: Proceedings of IAPR, pp 402–405
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Chacko BP, Vimal Krishnan VR, Babu Anto P (2010) Character recognition using multiple back propagation algorithm. In: Proceedings of national conference on image processing, pp 209–212 Chacko BP, Vimal Krishnan VR, Babu Anto P (2010) Character recognition using multiple back propagation algorithm. In: Proceedings of national conference on image processing, pp 209–212
63.
Zurück zum Zitat John R, Raju G, Guru DS (2007) 1D wavelet transform of projection profiles for isolated handwritten character recognition. In: Proceedings of ICCIMA, vol. 2, pp 481–485 John R, Raju G, Guru DS (2007) 1D wavelet transform of projection profiles for isolated handwritten character recognition. In: Proceedings of ICCIMA, vol. 2, pp 481–485
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Wei XK, Li YH, Feng Y (2006) Comparative study of extreme learning machine and support vector machine, advances in neural networks, pp 1089–1095, 2006 Wei XK, Li YH, Feng Y (2006) Comparative study of extreme learning machine and support vector machine, advances in neural networks, pp 1089–1095, 2006
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahmoud SA, Olatunji SO (2009) Automatic recognition of offline handwritten Arabic (Indian) numerals using support vector machine and extreme learning machine. Int J Imaging 2(A09):34–53 Mahmoud SA, Olatunji SO (2009) Automatic recognition of offline handwritten Arabic (Indian) numerals using support vector machine and extreme learning machine. Int J Imaging 2(A09):34–53
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Li M, Wang C, Dai R (2008) Unconstrained handwritten character recognition based on WEDF and multilayer neural network. In: Proceedings of World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, pp 1143–1148 Li M, Wang C, Dai R (2008) Unconstrained handwritten character recognition based on WEDF and multilayer neural network. In: Proceedings of World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, pp 1143–1148
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Li H-N, He X-Y, Yi T-H (2009) Multi-component seismic response analysis of offshore platform by wavelet energy principle. Cost Eng 56:810–830CrossRef Li H-N, He X-Y, Yi T-H (2009) Multi-component seismic response analysis of offshore platform by wavelet energy principle. Cost Eng 56:810–830CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Achuthan A, Rajeswari M, Ramachandram D, Aziz ME, Shuaib IL (2011) Wavelet energy-guided level set-based active contour: a segmentation method to segment highly similar regions. Comput Biol Med (in press) Achuthan A, Rajeswari M, Ramachandram D, Aziz ME, Shuaib IL (2011) Wavelet energy-guided level set-based active contour: a segmentation method to segment highly similar regions. Comput Biol Med (in press)
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Favata J, Srikantan G, Srihari S (1994) Hand-printer character/digit recognition using a multiple feature/resolution philosophy. In: Proceedings of international workshop on frontiers of handwriting recognition, pp 57–66 Favata J, Srikantan G, Srihari S (1994) Hand-printer character/digit recognition using a multiple feature/resolution philosophy. In: Proceedings of international workshop on frontiers of handwriting recognition, pp 57–66
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Park J, Govindaraju V, Srihari SN (2000) OCR in a hierarchical feature space. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2(4):400–407CrossRef Park J, Govindaraju V, Srihari SN (2000) OCR in a hierarchical feature space. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2(4):400–407CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Raju G (2006) Recognition of unconstrained handwritten Malayalam characters using zero crossing of wavelet coefficients. In: Proceedings of international conference on Advanced Computing and Communications, pp 217–221 Raju G (2006) Recognition of unconstrained handwritten Malayalam characters using zero crossing of wavelet coefficients. In: Proceedings of international conference on Advanced Computing and Communications, pp 217–221
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasi S, Schwiebert L, Bedi JS (2007) Wavelet packet transform and neuro-fuzzy approach to handwritten character recognition Sasi S, Schwiebert L, Bedi JS (2007) Wavelet packet transform and neuro-fuzzy approach to handwritten character recognition
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee S-W, Kim C-H, Tang YY (1996) Multi-resolution recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals with wavelet transform and multilayer cluster neural network. Pattern Recogn 29(12):1953–1961CrossRef Lee S-W, Kim C-H, Tang YY (1996) Multi-resolution recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals with wavelet transform and multilayer cluster neural network. Pattern Recogn 29(12):1953–1961CrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Correia SEN, Carvalho JM (2000) Optimizing the recognition rates of unconstrained handwritten numerals using biorthogonal spline wavelets, vol 2. ICPR, Barcelona, Spain, pp 2251 Correia SEN, Carvalho JM (2000) Optimizing the recognition rates of unconstrained handwritten numerals using biorthogonal spline wavelets, vol 2. ICPR, Barcelona, Spain, pp 2251
