nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Hydrothermal Deposits

verfasst von : Florian Neukirchen, Dr. Gunnar Ries

Erschienen in: The World of Mineral Deposits

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Hot water is a very effective medium for the transport and enrichment of certain elements that are subsequently precipitated from the water. This can happen in very different places such as at a hot spring on the seabed, along a fault, in fine cracks above a granite pluton, in a cave, or in the pores of the rock. The space necessary for precipitation can even be created by simultaneously dissolving the surrounding rock in a process called replacement.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Magmatic Deposits

Nächstes Kapitel Deposits Formed by Sedimentation and Weathering

Anderson, G.M. 2008. The mixing hypothesis and the origin of Mississippi Valley-Type ore deposits. Economic Geology 103: 1683–1960.CrossRef

Anschutz, P., and G. Blanc. 1995. Chemical mass balances in metalliferous deposits from the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59: 4205–4218.CrossRef

Anschutz, P., and G. Blanc. 1996. Heat and salt fluxes in the Atlantis II Deep (Red Sea). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 142: 147–159.CrossRef

Anschutz, P.G., C.Monnin Blanc, and J. Boulège. 2000. Geochemical dynamics of the Atlantis II Deep (Red Sea): II. Composition of metalliferous sediment pore waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64: 3995–4006.CrossRef

Audetat, A., T. Pettke, C.A. Heinrich, and R.J. Bodnar. 2008. The composition of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in barren and mineralized intrusions. Economic Geology 103: 877–908.CrossRef

Baatartsogt, B., G. Schwinn, T. Wagner, H. Taubald, T. Beitter, and G. Markl. 2007. Contrasting paleofluid systems in the continental basement: A fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of hydrothermal vein mineralization, Schwarzwald district, Germany. Geofluids 7: 123–147.CrossRef

Barrie, C.D., A.J. Boyce, A.P. Boyle, P.J. Williams, K. Blake, J.J. Wilkinson, M. Lowther, P. McDermott, and D.J. Prior. 2009. On the growth of colloform textures: a case study of sphalerite from the Galmoy ore body, Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society London 166: 563–582.CrossRef

Barton, P.B., and P.M. Bethke. 1987. Chalcopyrite disease in sphalerite: Pathology and epidemiology. American Mineralogist 72: 451–467.

Bartos, P.J. 2000. The Pallacos of Cerro Rico de Potosí, Bolivia: A new deposit type. Economic Geology 95: 645–654.CrossRef

Bettencourt, J.S., W.B. Leite Jr., C.L. Goraieb, I. Sparrenberger, R.M.S. Bello, and B.L. Payolla. 2005. Sn-poymetallic greisen-type deposits associated with late-stage rapakivi granites, Brazil: fluid inclusion and stable isotope characteristics. Lithos 80: 363–386.CrossRef

Bierlein, F.P., D.I. Groves, R.J. Goldfarb, and B. Dubé. 2006. Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits. Mineralium Deposita 40: 874–886.CrossRef

Bölücek, C., M. Akgül, and I. Türkmen. 2004. Volcanism, sedimentation and massive sulfide mineralization in a Late Cretaceous arc-related basin, Eastern Taurides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 24: 349–360.CrossRef

Bons, P.D. 2001a. The formation of large quartz veins by rapid ascent of fluids in mobile hydrofractures. Tectonophysics 336: 1–17.CrossRef

Bons, P.D. 2001b. Development of crystal morphology during unitaxial growth in a progressively widening vein: I. The numerical model. Journal of Structural Geology 23: 865–872.CrossRef

Bradley, D.C., and D.L. Leach. 2003. Tectonic controls of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc mineralization in orogenic forelands. Mineralium Deposita 38: 652–667.CrossRef

Bradley, D.C., D.L. Leach, D. Symons, P. Emsbo, W. Premo, G. Breit, and D.F. Sangster. 2004. Reply to Discussion on „Tectonic controls of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc mineralization in orogenic forelands“ by S. E. Kesler, J. T. Christensen, R. D. Hagni, W. Heijlen, J. R. Kyle, K. C. Misra, P. Muchez and R. Van der Voo, Mineralium Deposita. Mineralium Deposita 39: 515–519.CrossRef

Braun, A.C. 2006. Genesis of native copper lodes in the Keweenaw district, Northern Michigan: A hybrid evolved meteoric and metamorphogenic model. Economic Geology 101: 1437–1444.CrossRef

Breiter, K. 2012. Nearly contemporaneous evolution of the A- and S-type fractionated granites in the Krušné hory/Erzgebirge Mts., Central Europe. Lithos 151: 105–121.CrossRef

Bucher, K., and I. Stober. 2010. Fluids in the upper continental crust. Geofluids 10: 241–253.

Castroviejo, R., C. Quesada, and M. Soler. 2011. Post-depositional tectonic modification of VMS deposits in Iberia and its economic significance. Mineralium Deposita 46: 615–673.CrossRef

Catchpole, H., K. Kouzmanov, L. Fontboté, M. Guillong, and C.A. Heinrich. 2011. Fluid evolution in zoned cordilleran polymetallic veins – insights from microthermometry and LA-ICP-MS of fluid inclusions. Chemical Geology 281: 293–304.CrossRef

Chauvet, A., P. Piantone, L. Barbanson, and P. Nehlig. 2001. Gold deposit formation during collapse tectonics: structural, mineralogical, geochronological, and fluid inclusion constraints in the Ouro Preto gold mines, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil. Economic Geology 96: 25–48.

