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2017 | Buch

Health 4.0: How Virtualization and Big Data are Revolutionizing Healthcare

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Über dieses Buch

This book describes how the creation of new digital services—through vertical and horizontal integration of data coming from sensors on top of existing legacy systems—that has already had a major impact on industry is now extending to healthcare. The book describes the fourth industrial revolution (i.e. Health 4.0), which is based on virtualization and service aggregation. It shows how sensors, embedded systems, and cyber-physical systems are fundamentally changing the way industrial processes work, their business models, and how we consume, while also affecting the health and care domains. Chapters describe the technology behind the shift of point of care to point of need and away from hospitals and institutions; how care will be delivered virtually outside hospitals; that services will be tailored to individuals rather than being designed as statistical averages; that data analytics will be used to help patients to manage their chronic conditions with help of smart devices; and that pharmaceuticals will be interactive to help prevent adverse reactions. The topics presented will have an impact on a variety of healthcare stakeholders in a continuously global and hyper-connected world.

· Presents explanations of emerging topics as they relate to e-health, such as Industry 4.0, Precision Medicine, Mobile Health, 5G, Big Data, and Cyber-physical systems;

· Provides overviews of technologies in addition to possible application scenarios and market conditions;

· Features comprehensive demographic and statistic coverage of Health 4.0 presented in a graphical manner.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. The Case for Health 4.0
Abstract
Demographic and socio-economic changes in large parts of the world enforcing change to health care systems as we know them. While our societies are ageing and thus require more health services the number of hospital beds, at least in Europe, is decreasing, while at the same time the point of care is shifting towards outpatient departments, doctor’s surgeries, care homes, patient homes and—the Internet. Buzz words such as Individualized Medicine, Precision Medicine, mHealth and lately the 5th generation mobile networks are driving a trend towards virtualization and a transition from manufacturing, for example of pharmaceutical products, to service provision. Pharmaceutical companies are aiming at the provision of holistic services including data processing with algorithms, case management and billing. However, this must not be confused with the business models of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in the United States but needs to be understood as a paradigm shift in the health industry driven by new technologies and strategies. One of these fundamentally new strategies is Industry 4.0, which is not only restricted to manufacturing industries but seems to scale well into the health domain.
Christoph Thuemmler
Chapter 2. Health 4.0: Application of Industry 4.0 Design Principles in Future Asthma Management
Abstract
Industry 4.0 is a well-known industrial concept leveraging individualization and virtualization across different industrial domains. At its core Industry 4.0 empowers industries to evolve from manufacturers to service providers. Recently design principles for Industry 4.0 scenarios have been proposed. This chapter discusses the validity of the design principles for the health domain investigating its suitability for the diagnostics and therapy (theragnostics)  of asthma. We come to the conclusion, that Industry 4.0 design principles work very well in the health domain especially with regards to Precision Medicine and  the rapidly progressive evolution of smart pharmaceuticals in chronic, non-communicable diseases. The concept appears to be suitable for the health domain  but its implementation and uptake will depend on future network specifications and features.
Christoph Thuemmler, Chunxue Bai
Chapter 3. Data Traffic Forecast in Health 4.0
Abstract
This chapter discusses the expected implications of Health 4.0 on hospital and general healthcare system data traffic. The interactive nature of Health 4.0 introduces an unprecedented complexity of stakeholder relations related to the access, storage, transmission, and governance of data in the domain of healthcare and beyond: data is made available through governed channels to healthcare-providing stakeholders, to researchers, for purposes of personalized care provision, for reasons of public interest, and for the use by the data owner itself through smart devices, etc. This chapter describes the status quo of data traffic in a modern German hospital, outlines the ongoing and future trends towards informated healthcare provision, digitalization and virtualization of care and Personalized Medicine (Health 4.0), and based on these foundations makes an informed estimation of the future data traffic characteristics.
Alois Paulin
Chapter 4. Smart Pharmaceuticals
Abstract
Drug-delivery technology has come a long way since the handmade tinctures, lozenges, and pills of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Today, a new generation of smart pharmaceuticals offers the potential to monitor and improve self-management of chronic conditions, enhance adherence, and tailor treatment more precisely to the patient. Smart pharmaceuticals also offer the opportunity to collect an unprecedented breadth and depth of metadata, such as medication adherence and compliance with technique, and the correlation of these factors with cost-effectiveness and clinical efficacy outcomes. This metadata brings key knowledge at point of care and may facilitate consultations between patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs), improve allocation of increasingly pressurized health resources, and optimize service design. There is also the potential to use these data as a healthcare monitor. Ultimately, the hope is that use of these data will optimize therapy and overall patient care.