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang G-B, Babri HA (1998) Upper bounds on the number of hidden neurons in feed forward with arbitrary bounded non linear activations functions. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 9(1):224–229CrossRef Huang G-B, Babri HA (1998) Upper bounds on the number of hidden neurons in feed forward with arbitrary bounded non linear activations functions. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 9(1):224–229CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Liang N-Y, Huang G-B, Saratchandran P, Sundararajan N (2006) A fast and accurate online sequential learning algorithm for feed forward networks. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 17(6):1411–1423CrossRef Liang N-Y, Huang G-B, Saratchandran P, Sundararajan N (2006) A fast and accurate online sequential learning algorithm for feed forward networks. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 17(6):1411–1423CrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Suresh S, Saraswathi S, Sundararajan N (2010) Performance enhancement of extreme learning machine for multi-category sparse data classification problems. Eng Appl Artif Intell 23:1149–1157CrossRef Suresh S, Saraswathi S, Sundararajan N (2010) Performance enhancement of extreme learning machine for multi-category sparse data classification problems. Eng Appl Artif Intell 23:1149–1157CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Suresh S, Venkatesh Babu R, Kim HJ (2009) No-reference image quality assessment using modified extreme learning machine classifier. Appl Soft Comput 9:541–552CrossRef Suresh S, Venkatesh Babu R, Kim HJ (2009) No-reference image quality assessment using modified extreme learning machine classifier. Appl Soft Comput 9:541–552CrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Rong HJ, Ong YS, Tan AW, Zhu Z (2008) A fast pruned extreme learning machine for classification problem. Neurocomputing 72:359–366CrossRef Rong HJ, Ong YS, Tan AW, Zhu Z (2008) A fast pruned extreme learning machine for classification problem. Neurocomputing 72:359–366CrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Miche Y, Sorjamma A, Bas P, Simula O, Jutten C, Lendasse A (2010) OP-ELM: optimally pruned extreme learning machine. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 21(1):158–162CrossRef Miche Y, Sorjamma A, Bas P, Simula O, Jutten C, Lendasse A (2010) OP-ELM: optimally pruned extreme learning machine. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 21(1):158–162CrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Lan Y, Soh YC, Huang GB (2010) Constructive hidden nodes selection of extreme learning machine for regression. Neurocomputing 73(16–18):3191–3199CrossRef Lan Y, Soh YC, Huang GB (2010) Constructive hidden nodes selection of extreme learning machine for regression. Neurocomputing 73(16–18):3191–3199CrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Lan Y, Soh YC, Huang GB (2010) Two stage extreme learning machine for regression. Neurocomputing 73:3028–3038CrossRef Lan Y, Soh YC, Huang GB (2010) Two stage extreme learning machine for regression. Neurocomputing 73:3028–3038CrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang G-B, Chen L (2007) Convex incremental extreme learning machine. Neurocomputing 70:3056–3062CrossRef Huang G-B, Chen L (2007) Convex incremental extreme learning machine. Neurocomputing 70:3056–3062CrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Barron AR (1993) Universal approximation bounds for superstitions of a sigmoidal function. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 39(3):930–945MathSciNetMATHCrossRef Barron AR (1993) Universal approximation bounds for superstitions of a sigmoidal function. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 39(3):930–945MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang G-B, Chen L (2008) Enhanced random search based incremental extreme learning machine. Neurocomputing 71:3460–3468CrossRef Huang G-B, Chen L (2008) Enhanced random search based incremental extreme learning machine. Neurocomputing 71:3460–3468CrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Feng G, Huang G-B, Lin Q, Gay R (2009) Error minimized extreme learning machine with growth of hidden nodes and incremental learning. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 20(8):1352–1357CrossRef Feng G, Huang G-B, Lin Q, Gay R (2009) Error minimized extreme learning machine with growth of hidden nodes and incremental learning. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 20(8):1352–1357CrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Moni BS, Raju G (2011) Modified quadratic classifier and normalized vector distance for handwritten malayalam character recognition. In: Proceedings of international conference on emerging trends in mathematics and computer applications, pp 356–360, December 2011 Moni BS, Raju G (2011) Modified quadratic classifier and normalized vector distance for handwritten malayalam character recognition. In: Proceedings of international conference on emerging trends in mathematics and computer applications, pp 356–360, December 2011
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Moni BS, Raju G (2011) Modified quadratic classifier for handwritten Malayalam character recognition using run length count. In: Proceedings of international conference on emerging trends in electrical and computer technology Moni BS, Raju G (2011) Modified quadratic classifier for handwritten Malayalam character recognition using run length count. In: Proceedings of international conference on emerging trends in electrical and computer technology
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Moni BS, Raju G (2011) Modified quadratic classifer for handwritten character recognition using gradient features. In: Proceedings of Natural Conference on Indian Language Computing Moni BS, Raju G (2011) Modified quadratic classifer for handwritten character recognition using gradient features. In: Proceedings of Natural Conference on Indian Language Computing
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Chacko BP, Babu Anto P (2010) Pre and post processing approaches in edge detection for character recognition. In: Proceedings of international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 676–681 Chacko BP, Babu Anto P (2010) Pre and post processing approaches in edge detection for character recognition. In: Proceedings of international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 676–681
Metadaten
Titel
Handwritten character recognition using wavelet energy and extreme learning machine
verfasst von
Binu P. Chacko
V. R. Vimal Krishnan
G. Raju
P. Babu Anto
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2012
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics / Ausgabe 2/2012
Print ISSN: 1868-8071
Elektronische ISSN: 1868-808X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-011-0049-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2012

International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics 2/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Neuer Inhalt