Chen, J., M.R. Walter, G.A. Logan, M.C. Hinman, and R.E. Summons. 2003. The Paleoproterozoic McArthur River (HYC) Pb/Zn/Ag deposit of northern Australia: Organic geochemistry and ore genesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 210: 467–479.CrossRef

Chetty, D., and H.E. Frimmel. 2000. The role of evaporites in the genesis of base metal sulphide mineralisation in the Northern Platform of the Pan-African Damara Belt, Namibia: geochemical and fluid inclusion evidence from carbonate wall rock alteration. Mineralium Deposita 35: 364–376.CrossRef

Ciobanu, C.L., and N.J. Cook. 2004. Skarn textures and a case study: the Ocna de Fier-Dognecea orefield, Banat, Romania. Ore Geology Reviews 24: 315–370.CrossRef

Cline, J.S., A.H. Hofstra, J.L. Muntean, R.M. Tosdal, and K.A. Hickey. 2005. Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada: Critical geologic characteristics and viable models. Economic Geology100th Anniversary Volume, 451–484.

Cooke, D.R., and S.F. Simmons. 2000. Characteristics and genesis of epithermal gold deposits. Reviews in Economic Geology 13: 221–244.

Cooke, D.R., S.W. Bull, R.R. Large, and P.J. McGoldrick. 2000. The importance of oxidized brines for the formation of Australian proterozoic stratiform sediment-hosted Pb-Zn (Sedex) deposits. Economic Geology 95: 1–17.CrossRef

Cooke, D.R., P. Hollings, and J.L. Walshe. 2005. Giant porphyry deposits: characteristics, distribution and tectonic controls. Economic Geology 100: 801–818.CrossRef

Corliss, J.B., J. Dymond, L.I. Gordon, J.M. Edmond, R.P. von Herzen, R.D. Ballard, K. Green, D. Williams, A. Bainbridge, K. Crane, and T.H. van Andel. 1979. Submarine thermal springs on the Galápagos Rift. Science 203: 1073–1083.CrossRef

Danisik, M., K. Pfaff, N.J. Evans, C. Manoloukos, S. Staude, B.J. McDonald, and G. Markl. 2010. Tectonothermal history of the Schwarzwald ore district (Germany): An apatite triple dating approach. Chemical Geology 278: 58–69.CrossRef

Derome, D., M. Cathelineau, M. Cuney, C. Fabre, T. Lhomme, and D.A. Banks. 2005. Mixing of sodic and calcic brines and uranium deposition at McArthur River, Saskatchewan, Canada: A Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopic study of fluid inclusions. Economic Geology 100: 1529–1545.CrossRef

Dietrich, A., B. Lehmann, and A. Wallianos. 2000. Bulk rock and melt inclusion geochemistry of Bolivian tin porphyry systems. Economic Geology, 313–326.CrossRef

Dilek, Y., and H. Furnes. 2009. Structure and geochemistry of Tethyan ophiolites and their petrogenesis in subduction rollback systems. Lithos 113: 1–20.CrossRef

Doyle, M.G., and R.L. Allen. 2003. Subsea-floor replacement in volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits. Ore Geology Reviews 23: 183–222.CrossRef

Drummond, B., P. Lyons, B. Goleby, and L. Jones. 2006. Constraining models of the tectonic setting of the giant Olympic Dam iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, South Australia, using deep seismic reflection data. Tectonophysics 420: 91–103.CrossRef

Duncan, R.J., H.J. Stein, K.A. Evans, M.W. Hitman, E.P. Nelson, and D.J. Kirwin. 2011. A new geochronological framework for mineralization and alteration in the Selwyn-Mount Dore Corridor, Eastern Fold Belt, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia: Genetic implications for iron oxide copper-gold deposits. Economic Geology 106: 169–192.CrossRef

Dunham, K., K.E., Beer, R.A. Ellis, M.J. Gallagher, M.J.C. Nutt, and B.C. Webb. 1978. United Kingdom. In Mineral Deposits of Europe, ed. S. H.U. Bowie, A. Kvalheim and H.W. Haslam Volume: Northwest Europe. London: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy and Mineralogical Society.

Economou-Eliopoulos, M., D.G. Eliopoulos, and S. Chryssoulis. 2008. A comparison of high-Au massive sulfide ores hosted in ophiolite complexes of the Balkan Peninsula with modern analogues: Genetic significance. Ore Geology Reviews 33: 81–100.CrossRef

Eddy, C.A., Y. Dilek, S. Hurst, and E.M. Moores. 1998. Seamount formation and associated caldera complex and hydrothermal mineralization in ancient oceanic crust, Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus). Tectonophysics 292: 189–210.CrossRef

Emmons, W.H. 1936. Hypogene zoning in metalliferous lodes. Report 1 of the 16th International Geological Congress, 417–432.

Feltrin, L., J.G. McLellan, and N.H.S. Oliver. 2009. Modelling the giant, Zn–Pb–Ag Century deposit, Queensland, Australia. Computers & Geosciences 35: 108–133.CrossRef

Franklin, J.M., H.L. Gibson, I.R. Jonasson and A.G. Galley. 2005. Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 523–560.

Gaboury, D., and V. Pearson. 2008. Rhyolite geochemical signatures and association with volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: Examples from the Abitibi Belt, Canada. Economic Geology 103: 1531–1562.CrossRef

Garven, G., S.W. Bull, and R.R. Large. 2001. Hydrothermal fluid flow models of stratiform ore genesis in the McArthur Basin, Northern Territory, Australia. Geofluids 1: 289–311.CrossRef

Gessner, K., P.A. Jones, A.R. Wilde, and M. Kühn. 2006. Significance of strain localization and fracturing in relation to hydrothermal mineralization at Mount Isa, Australia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 89: 129–132.CrossRef

Glasby, G.P., K. Iizasa, M. Hannington, H. Kubota, and K. Notsu. 2008. Mineralogy and composition of Kuroko deposits from northeastern Honshu and their possible modern analogues from the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc south of Japan: Implications for mode of formation. Ore Geology Reviews 34: 547–560.CrossRef

Goldfarb, R.J., D.I. Groves, and S. Gardoll. 2001. Orogenic gold and geologic time: A global synthesis. Ore Geology Reviews 18: 1–75.CrossRef

Groves, D.I., and N.M. Vielreicher. 2001. The Phalabowra (Palabora) carbonatite-hosted magnetite-copper sulfide deposit, South Africa: An end-member of the iron-oxide-copper-gold-rare earth element deposit group? Mineralium Deposita 36: 189–194.CrossRef

Groves, D.I., R.J. Goldfarb, M. Gebre-Mariam, S.G. Hagemann, and F. Robert. 1998. Orogenic gold deposits: A proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geology Reviews 13: 7–27.CrossRef

Groves, D.I., R.J. Goldfarb, F. Robert, and C.J.R. Hart. 2003. Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, and exploration significance. Economic Geology 98: 1–29.

