nach oben

Erschienen in:

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. High Voltage Equipment

verfasst von : Hiroki Ito

Erschienen in: Springer Handbook of Power Systems

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter focuses on substation equipment, which is used in power systems to transport and distribute the electric energy from power-generation plants to households, offices, and factories efficiently. In transmission and distribution networks, switching equipment such as circuit breakers and disconnecting switches is required to open and close circuits in power systems. When a fault occurs, circuit breakers are needed to clear the fault quickly to ensure system stability. Circuit breakers must also be able to carry a load current without excessive heating and withstand the system voltage during normal and abnormal conditions.

Measuring equipment such as instrument transformers and overvoltage protection units such as surge arresters are also used in power systems. Surge arresters are installed at different locations in power systems to limit lightning-induced and switching-induced overvoltages to a specified protection level below the withstand voltage of the equipment.

It is also mainly devoted to technical description of switching equipment used in both high-voltage alternating current () and high-voltage direct current () power systems. Fundamental interrupting and switching phenomena for different switching equipment are discussed.

Readers should note that more detailed and specific information on switching equipment can be found in many technical brochures and documents published by CIGRE, including the CIGRE Green Book on switching equipment.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Transformers

Nächstes Kapitel Overhead Lines

CIGRE TB 696: MO Varistors and Surge Arresters for Emerging System Conditions (CIGRE, Paris 2017)

CIGRE TB 394: State of the Art of Instrument Transformers (CIGRE, Paris 2009)

CIGRE TB 336: Changing Network Conditions and system requirements Part 2 (CIGRE, Paris 2007)

CIGRE TB 693: Experience with equipment for Series/Shunt Compensation (CIGRE, Paris 2017)

CIGRE TB 455: Aspects for the Application of Composite Insulators to High Voltage Apparatus (CIGRE, Paris 2011)

CIGRE TB 725: Ageing high voltage substation equipment and possible mitigation techniques (CIGRE, Paris 2018)

IEC 60060-1: High-voltage test techniques – Part 1, General definitions and test requirements (IEC, Geneva 2011)

IEC 60815-1: Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions – Part 1, Definitions, information and general principles (IEC, Geneva 2016)

IEC 60815-2: Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions – Part 2, Ceramic and glass insulators for a.c. systems (IEC, Geneva 2016)

IEC 60815-3: Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions – Part 3, Polymer insulators for a.c. systems (IEC, Geneva 2016)

J. N. Kleman: US Patent 874601 (1907)

J. Slepian: Theory of the de-ion circuit breaker, Trans. AIEE 48, 523–553 (1929)

D.C. Prince, W.F. Skeats: Oil blast circuit breaker, Trans. AIEE 81, 629–639 (1931)

W. B. Whitney, E. B. Wedmore: British Patent 278764 (1926)

W. B. Whitney, E. B. Wedmore: British Patent 366998 (1930)

F. S. Cooper: US Patent 2221671 (1940)

H.J. Lingal, T.E. Browne, A.P. Storm: An investigation of the arc quenching behavior of sulphur Hexafluoride, Trans. AIEE 72, 242–246 (1953)

H. J. Lingal, T. E. Browne, A. P. Storm: US Patent 2757261 (1956)

R. Wilkins, E.A. Cretin: High Voltage Oil Circuit Breakers (McGraw-Hill, New York 1930)

R.W. Sorensen, H.E. Mendenhall: Vacuum switching equipment at California Institute of Technology, Trans. ALL 45, 1102–1105 (1926)

CIGRE TB 589: Vacuum Switchgears at transmission voltages (CIGRE, Paris 2014)

A.M. Cassie: Arc Rupture and Circuit Severity, A New Theory, CIGRE Session Report, Vol. 102 (CIGRE, Paris 1939)

O. Mayr: Beitraege zur Theorie des statischen und des dynamischen Lichtbogens, Arch. Electrotech. 37(12), 566–608 (1943)CrossRef

A.M. Cassie, F.O. Mason: Post-arc Conductivity in Gas Blast Circuit Breakers, CIGRE Session Report, Vol. 103 (CIGRE, Paris 1956)

T.E. Browne: Circuit Interruption, Theory and Technique (Marcel Dekker, New York 1984)

CIGRE WG 13.01: Applications of black box modeling to circuit breakers, Electra 118, 65–79 (1988)

CIGRE WG 13.01: Applications of black box modeling to circuit breakers, Electra 149, 41–71 (1993)

EPRI report EL-284: Fundamental Investigation of Arc Interruption in Gas Flows (EPRI, Palo Alto 1977)

EPRI report EL-1455: Fundamental Investigation of Arc Interruption in Gas Flows (EPRI, Palo Alto 1980)

