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Journal of Happiness Studies

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01.04.2015 | Research Paper

Happiness in Japan in Times of Upheaval: Empirical Evidence from the National Survey on Lifestyle Preferences

verfasst von: Tim Tiefenbach, Florian Kohlbacher

Erschienen in: Journal of Happiness Studies | Ausgabe 2/2015

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Abstract

Happiness economics has become an established field of research, and happiness and life satisfaction are increasingly considered important policy goals by governments around the globe. The Japanese government has recently started to follow this trend by regularly collecting data on personal happiness and its determinants through nationwide surveys since 2010. Analyzing data from the 2011 National Survey on Lifestyle Preferences, this paper has three aims: first, we use the Japanese happiness data to check for similarities and differences compared to well-known findings established in the international literature. Second, from a Japanese perspective we contribute to ongoing debates regarding inconclusive findings. Third, we analyze the happiness effects of the impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11. Overall, our results confirm the majority of determinants established by previous studies in the field of happiness economics, such as income, unemployment and marriage. But we find significant differences regarding the effects of entrepreneurship and political participation. Finally, we do not find a statistically significant nation-wide drop in happiness after the disaster of 11 March 2011, but we observe a spatial effect indicating that respondents living closer to the Fukushima prefecture are less happy after the disaster.

Vorheriger Artikel Pleasure: An Initial Exploration

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Literally “commission on measuring happiness”: http://www.esri.go.jp/en/archive/koufukudo/koufukudo-e.html.

An instructive example of the apparent neglect of Japan can be found in the recently published edited volume “Happiness Across Cultures: Views of Happiness and Quality of Life in Non-Western Cultures” (our emphasis) which contains 30 articles, but not one of them is about Japan (see Selin and Davey 2012).

It is important to mention here that the NSLP 2011 does not randomly contain a happiness question among many other variables. It was designed as a “survey on happiness”. The opening question asks the respondent’s happiness level and a large part of the following questions can be assumed to be derived from existing studies in the field of happiness research.

See also Kusago (2007), Ohtake (2004, 2012), Oshio and Kobayashi (2011), Kume et al. (2011), Morikawa (2010), Asano and Kenjô (2011), Kume (2009), Shiraishi and Shiraishi (2007), Ueda (2010).

Deviating results are reported by Yamane et al. (2008) who, similar to the international literature, find only a small coefficient of the gender variable. Further, in Oshio et al. (2011) the gender coefficient is not significant.

An exception here is Higuchi and Hagiwara (2011) which is one of the few panel studies in Japan.

See for example Kusago (2007), Urakawa and Matsuura (2007a, b), Ohtake (2004, 2012). However, there are also studies in which the correlation is either not clearly visible or not statistical significant at all (e.g Tsutsui et al. 2010; Ueda 2010; Tsuji 2011).

Note however that Flavin and Keane (2012) argue for an inverse causal relationship of life satisfaction raising the likelihood of political participation.

Note that the relationship for donations is more evident than for volunteer activities, as some studies have not found a significant relationship for the latter (e.g. Haller and Hadler 2006).

For marital happiness, however, Lee and Ono (2008) find that children have a negative effect for both men and women.

This kind of research has to be distinguished sharply from more medical approaches which are interested in people who are directly affected by disasters. See for example a literature review regarding symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder observed among highly exposed populations after the 9-11 terror attacks (Neria et al. 2011).

The survey was conducted at the end of the fiscal year 2010, i.e. in March 2011.

Note that questions on happiness and life satisfaction have already been included in questionnaires prior to 2009 but not necessarily as the main focus.

In the Japanese original, the word shiawase is used for happiness.

Similar findings are reported by Tsutsui et al. (2010) for the “Preference Parameters Study of Osaka University” as well as the NSLP 1978–1999 (every third year a happiness question was included in the NSLP, but unlike the recent study from 2010, happiness was not the main focus of interest).

Note that despite the importance of spatial and temporal heterogeneity, the cross-sectional data only allows for a one-group pretest–posttest design. While controlling for prefectures allows us to take spatial differences into account, we cannot control for time-fixed effects.

Other happiness studies have also used both regression types without finding any significant differences (e.g. Rojas 2007; Ochsen and Welsch 2012; Metcalfe et al. 2011).

The hypothetical model can be considered as the basic working assumption underlying all studies in happiness economics which analyze similar happiness and life satisfaction data.

In the survey the respondents are asked for the number of children “under 6 year”, “in elementary or junior high school”, “in senior high school or in university (if under 20)” and “children over the age of 20 years”. The age groups specified in the text above can be considered equivalent.

Exceptions here are: “being in a managerial position” which turns out to be not statistically significant at the 5 % level anymore after introducing “homeownership” and “unemployed person in family” in model 3. Similarly “being a civil servant” falls short of the 5 % level of statistical significance after the children dummies are introduced in model 4. In the same model age and age-squared drop from their former 0.1 % level of statistical significance to the 5 % level and both coefficients also see a drop in size after the children dummies are introduced. Finally, “being a student” turns statistically significant at the 5 % level and its coefficient doubles in size when the existence of children in the household is being controlled for.

The income variables ask for the annual pre-tax house hold income in Japanese Yen (JPY). The classes are defined in the following way: “very low” = under 1.000.000 JPY a year; “low” = 1.000.000–3.000.000 JPY; “middle” = 3.000.000–5.000.000 JPY; “high” = 5.000.000–10.000.000 JPY and “very high” = above 10.000.000 JPY a year.

The survey used for this analysis has the disadvantage of not including a separate question regarding the marital status. Instead, the respondents are asked whether they are living together with other persons, and here they can report to be living together with their spouse.

Here irregular workers include temporary agency workers, freeters (people in low skill and low paid jobs) and arubaitos (people doing side jobs).

If not mentioned otherwise, statistical significance is defined at the 5 % level.

Accordingly, people should be about 0.1 points happier by participating in volunteer activities three times a month.

Of course we are aware of the fact that also respondents who do not currently live in one of the disaster-affected prefectures may have lost relatives or property due to the disaster. Nevertheless, we assume that the likelihood is much lower for people living outside of the affected areas. A similar, but more restrictive approach is applied by Uchida et al. (2013).

The average distance between each prefecture to the prefecture of Fukushima was calculated as a rough approximation by using http://www.distancefromto.net.

A similar approach is used by Rehdanz et al. (2013).

To further check for biases in the sample, we also ran a propensity score analysis, balancing the differences in the observables between the treated and untreated group. Although both groups show significant differences in the control variables, balancing the sample does not lead to a significant difference regarding the happiness effects of 3–11. Results are reported in “Appendix 2”, Tables 10, 11 and Fig. 2.

Since the relationship between proximity and happiness is hyperbolic, a respondent living in Osaka (560 km) is only −0.056 points less happy than a respondent living in Fukuoka (1,018 km).

Results are omitted and are available upon request. Further, it is important to note that studies, as such Aknin et al. (2013), who claim the relationship between prosocial spending and well-being to be a psychological universal do not control for volunteering activities.

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Titel: Happiness in Japan in Times of Upheaval: Empirical Evidence from the National Survey on Lifestyle Preferences
verfasst von: Tim Tiefenbach
Florian Kohlbacher
Publikationsdatum: 01.04.2015
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Journal of Happiness Studies / Ausgabe 2/2015
Print ISSN: 1389-4978
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7780
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9512-9

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