Bruce G. Bender, Henry Chrystyn, Bernard Vrijens
Chapter 5. Surgery 4.0
Abstract
In a highly competitive environment, surgery is forced to continuously improve the outcome and, simultaneously to reduce costs. These contradicting aims can only be reached by the combined use of cyber-physical systems. Digitalization of surgery may be denominated as “surgery 4.0”. This process will be primarily focussed on the surgical operation room which is the “profit centre” of any surgical unit. The aim is to transform it into a “collaborative environment”. Based upon a multitude of continuous real-time data, a support system should be capable to interpret the actual situation (context sensivity) and to predict the next steps required. In addition to the necessary medical and organizational structured knowledge which has to be provided before, the system should be able to learn from repeated procedures. Thus, it should offer active assistance to the surgical team to use the technical environment adequately, to smoothen the workflow, to avoid mistakes, and to improve the safety level. To reach this goal, some preconditions have still to be met: Comprehensive systems integration, the development of surgical and patient models, and a perfect communication not only between the devices and instruments but also with the human user. Making this vision mature for regular clinical care is challenging but first promising approaches have already been developed.
Hubertus Feussner, Daniel Ostler, Michael Kranzfelder, Nils Kohn, Sebastian Koller, Dirk Wilhelm, Christoph Thuemmler, Armin Schneider
Chapter 6. #FocusOnTheEndUser: The Approach to Consumer-Centered Healthcare
Abstract
Digitalization creates a new challenge for the worldwide health markets; it allows for more efficient healthcare services, reduced healthcare costs, and increased customer service. Additionally, digitalization leads to new opportunities regarding customer interaction, and encourages disruptive new business models. These new business models put the consumer in the center of attention and empower the consumer when dealing with doctors, pharmacists, health insurances, or therapists. The focus of this report lies in this empowerment, and consequently in the demand for a more consumer-oriented healthcare system. Connected to this field of interest, this report will develop and present the methodical concept of the Health Journey. It will show how consumers move through the healthcare industry, which consumer needs are not met, and where there might be opportunities for disruption. Additionally, this report will introduce three Swiss startups that focus on different unmet needs in the Health Journey and that have developed new digital business models.
Matthias Mettler
Chapter 7. Virtualization of Health Care: The Role of Capacity Building
Abstract
The transformation of the health care systems from Health 1.0 to 4.0 will bring fundamental changes to the health care sector. Virtualization of health care will improve the delivery of care through patient empowerment, but patients cannot be empowered if they do not have the required capacity (i.e. knowledge, abilities and supporting mechanisms). To achieve virtualization of health care, it is necessary to build capacity. Capacity building is “means by which skills, experience, technical and management capacity are developed within an organisational structure (contractors, consultants or contracting agencies)—often through the provision of technical assistance, short/long-term training, and specialist inputs (e.g., computer systems). The process may involve the development of human, material and financial resources” [1]. Capacity building, on the one hand, can be a means to develop a set of relevant capacities to adopt new virtualised health care technologies in order to improve health outcomes. On the other hand, virtualization of health care can enable capacity building. Digital health care technologies can be used to build up the capacity of patients by increasing their knowledge and skills and help them become active partners in their own health care. In order to entice users to adopt the new health care technology, it is important to address and fulfil their psychological, cultural and interpersonal needs. Psychological models can be used to influence the design and development of health care technologies for Health 4.0 which in turn serve to encourage acceptance and uptake the new digital health care technologies, support individuals in reaching engaging experiences with the new technologies, promoting behavioral change and improving health outcomes.
Ai Keow Lim
Chapter 8. E-Health in China
Abstract
Chronic diseases are currently becoming the primary threat to human health in the world, especially in China. General treatment dilemma, potential aging problem, prevention, and healthcare problem set limits to the development of modern Chinese medicine. To solve these problems, Medical Internet of Things (MIoT) have emerged in response to the changing needs and conditions. This technology has been successfully applied in the diagnosis, treatment, and management several diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, and lung cancer. During the diagnosis, treatment, and management processes, based on cloud and terminal devices, patient information will be stored, transmitted, and handled as “big data.” Moreover, the application of MIoT will offer protection for Precision Medicine. Furthermore, MIoT will promote the development of modern medicine and improve human health.
Chunxue Bai
Chapter 9. Mobile Edge Computing
Abstract