Groves, D.I., F.P. Bierlein, L.D. Meinert, and M.W. Hitzman. 2010. Iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits through earth history: implications for origin, lithospheric setting, and distinction from other epigenetic iron oxide deposits. Economic Geology 105: 641–654.CrossRef

Gu, L.X., Y. Zheng, X. Tang, K. Zaw, F. Della-Pasque, C. Wu, Z. Tian, J. Lu, P. Ni, X. Li, F. Yang, and X. Wang. 2007. Copper, gold and silver enrichment in ore mylonites within massive sulphide orebodies at Hongtoushan VHMS deposit, N.E. China. Ore Geology Reviews 39: 1–29.CrossRef

Guillou-Frotter, L., and E. Burov. 2003. The development and fracturing of plutonic apexes: Implications for porphyry ore deposits. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 214: 341–356.CrossRef

Hall, C.M., P.L. Higueras, S.E. Kesler, R. Lunar, H. Dong, and A.N. Halliday. 1997. Dating of alteration episodes related to mercury mineralization in the Almaden district, Spain. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 148: 281–298.CrossRef

Halter, W.E., T. Pettke, and C.A. Heinrich. 2002. The origin of Cu/Au ratios in porphyry-type ore deposits. Science 296: 1844–1846.CrossRef

Halter, W.E., C.A. Heinrich, and T. Pettke. 2005. Magma evolution and the formation of porphyry Cu–Au ore fluids: Evidence from silicate and sulfide melt inclusions. Mineralium Deposita 39: 845–863.CrossRef

Hagan, N., N. Robins, H. Hsu-Kim, S. Halabi, M. Morris, G. Woodall, T. Zhang, A. Bacon, D.B. Richter, and J. Vandenberg. 2011. Estimating historical atmospheric mercury concentrations from silver mining and their legacies in present-day surface soil in Potosí, Bolivia. Atmospheric Environment 45: 7619–7626.CrossRef

Hannington, M.D., C.E.J. de Ronde, and S. Peterson. 2005. Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 111–141.

Hartley, A.J., and C.M. Rice. 2005. Controls on supergene enrichment of porphyry copper deposits in the Central Andes: A review and discussion. Mineralium Deposita 40: 515–525.CrossRef

Haynes, D.W., K.C. Cross, R.T. Bills, and M.H. Reed. 1995. Olympic Dam ore genesis: A fluid-mixing model. Economic Geology 90: 281–307.CrossRef

Hecht, L., and M. Cuney. 2000. Hydrothermal alteration of monazite in the Precambrian crystalline basement of the Athabasca Basin (Saskatchewan, Canada): implications for the formation of unconformity-related uranium deposits. Mineralium Deposita 35: 791–795.CrossRef

Hedenquist, J.W., A.R. Arribas, and E. Gonzalez-Urien. 2000. Exporation for epithermal gold deposits. Reviews in Economic Geology 13: 245–277.

Heinrich, C.A. 2005. The physical and chemical evolution of low-salinity magmatic fluids at the porphyry to epithermal transition: A thermodynamic study. Mineralium Deposita 39: 864–889.CrossRef

Herrington, R., V. Maslennikov, V. Zaykov, I. Seravkin, A. Kosarev, B. Buschmann, J.-J. Orgeval, N. Holland, S. Tesalina, P. Nimis, and R. Armstrong. 2005. Classification of VMS deposits: Lessons from the South Uralides. Ore Geology Reviews 27: 203–237.CrossRef

Herzig, P.M., and M.D. Hannington. 1995. Polymetallic massive sulfides at the modern seafloor. A review. Ore Geology Reviews 10: 95–115.CrossRef

Hollings, P., D. Cooke, and A. Clark. 2005. Regional geochemistry of Tertiary igneous rocks in central Chile: Implications for the geodynamic environment of giant porphyry copper and epithermal gold mineralization. Economic Geology 100: 887–904.CrossRef

Hou, Z., H. Zhang, X. Pan, and Z. Yang. 2011. Porphyry Cu (-Mo-Au) deposits related to melting of thickened mafic lower crust: Examples from the eastern Tethyan metallogenic domain. Ore Geology Reviews 39: 21–45.CrossRef

Houghton, J.L., W.C. Shanks, and W.E. Seyfried Jr. 2004. Massive sulfide deposition and trace element remobilization in the Middle Valley sediment-hosted hydrothermal system, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68: 2863–2873.CrossRef

Hunt, J.A., T. Baker, and D.J. Thorkelson. 2007. A review of iron oxide copper-gold deposits, with focus on the Wernecke Breccias, Yukon, Canada, as an example of a non-magmatic end member and implications for IOCG genesis and classification. Exploration and Mining Geology 16: 209–232.CrossRef

Huston, D.L., S. Pehrsson, B.M. Eglington, and K. Zaw. 2010. The geology and metallogeny of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits: Variations through geologic time and with tectonic setting. Economic Geology 105: 571–591.CrossRef

Ireland, T., S.W. Bull, and R. Large. 2004. Mass flow sedimentology within the HYC Zn–Pb–Ag deposit, Northern Territory, Australia: evidence for syn-sedimentary ore genesis. Mineralium Deposita 39: 143–158.CrossRef

Jefferson, C.W., D.J. Thomas, S.S. Gandhi, P. Ramaekers, G. Delaney, D. Brisbin, C. Cutts, D. Quirt, P. Portella, and R.A. Olson. 2007. Unconformity-associated uranium deposits of the Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan and Alberta. In Mineral Deposits of Canada: A Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration methods, ed. D. Goodfellow. Geological Association of Canada, Special Publication 5.