L.S. Frost, R.W. Liebermann: Composition and transport properties of SF\({}_{6}\) and their use in a simplified enthalpy flow arc model, Proc. IEEE 59(4), 474–485 (1971)CrossRef

A.D. Stokes, et al.: Circuit Interruption Prediction Using a Current Dependent Arc Model, CIGRE Session Report, Vol. 13-02 (CIGRE, Paris 1984)

H. Kuwahara, T. Tanabe, K. Ibuki, M. Sakai, S. Sakuma: New approach to analysis of arc interruption capability by simulation employed in the development of SF\({}_{6}\) GCB series with high capacity interrupter, IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Syst. PAS-102(7), 2262–2268 (1983)CrossRef

T. Tanabe, K. Ibuki, S. Sakuma, T. Yonezawa: Simulation of the SF\({}_{6}\) arc behavior by a cylindrical arc model, IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Syst. PAS-104(7), 1903–1909 (1985)CrossRef

J.M. Lafferty (Ed.): Vacuum Arcs Theory and Application (Wiley, New York 1980) pp. 152–160

CIGRE TB 304: Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part 1 (CIGRE, Paris 2006)

CIGRE TB 305: Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part 2 (CIGRE, Paris 2006)

CIGRE TB 570: Switching Phenomena for EHV and UHV Equipment (CIGRE, Paris 2014)

IEC62271-100: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100, Alternating current circuit-breakers (IEC, Geneva 2008)

A. Janssen, D. Dufournet, H. Ito: Transient recovery voltage at transformer limited fault clearing, CIGRE Science & Engineering, Vol. CSE004 (CIGRE, Paris 2016)

IEC Std. IEC 62271-100 ed. 2.1: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100, High-voltage alternating current circuit breakers (IEC, Geneva 2012)

IEEE Std. C37.09 – 1999, Cor 1-2007: IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis – Corrigendum 1

IEEE PSRC WG D6: Report to the Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, Power Swing and Out-of-Step Considerations on Transmission Lines (IEEE, New York 2005)

IEC 60050-448-14-35: Chap. 448, Power system protection. In: International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEC, Geneva 1995)

CIGRE TB 716: System Conditions for and Probability of Out-of-phase, Background, Recommendations, Developments of Instable Power Systems (CIGRE, Paris 2018)

CERC: Final report on the grid disturbance on 30th July 2012 and grid disturbance on 31st July 2012 2012). www.cercind.gov

UCTE: Final Report of the Investigating Committee on the 28 September 2003 Blackout in Italy (UCTE, Paris 2004)

D.Z. Meng: Maintaining System Integrity to Prevent Cascading Blackout, CIGRE SC B5 Session 2006, B5-207 ((CIGRE, Paris 2006)

IEC Guide IEC 62271-306: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 306, Guide to IEC 62271-100, IEC 62271-1 and other IEC standards related to alternating current circuit breakers (IEC, Geneva 2012)

H. Ito, et al.: Technical requirements for substation equipment exceeding 800 kV, 2007 IEC-CIGRE UHV Symposium, Report 2-4-1 (CIGRE, Paris 2007), on behalf of CIGRE WG A3.22

Y. Hase: Handbook of Power System Engineering, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York 2007)CrossRef

CIGRE TB 362: Technical requirements for substation equipment exceeding 800 kV AC, GRE WG A3.22 (CIGRE, Paris 2008)

CIGRE TB 462: Background of Technical Specifications for UHV Substation Equipment, CIGRE WG A3.22 (CIGRE, Paris 2011)

CIGRE TB 570: Switching Phenomena for EHV and UHV Equipment, CIGRE WG A3.28 (CIGRE, Paris 2014)

E. Zaima, et al.: System Aspects of 1100 kV AC Transmission Technologies in Japan, Solutions for Network Problems Specific to UHV AC Transmission System and Insulation Coordination, IEC-CIGRE UHV Symposium 2007, Report 2-1-2 (CIGRE, Paris 2009)

T. Kobayashi, et al.: Basic design and specifications of GIS for UHV AC and its verification test at site, IEC-CIGRE UHV Symposium 2007, Report 2-3-3 (CIGRE, Paris 2009)

Y. Yamagata, et al.: Development of 1100 kV gas circuit breakers and their verification tests, IEC-CIGRE UHV Symposium 2007, Report 2-4-3 (CIGRE, Paris 2009)

H. Ito, et al.: Technical requirements for UHV substation equipment, CIGRE Session Paper, Report A3-211 (CIGRE, Paris 2008), on behalf of CIGRE WG A3.22

IEC Int. Standard 62271-203: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear. Part 203: Gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages above 52 kV, 1.0 edn. (IEC, Geneva 2003)