Paradigms of ubiquitous IoT coupled with strong context-aware data access controls are a must for the success of Health 4.0. These together with the inherent requirement of adhering to strict QoS guarantees in the health domain create a technologically challenging environment which can be effectively addressed through novel platforms. Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) happens to be a strong contender in this direction and has recently been gaining rapid traction. MEC is capable of meeting the needs of Health 4.0 by providing a scalable low-latency context-aware cloud platform for a variety of service subsystems. In this chapter, we present an overview of MEC along with an outline of its architecture, features and challenges. We also discuss the potential platforms that could be built on top of MEC to facilitate the difficult scenarios of health sector.
Swaroop Nunna, Karthikeyan Ganesan
Chapter 10. A Health 4.0 Based Approach Towards the Management of Multiple Sclerosis
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and variable disease in matters of symptoms, clinical course and outcome. The ultimate goal of currently used drugs and therapeutic strategies is the control of disease activity and the delay of the ongoing disability. During the last decades, a number of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs), all products of advanced biotechnology are being used. However, these DMDs are yet partially effective since the ongoing disability progression may hardly be prevented. There is growing evidence that these DMDs might be more effective if more accurate monitoring of the disease itself throughout a period of time might be available. In the new era of MS treatment and on the basis of our current knowledge about MS management, it became pretty clear that the overall therapeutic strategy should always be scheduled on strictly individualized basis. To this, MS patients should be encouraged to take control over their own disease and collaborate more effectively with their doctors. The advent of the IoT (Internet of Things) and 5G mobile technologies can support patients in this direction. Since a snapshot of the overall patient’s condition during a regular follow-up visit may not represent the every day reality of the patient, the advice given under these conditions may not be that effective. However, if hard data on the patient’s motoric and cognitive performance were available “theragnostics” might be much more effective and efficient and a typical flare-up of the condition might be recognized much earlier—or even anticipated. Health 4.0 is the translation of Industry 4.0 design principles into the health domain. Health 4.0 is based on the utilization of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the use of cyber-physical systems to connect the physical and the virtual world. The use of smart pharmaceuticals biosensors and cyber-physical systems in the management of MS could optimize the accuracy and allow for a precise mapping of symptoms over time which is an inevitable prerequisite for personalization of care. Ideally captured data would be processed in real time in order to flag problems up to the care team and on an individual basis anticipate motoric and/or cognitive deficits in an attempt to compensate for neurological deficits. 5G networks are expected to provide the infrastructure and ease in supporting various parameters recording on a real-time basis. Relevant clinical studies may further highlight the need of information communication technology in MS management, thus contributing to the overall improvement of patent’s quality of life (QoL). This is an absolute necessity for a variable, fluctuating and largely unpredictable disease such as MS.
Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Christos Bakirtzis, Christos Politis, Kostas Danas, Christoph Thuemmler, Ai Keow Lim
Chapter 11. Towards Trust and Governance in Integrated Health and Social Care Platforms
Abstract
The way health and care data is exchanged will considerably change due to the progressive deployment of integrated care platforms and cyber-physical systems. Next generation network technologies such as 5G will allow for virtualization technologies such as SDN and NFV, which will enable not only data exchange but also in particular multi domain orchestration and service aggregation in real time. This will require “trust” to be embedded into new e-Health platforms as a core value. For the use in M2M systems this needs to be translated in a system of rules and policies, which have to go hand in hand with cutting edge cybersecurity practices such as cryptography and access control. However, there will also be the need for strong governance especially when health information will become accessible across different domains and networks. In this context, specific translation gateways have proven helpful and should be investigated further.
William Buchanan, Christoph Thuemmler, Grzegorz Spyra, Adrian Smales, Biraj Prajapati
Chapter 12. Security for Cyber-Physical Systems in Healthcare
Abstract
The great leap forward of cyber-physical systems has made provision for future personalized medicine. However, these systems are prone to cyber attacks. To provide patients with secure and reliable healthcare experience, the security issues of cyber-physical systems should be thoughtfully studied and addressed. Thus, this chapter initiates a discussion on security for cyber-physical systems. The security issues with their core components, namely wireless body area network, Cloud computing, and 5G are discussed. This chapter also presents an analysis of the potential contribution of virtualization technologies on security enhancement.
Kashif Saleem, Zhiyuan Tan, William Buchanan
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Health 4.0: How Virtualization and Big Data are Revolutionizing Healthcare
herausgegeben von
Christoph Thuemmler
Chunxue Bai
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-47617-9
Print ISBN
978-3-319-47616-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47617-9

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