Joye, S.B., V.A. Samarkin, B.N. Orcutt, I.R. MacDonald, K.-U. Hinrichs, M. Elvert, A.P. Teske, K.G. Lloyd, M.A. Lever, J.P. Montoya, and C.D. Meile. 2009. Metabolic variability in seafloor brines revealed by carbon and sulphur dynamics. Nature Geoscience 2: 349–354.CrossRef

Kampunzu, A.B., J.L.H. Cailteux, A.F. Kamona, M.M. Intiomale, and F. Melcher. 2009. Sediment-hosted Zn–Pb-Cu deposits in the Central African Copperbelt. Ore Geology Reviews 35: 263–297.CrossRef

Kesler, S.E., and C.W. Carrigan. 2002. Discussion on ‘‘Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: implications from recent age-dating research’’ by D. L. Leach, D. Bradley, M. T. Lewchuk, D. T. A. Symons, G. de Marsily, and J. Brannon (2001) Mineralium Deposita 36:711–740. Mineralium Deposita 37: 800–802.CrossRef

Kesler, S.E., S.L. Chryssoulis, and G. Simon. 2002. Gold in porphyry copper deposits: Its abundance and fate. Ore Geology Reviews 21: 103–124.CrossRef

Kesler, S.E., J.T. Chesley, J.N. Christensen, R.D. Hagni, W. Heijlen, J.R. Kyle, P. Muchez, K.C. Misra, and R. van der Voo. 2004. Discussion of ‘‘Tectonic controls of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc mineralization in orogenic forelands’’ by D.C. Bradley and D.L. Leach. Mineralium Deposita 39: 512–514.CrossRef

Klemm, L.M., T. Pettke, and C.A. Heinrich. 2008. Fluid and Source magma evolution of the Questa porphyry Mo deposit, New Mexico, USA. Mineralium Deposita 43: 533–552.CrossRef

Kovalev, K.R., Y.A. Kalinin, V.I. Polynov, E.L. Kydyrbekov, A.S. Borisenko, E.A. Naumov, M.I. Netesov, A.G. Klimenko, and M.K. Kolesnikova. 2012. The Suzdal gold-sulfide deposit in the black shale of Eastern Kazakhstan. Geology of Ore Deposits 54: 254–275.CrossRef

Kyser, T.K. 2007. Fluids, basin analysis, and mineral deposits. Geofluids 7: 238–257.CrossRef

Lang, J.R., and T. Baker. 2001. Intrusion-related gold systems: The present level of understanding. Mineralium Deposita 36: 477–489.CrossRef

Large, D., and E. Walcher. 1999. The Rammelsberg massive sulphide Cu–Zn–Pb–Ba–Deposit, Germany: An example of sediment-hosted, massive sulphide mineralisation. Mineralium Deposita 34: 522–538.CrossRef

Large, R.R. 1992. Australian volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits: Features, styles and genetic models. Economic Geology 87: 471–510.CrossRef

Large, R.R., J. McPhie, J.B. Gemmell, W. Herrmann, and G.J. Davidson. 2001. The spectrum of ore deposit types, volcanic environments, alteration halos, and related exploration vectors in submarine volcanic successions: Some examples from Australia. Economic Geology 96: 913–938.CrossRef

Large, R.R., S.W. Bull, and V.V. Maslennikov. 2011. A carbonaceous sedimentary source-rock model for Carlin-type and orogenic gold deposits. Economic Geology 106: 331–358.CrossRef

Laube, N., H.E. Frimmel, and S. Hoernes. 1995. Oxygen and Carbon isotopic study on the genesis of the Steirischer Erzberg siderite deposit (Austria). Mineralium Deposita 30: 285–293.CrossRef

Leach, D.L., D. Bradley, M.T. Lewchuk, D.T.A. Symons, G. de Marsily, and J. Brannon. 2001. Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: Implications from recent age-dating research. Mineralium Deposita 36: 711–740.CrossRef

Leach, D.L., D. Bradley, M. Lewchuk, D.T.A. Symons, W. Premo, J. Brannon, and G. De Marsily. 2002. Reply to Discussion on ‘‘Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: implications from recent age-dating research’’ by S. E. Kesler and C. W. Carrigan (2001) Mineralium Deposita 36:711–740. Mineralium Deposita 37: 803–805.CrossRef

Leach, D.L., R.D. Taylor, D.L. Fey, S.F. 2010. Diehl, and R.W. Saltus. 2010. A deposit model for Mississippi-Valley-Type lead-zinc-ores. In USGS, Mineral Deposit Models for Resource Assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070.

Liessmann, W. 2010. Historischer Bergbau im Harz, 3rd ed. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRef

Lowenstern, J.B. 2001. Carbon dioxide in magmas and implications for hydrothermal systems. Mineralium Deposita 36: 490–502.CrossRef

Lüders, V., B. Precejus, and P. Halbach. 2001. Fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope studies in probable modern analogue Kuroko-type ores from the JADE hydrothermal field (Central Okinawa Trough, Japan). Chemical Geology 173: 45–58.CrossRef

Matignac, C., B. Diagana, M. Cathelineau, M.-C. Boiron, D. Banks, S. Fourcade, and J. Vallance. 2003. Remobilisation of base metals and gold by Variscan metamorphic fluids in the south Iberian pyrite belt: Evidence from the Tharsis VMS deposit. Chemical Geology 194: 143–165.CrossRef

McKibben, M.A., and W.A. Elders. 1985. Fe–Zn–Cu-Pb mineralization in the Salton Sea geothermal system, Imperial Valley, California. Economic Geology 80: 539–559.CrossRef

Meinert, L. D., 2009. Skarn Web Page. http://www.science.smith.edu/geosciences/skarn/.