A.L.J. Janssen, et al.: UHV Equipment Requirements, State of the Art and Prospects for Equipment, 2nd IEC-CIGRE UHV Symposium, New Delhi (CIGRE, Paris 2009), on behalf of CIGRE WG A3.22

IEC Int. Standard 62271-102: High-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear, Part 102, Alternating Current Disconnecting Switches and Earthing Switches, 1.0 edn. (IEC, Geneva 2001)

A.J. Keri, et al.: Single phase switching tests on the AEP 765 kV system – extinction time for large secondary arc currents, IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Syst. 8 (1983)

G.E. Agafonov, et al.: High Speed Grounding Switch for Extra-high voltage Lines, CIGRE Session Paper, Report, Vol. A3-308 ((CIGRE, Paris 2004)

CIGRE TB264: Planning, Specifications and Testing of controlled switching systems, WG A3.07 (CIGRE, Paris 2004)

CIGRE WG13.07: Controlled switching of HVAC circuit breakers, guide for application, part 1, ELECTRA 183, 43–73 (1999)

CIGRE WG13.07: Controlled switching of HVAC circuit breakers, guide for application, part 2, ELECTRA 185, 37–57 (1999)

CIGRE WG13.07: Controlled switching of HVAC circuit breakers, planning, specification and testing of controlled switching systems, ELECTRA 197, 23–733 (2001)

CIGRE TB 262: Benefits and Economic Aspects, WG A3.07 (CIGRE, Paris 2004)

CIGRE TB 263: Guidance for further applications including unloaded transformer switching, load and fault interruption and circuit-breaker uprating, WG A3.07 (CIGRE, Paris 2004)

A. Mercier, et al.: CIGRE 2002 Session 13-201, Transformer Controlled Switching Taking into Account the Residual Flux (CIGRE, Paris 2002)

H. Kohyama, K. Kamei, H. Ito: CIGRE SC A3 and B3 2005 Colloquium-209, Application of Controlled Switching System for Transformer Energization taking into account a Residual Flux in Transformer Core (CIGRE, Paris 2005)

K. Fröhlich, et al.: Controlled closing on shunt reactor compensated transmission lines, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 12, 734–740 (1997)CrossRef

B.L. Avent, et al.: CIGRE 2002 Session 13-107, Application of 500 kV Circuit Breakers on Transmission Line with MOV Protected Series Capacitor Bank (CIGRE, Paris 2002)

A. Mercier, H. Kohyama, et al.: CIGRE 2015 Nagoya Colloquium A3 and B3-107, Special Considerations with Controlled Switching Projects (CIGRE, Paris 2015)

CIGRE TB 533: HVDC grid feasibility study, Appendix H, Switching DC in an HVDC system (CIGRE, Paris 2013)

CIGRE TB 683: Technical Requirements and Specifications of State-of-the-art HVDC Switching Equipment (CIGRE, Paris 2017)

A. Lee, et al.: The development of a HVDC SF\({}_{6}\) breaker, IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Syst. 104(10), 2721–2729 (1985)CrossRef

H. Ito, et al.: Instability of DC Arc in SF\({}_{6}\) circuit breaker, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 12(4), 1508–1513 (1997)CrossRef

S. Hara, et al.: Fault protection of metallic return circuit of Kii channel HVDC system, IEE GD 95, 132–137 (1995)

S. Tokoyoda, R.P.P. Smeets, R. Nijman, N.A. Belda, K. Tahata, F. Page, H. Ito, C. Spallarossa: Full Power Short-circuit Tests of HVDC Circuit Breakers using AC generator operated with reduced power Frequency, CIGRE Session report, A3-115 (CIGRE, Paris 2018)

K. Tahata, et al.: HVDC circuit breakers for HVDC grid applications, CIGRE AORC Technical meeting 2014, Report No. 1120 (CIGRE, Paris 2014)

S. Xu: 160 kV Mechanical HVDC Circuit Breaker Development and Application, CIGRE SC A3 and B4 Workshop on HVDC Circuit Breakers (CIGRE, Paris 2018)

R. Derakhshanfar, et al.: Hybrid HVDC Breaker – A Solution for Future HVDC System, CIGRE Session Report B4-304 (CIGRE, Paris 2014)

B. Yang, D. Dao, W. Shi, W. Lv, W. Wang, B. Liu: A Novel Commutation-based Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker, 2017 CIGRE Winnipeg SC A3/B5/D1 Colloquium, A3/B4-15 (CIGRE, Paris 2017)

A. Ting: HVDC Breaker Experience in China, CIGRE SC A3 and B4 Workshop on HVDC Circuit Breakers (CIGRE, Paris 2018)

Titel: High Voltage Equipment
verfasst von: Hiroki Ito
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Springer Handbook of Power Systems
Print ISBN: 978-981-329-937-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-329-938-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9938-2_8