Meinert, L.D., G.M. Dipple, and S. Nicolescu. 2005. World skarn deposits. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 299–336.

Meshik, A.P. 2005. The workings of an ancient nuclear reactor. Scientific American. Online: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ancient-nuclear-reactor.

Meshik, A.P., H.J. Lippolt, and Y.M. Dymkov. 2000. Xenon geochronology of Schwarzwald pitchblendes. Mineralium Deposita 35: 190–205.CrossRef

Meyer, M., O. Brockamp, N. Clauer, A. Renk, and M. Zuther. 2000. Further evidence for a Jurassic mineralizing event in central Europe. K–Ar dating of geothermal alteration and fluid inclusion systematics in wall rocks of the Käfersteige fluorite vein deposit in the northern Black Forest, Germany. Mineralium Deposita 35: 754–761.CrossRef

Micklethwaite, S., H.A. Sheldon, and T. Baker. 2010. Active fault and shear processes and their implications for mineral deposit formation and discovery. Journal of Structural Geology 32: 151–165.CrossRef

Mlynarczyk, M.S.J., and A.E. Williams-Jones. 2005. The role of collisional tectonics in the metallogeny of the Central Andean tin belt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 240: 656–667.CrossRef

Mlynarczyk, M.S.J., R.L. Sherlock, and A.E. Williams-Jones. 2003. San Rafael, Peru: Geology and structure of the worlds richest tin lode. Mineralium Deposita 38: 555–567.CrossRef

Morishita, Y., and T. Nakano. 2008. Role of basement in epithermal deposits: The Kushikino and Hashiari gold deposits, southwestern Japan. Ore Geology Reviews 34: 597–609.CrossRef

Muchez, P., and W. Heijlen. 2003. Origin and migration of fluids during the evolution of sedimentary basins and the origin of Zn–Pb deposits in Western and Central Europe. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 78: 553–557.CrossRef

Muchez, P., W. Heijlen, D. Banks, D. Blundell, M. Boni, and F. Grandia. 2005. Extensional tectonics and the timing and formation of basin-hosted deposits in Europe. Ore Geology Reviews 27: 241–267.CrossRef

Muntean, J.L., J.S. Cline, A.C. Simon, and A.A. Longo. 2011. Magmatic-hydrothermal origin of Nevada’s Carlin-type gold deposits. Nature Geoscience 4: 122–127.CrossRef

Murakami, H., J.H. Seo, and C.A. Heinrich. 2010. The relation between Cu/Au ration and formation depth of porphyry-style Cu-Au ± Mo deposits. Mineralium Deposita 45: 11–21.CrossRef

Nadeau, O., A.E. Williams-Jones, and J. Stix. 2010. Sulphide magma as a source of metals in arc-related magmatic hydrothermal ore fluids. Nature Geoscience 3: 501–505.CrossRef

Northrop, I., and M.B. Goldhaber. 1990. Genesis of the tabular-type vanadium-uranium deposits of the Henry Basin, Utah. Economic Geology 85: 215–269.CrossRef

Nozaki, T., K. Nakamura, S. Awaji, and Y. Kato. 2006. Whole-rock geochemistry of basic schists from the Besshi Area, Central Shikoku: Implications for the tectonic setting of the Besshi sulfide deposit. Resource Geology 56: 432.CrossRef

Nozaki, T., Y. Kato, and K. Suzuki. 2010. Re-Os geochronology of the Iimori Besshi-type massive sulfide deposit in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, Japan. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74: 4322–4331.CrossRef

Ohmoto, H. 1996. Formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: The Kuroko perspective. Ore Geology Reviews 10: 135–177.CrossRef

Okrusch, M., and S. Matthes. 2009. Mineralogie: Eine Einführung in die spezielle Mineralogie, Petrologie und Lagerstättenkunde, 8th ed. Heidelberg: Springer.

Oliver, N.H.S., and P.D. Bons. 2001. Mechanisms of fluid flow and fluid-rock interaction in fossil metamorphic hydrothermal systems inferred from vein-wallrock patterns, geometry and microstructure. Geofluids 1: 137–162.CrossRef

Ossandón, G., R. Fréraut, L.B. Gustafson, D.D. Lindsay, and M. Zentilli. 2001. Geology of the Chuquicamata mine: A progress report. Economic Geology 96: 249–270.CrossRef

Oyarzun, R., A. Márquez, J. Lillo, I. López, and S. Rivera. 2001. Giant versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: Adakitic versus normal calc-alkaline magmatism. Mineralium Deposita 26: 794–798.CrossRef

Oyarzun, R., A. Márquez, J. Lillo, I. López, and S. Rivera. 2002. Reply to Discussion on ‘‘Giant versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: adakitic versus normal calc-alkaline magmatism’’ by Oyarzun R, Marquez A, Lillo J, Lopez I, Rivera S (Mineralium Deposita 36:794–798, 2001). Mineralium Deposita 37: 795–799.CrossRef

Oyarzun, R., J. Oyarzun, J.J. Ménard, and J. Lillo. 2003. The cretaceous iron belt of northern Chile: role of oceanic plates, a superplume event, and a major shear zone. Mineralium Deposita 38: 640–646.CrossRef

Padilla Garza, R.A., S.R. Titley, and R. Pimentel. 2001. Geology of the Escondida porphyry copper deposit, Antofagasta Region, Chile. Economic Geology 96: 307–324.CrossRef

Páez, G.N., R. Ruiz, D.M. Guido, S.M. Jovic, and I.B. Schalamuk. 2011. Structurally controlled fluid flow: High-grade silver ore-shoots at Martha epithermal mine, Deseado Massif, Argentina. Journal of Structural Geology 33: 985–999.CrossRef

Pearce, J.A., and P.T. Robinson. 2010. The Troodos ophiolitic complex probably formed in a subduction initiation, slab edge setting. Gondwana Research 18: 60–81.CrossRef

Perkins, W.G. 1997. Mount Isa lead-zinc orebodies: Replacement lodes in a zoned syndeformational copper-lead-zinc system? Ore Geology Reviews 12: 61–110.CrossRef

Petersen, S., P.M. Herzig, and M.D. Hannington. 2000. Third dimension of a presently forming VMS deposit: TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 26°N. Mineralium Deposita 233–259.CrossRef

Pfaff, K., R.L. Romer, and G. Markl. 2009. Mineralization history of the Schwarzwald ore district: U-Pb ages of ferberite, agate, and pitchblende. European Journal of Mineralogy 21: 817–836.CrossRef

Pfaff, K., L.H. Hildebrandt, D.L. Leach, D.E. Jacob, and G. Markl. 2010. Formation of the Wiesloch Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb–Ag deposit in the extensional setting of the Upper Rhinegraben, SW Germany. Mineralium Deposita 45: 647–666.CrossRef

Pfaff, K., A. Koenig, T. Wenzel, I. Ridley, L.H. Hildebrandt, D.L. Leach, and G. Markl. 2011. Trace and minor element variations and sulfur isotopes in crystalline and colloform ZnS: Incorporation mechanisms and implications for their genesis. Chemical Geology 286: 118–134.

Pfaff, K., S. Staude, and G. Markl. 2012. On the origin of sellaite (MgF2)-rich deposits in Mg-poor environments. American Mineralogist 97: 1987–1997.CrossRef

Piercey, S.J. 2011. The setting, style, and role of magmatism in the formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Mineralium Deposita 46: 449–471.CrossRef

Pohl, W., and R. Belocky. 1999. Metamorphism and metallogeny in the Eastern Alps. Mineralium Deposita 34: 614–629.CrossRef

Pollard, P.J. 2006. An intrusion-related origin for Cu–Au mineralization in iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) provinces. Mineralium Deposita 41: 179–187.CrossRef

Porter, T.M. (ed.). 2000. Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold and Related Deposits: A Global Perspective. Adelaide, Australia: Australian Mineral Foundation.

Prokin, V.A., F.P. Buslaev, and A.P. Nasedkin. 1998. Types of massive sulphide deposits in the Urals. Mineralium Deposita 34: 121–126.CrossRef

Rabbia, O.M., L.B. Hernández, R.W. King, and L. López-Escobar. 2002. Discussion on ‘‘Giant versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: adakitic versus normal calc-alkaline magmatism’’ by Oyarzun et al. (Mineralium Deposita 36:794–798, 2001). Mineralium Deposita 37, 791–794.

Reich, M., C. Palacios, M.A. Parada, U. Fehn, E.M. Cameron, M.I. Leybourne, and A. Zúñiga. 2008. Atacamite formation by deep saline waters in copper deposits from the Atacama Desert, Chile: Evidence from fluid inclusions, groundwater chemistry, TEM, and 36Cl data. Mineralium Deposita 43: 663–675.CrossRef

Reynolds, L.J. 2000. Geology of the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag-REE deposit. In Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold and Related Deposits: A Global Perspective, vol. 1, ed. T.M. Porter, Adelaide.

Rice, C.M., G.B. Steele, D.N. Barfod, A.J. Boyce, and M.S. Pringle. 2005. Duration of magmatic, hydrothermal, and supergene activity at Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia. Economic Geology 100: 1647–1656.CrossRef

Richards, J.P. 2002. Discussion on ‘‘Giant versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: adakitic versus normal calc-alkaline magmatism’’ by Oyarzun et al. (Mineralium Deposita 36: 794–798, 2001). Mineralium Deposita 37, 788–790.

Richards, J.P. 2003. Tectono-magmatic precursors for porphyry Cu–(Mo–Au) deposit formation. Economic Geology 98: 1515–1533.CrossRef

Richards, J.P., A.J. Boyce, and M.S. Pringle. 2001. Geologic evolution of the Escondida Area, Northern Chile: A model for spatial and temporal localization of porphyry Cu mineralization. Economic Geology 96: 271–305.CrossRef

Robb, L. 2005. Introduction to Ore-Forming Processes. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science.

Roedder, E. 1968. Noncolloidal origin of colloform textures in sphalerite ores. Economic Geology 100: 451–471.CrossRef

Roedder, E. 1984. Fluid Inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 12. Mineralogical Society of America.

Rosa, C.J.P., J. McPhie, J.M.R.S. Relvas, Z. Pereira, T. Oliveira, and N. Pacheco. 2008. Facies analyses and volcanic setting of the giant Neves Corvo massive sulfide deposit, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal. Mineralium Deposita 43: 449–466.CrossRef

Rosa, C.J.P., J. McPhie, and J.M.R.S. Relvas. 2010. Type of volcanoes hosting the massive sulfide deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 194: 107–126.CrossRef

Rosenbaum, G., D. Giles, M. Saxon, P.G. Betts, R.F. Weinberg, and C. Duboz. 2005. Subduction of the Nazca Ridge and the Inca Plateau: Insights into the formation of ore deposits in Peru. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 239: 18–32.CrossRef

Sáez, R., C. Moreno, F. Gonzáles, and G.R. Almodóvar. 2011. Black shales and massive sulfide deposits: Causal or casual relationships? Insights from Rammelsberg, Tharsis, and Draa Sfar. Mineralium Deposita 46: 585–614.CrossRef

Sander, S.G., and A. Koschinsky. 2011. Metal flux from hydrothermal vents increased by organic complexation. Nature Geoscience 4: 145–150.CrossRef

Saupé, F., and M. Arnold. 1992. Sulphur isotope geochemistry of the ores and country rocks at the Almadén mercury deposit, Ciudad Real, Spain. Geochimica et Cosmochimica 56: 3765–3780.CrossRef

Schuiling, R.D. 2011. Troodos: A giant serpentinite diapir. International Journal of Geosciences 2: 98–101.CrossRef

Schulz, O., F. Vavtar, and K. Dieber. 1997. Die Siderit-Erzlagerstätte Steirischer Erzberg: Eine geowissenschaftliche Studie, mit wirtschaftlicher und geschichtlicher Betrachtung. Archiv für Lagerstättenforschung der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 65178.

Schmidt, M., R. Botz, E. Faber, M. Schmitt, J. Poggenburg, D. Garbe-Schönberg, and P. Stoffers. 2003. High-resolution methane profiles across anoxic brine-seawater boundaries in the Atlantis-II, Discovery, and Kebrit Deeps (Red Sea). Chemical Geology 200: 359–375.CrossRef

Schwartz, M.O., S.S. Rajah, A.K. Askury, P. Putthapiban, and S. Djaswadi. 1995. The Southeast Asian tin belt. Earth-Science Reviews 38: 95–293.CrossRef

Schwinn, G., and G. Markl. 2005. REE systematics in hydrothermal fluorite. Chemical Geology 216: 225–248.CrossRef

Schwinn, G., T. Wagner, B. Baatartsogt, and G. Markl. 2006. Quantification of mixing processes in ore-forming hydrothermal systems by combination of stable isotope and fluid inclusion analyses. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70: 965–982.CrossRef

Sebastian, U. 2013. Die Geologie des Erzgebirges. Springer Spektrum, Heidelberg.

Seifert, T. 2008. Metallogeny and Petrogenesis of Lamprophyres in the Mid-European Variscides. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Seifert, T., and D. Sandmann. 2006. Mineralogy and geochemistry of indium-bearing polymetallic vein-type deposits: Implications for host minerals from the Freiberg district, Eastern Erzgebirge, Germany. Ore Geology Reviews 28: 1–31.CrossRef

Shanks, W.C.P., and R. Thurston (ed.). 2012. Volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–C.

Shikazono, N. 2003. Geochemical and Tectonic Evolution of Arc-Backarc Hydrothermal Systems: Implication for the Origin of Kuroko and Epithermal Vein-Type Mineralizations and the Global Geochemical Cycle. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Sillitoe, R.H. 2003. Iron oxide-copper-gold deposits: An Andean view. Mineralium Deposita 38: 787–812.CrossRef

Sillitoe, R. 2005. Supergene oxidized and enriched porphyry copper and related deposits. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 723–768.

Sillitoe, R. 2010. Porphyry copper systems. Economic Geology 105: 3–41.CrossRef

Sillitoe, R.H., and J.W. Hedenquist. 2003. Linkages between volcanotectonic settings, ore-fluid compositions, and epithermal precious metal deposits. In Volcanic, Geothermal and Ore-Forming Fluids: Rulers and Witnesses of Processes within the Earth, ed. S.F. Simmons and I. Graham. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication.

Skinner, B.J., D.E. White, H.J. Rose and R.E. Mays. 1967. Sulfides associated with the Salton Sea geothermal brine. Economic Geology, 316–330.

Solomon, M. 2008. Brine pool deposition for the Zn–Pb–Cu massive sulphide deposits of the Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick, Canada. I. Comparisons with the Iberian pyrite belt. Ore Geology Reviews 33: 329–351.CrossRef

Solomon, M., F. Tornos, R.R. Large, J.N.P. Badham, R.A. Both, and K. Zaw. 2004. Zn–Pb–Cu volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits: Criteria for distinguishing brine pool-type from black smoker-type sulphide deposition. Ore Geology Reviews 25: 259–283.CrossRef

Spry, P.G., I.R. Plimer, and G.S. Teale. 2008. Did the giant Broken Hill (Australia) Zn–Pb–Ag deposit melt? Ore Geology Reviews 34: 223–241.CrossRef

Staude, S., T. Wagner, and G. Markl. 2007. Mineralogy, mineral compositions and fluid evolution at the Wenzel hydrothermal deposit, Southern Germany: Implications for the formation of Kongsberg-Type silver deposits. The Canadian Mineralogist 45: 1147–1176.CrossRef

Staude, S., P.D. Bons, and G. Markl. 2009. Hydrothermal vein formation by extension-driven dewatering of the middle crust: An example from SW Germany. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 286: 387–395.CrossRef

Staude, S., T. Mordhorst, R. Neumann, W. Prebeck, and G. Markl. 2010. Compositional variation of the tennantite-tetrahedrite solid-solution series in the Schwarzwald ore district (SW Germany): The role of mineralization processes and fluid source. Mineralogical Magazine 74: 309–339.CrossRef

Staude, S., S. Göb, K. Pfaff, F. Ströbele, W.R. Premo, and G. Markl. 2011. Deciphering fluid sources of hydrothermal systems: A combined Sr- and S-isotope study on barite (Schwarzwald, SW Germany). Chemical Geology 286: 1–20.CrossRef

Staude, S., T. Mordhorst, S. Nau, K. Pfaff, G. Brügmann, D.E. Jacob, and G. Markl. 2012a. Hydrothermal carbonates of the Schwarzwald ore district, Southwestern Germany: Carbon source and conditions of formation using δ18O, δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr, and fluid inclusions. The Canadian Mineralogist 50: 1401–1434.CrossRef

Staude, S., W. Werner, T. Mordhorst, K. Wemmer, D.E. Jacob, and G. Markl. 2012b. Multi-stage Ag–Bi–Co–Ni–U and Cu–Bi vein mineralization at Wittichen, Schwarzwald, SW Germany: Geological setting, ore mineralogy, and fluid evolution. Mineralium Deposita 47: 251–276.CrossRef

Stober, I., and K. Bucher. 1999a. Origin of salinity of deep groundwater in crystalline rocks. Terra Nova 11: 181–185.CrossRef

Stober, I., and K. Bucher. 1999b. Deep groundwater in the crystalline basement of the Black Forest region. Applied Geochemistry 14: 237–254.CrossRef

Stoffell, B., M.S. Appold, J.J. Wilkinson, N.A. McClean, and T.E. Jeffries. 2008. Geochemistry and evolution of Mississippi Valley-Type mineralizing brines from the Tri-State and Northern Arkansas districts determined by LA-ICP-MS microanalysis of fluid inclusions. Economic Geology 103: 1411–1435.CrossRef

Ströbele, F., S. Staude, K. Pfaff, W.R. Premo, L.H. Hildebrandt, A. Baumann, E. Pernicka, and G. Markl. 2012. Pb isotope constraints on fluid flow and mineralization processes in SW Germany. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie – Abhandlungen 189, 287–309.CrossRef

Thurston, P.C., J.A. Ayer, J. Goutier, and M.A. Hamilton. 2008. Depositional Gaps in Abitibi Greenstone Belt Stratigraphy: A Key to Exploration for Syngenetic Mineralization. Economic Geology 103: 1097–1134.CrossRef

Tornos, F., C. Casquet, and J.M.R.S. Relvas. 2005. Transpressional tectonics, lower crust decoupling and intrusion of deep mafic sills: A model for the unusual metallogenesis of SW Iberia. Ore Geology Reviews 27: 133–163.CrossRef

Tornos, F. 2006. Environment of formation and styles of volcanogenic massive sulfides: The Iberian Pyrite Belt. Ore Geology Reviews 28: 259–307.CrossRef

Turner, R.J.W. 1992. Formation of Phanerozoic stratiform sediment hosted zinc-lead deposits: Evidence for the critical role of ocean anoxia. Chemical Geology 99: 165–188.CrossRef

Urabe, T., and M. Kusakabe. 1990. Barite silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc: Possible analog to hematitic chert associated with Kuroko deposits. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 100: 283–290.CrossRef

Von Damm, K.L., L.G. Buttermore, S.E. Oosting, A.M. Bray, D.J. Fornari, M.D. Lilley, and W.C. Shanks III. 1997. Direct observation of the evolution of a seafloor “black smoker” from vapor to brine. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 149: 101–111.CrossRef

Von Damm, K.L., M.D. Lilley, W.C. Shanks III, M. Brockington, A.M. Bray, K.M. O’Grady, E. Olson, A. Graham G. Proskurowski and the SouEPR Science Party, 2003. Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 206, 365–378.

Vry, V.H., J.J. Wilkinson, J. Seguel, and J. Millán. 2010. Multistage intrusion, brecciation, and veining at El Teniente, Chile: Evolution of a nested porphyry system. Economic Geology 105: 119–153.CrossRef

Walenta, K. 1992. Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. München: Christian Weise Verlag.

Weatherley, D.K., and R.W. Henley. 2013. Flash vaporization during earthquakes evidenced by gold deposits. Nature Geoscience 6: 294–298.CrossRef

Wilcock, W.S.D., E.E.E. Hooft, D.R. Toomey, P.R. McGill, A.H. Barclay, D.S. Stakes, and T.M. Ramirez. 2009. The role of magma injection in localizing black-smoker aktivity. Nature Geoscience 2: 509–513.CrossRef

Wilkinson, J.J., S.L. Eyre, and A.J. Boyce. 2005. Ore-forming processes in Irish-type carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits: Evidence from mineralogy, chemistry, and isotopic composition of sulfides at the Lisheen mine. Economic Geology 100: 63–86.CrossRef

Williams, A.E., and M.A. McKibben. 1989. A brine interface in the Salton Sea geothermal system, California: Fluid geochemical and isotopic characteristics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53: 1905–1920.CrossRef

Williams, P.J., M.D. Barton, D.A. Johnson, L. Fontboté, A. de Haller, G. Mark, N.H.S. Oliver and R. Marschnik. 2005. Iron oxide copper-gold deposits: Geology, space-time distribution, and possible modes of origin. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 371–405.

Winckler, G., R. Kipfer, W. Aeschbach-Hertig, R. Botz, M. Schmidt, S. Schuler, and R. Bayer. 2000. Sub sea floor boiling of Red Sea Brines: New indication from noble gas data. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64: 1567–1575.CrossRef

Yücel, M., A. Gartman, C.S. Chan, and G.W. Luther III. 2011. Hydrothermal vents as a kinetically stable source of iron-sulphide-bearing nanoparticles to the ocean. Nature Geoscience 4: 367–371.CrossRef

Zhuang, H., J. Lu, J. Fu, and D. Liu. 1999. Two kinds oft Carlin-type gold deposite in southwestern Guizhou, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 44: 178–182.CrossRef

Guilbert, J.M., and C.F. Park. 1986. The Geology of Ore Deposits. New York: WH Freeman.

Laznicka, P. 2010. Giant Metallic Deposits: Future Sources of Industrial Metals, 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRef

Misra, K.C. 2000. Understanding Mineral Deposits. Dordrecht, Niederlande: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRef

Neukirchen, F. 2012. Edelsteine: Brillante Zeugen für die Erforschung der Erde. Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum.CrossRef

Okrusch, M., and S. Matthes. 2009. Mineralogie: Eine Einführung in die spezielle Mineralogie, Petrologie und Lagerstättenkunde, 8th ed. Heidelberg: Springer.

Pirajno, F. 2009. Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Sytems. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRef

Pohl, W.L. 2011. Economic Geology. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Robb, L. 2005. Introduction to Ore-Forming Processes. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science.

Rothe, P. 2010. Schätze der Erde. Darmstadt: Primus Verlag.

Seidler, C. 2012. Deutschlands verborgene Rohstoffe: Kupfer. Hanser, München: Gold und seltene Erden.CrossRef

Winter, J.D. 2001. Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Titel: Hydrothermal Deposits
verfasst von: Florian Neukirchen
Dr. Gunnar Ries
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The World of Mineral Deposits
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-34345-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-34346-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34346-0_4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"