Imagery Synergetics

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Frontmatter

2. Chapter 1. Images from the History of Synergetics

   Peter J. Plath

3. Synergetic View on Historic Experiments

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 2. The Swinging Chromium

      Oscillations During Dissolution of Metals with Local Cells Thomas Rabbow, Peter J. Plath

      Abstract

      It is about hundred years ago that Wi. Ostwald published his fundamental works on the oscillations of hydrogen during dissolution of chromium in acid solutions. He observed the oscillation of the correlated hydrogen production. It is entirely due to Mrs. G. Brauer that some of the original pieces of chromium which Wi. Ostwald used for his experiments could be protected up to our days. Therefore, we were able to repeat Wi. Ostwald´s historical experiments using modern electrochemical equipment. It turned out that he observed indeed the oscillations of local cells due to “impurities” of the first samples which he got from Goldschmidt. The detection of “coupled oscillating cells” is really a new approach of synergetic structure formation in electrochemical systems, which is of great importance to the understanding of corrosion. Varying the scanning velocities ν in cyclo-voltametric measurements the function of the current \({\text{I}}\, = \,{\text{I}}({\text{E}},\nu )\) exhibits a folding of the corresponding surface. Higher scanning velocities hide the negative differential resistance (NDR) which becomes visible only for very low scanning velocities. Wi. Ostwald worked with \(\nu \, = \,0\), i.e. he was able to detect the oscillations of local cells at first. This is one of the great benefits of this very early work on oscillation phenomena.

   3. Chapter 3. Liesegang Structures

      Peter J. Plath

      Abstract

      This chapter on Liesegang structures [1] is largely based on the work of my coworkers Werner Jacobi [2], who prepared the famous Liesegang screw surfaces in the test tubes as shown in Fig. 3.1 Claudia Müller [3], Uwe Sydow, Robert Lipski, Bernd Görtler, and A. Fiedler whom I thank for their fruitful cooperation and the carefully executed experiments. Special thanks are due to S. Hollatz and T. Plikat, whom I owe to the experimental elucidation of the three-dimensional Liesegang structures, which are reported for the first time in detail in this book. A. Deutsch and K. Koblitz, I would like to thank for providing the photos on the Figs. 3.2 and 3.3 respectively.

   4. Chapter 4. Runge Pictures

      Peter J. Plath, Ernst-Christoph Haß

      Abstract

      “Runge pictures belong to the group of fascinating gadgets whose aesthetics are subject to the strictness of physical and chemical laws.” With this slightly pathetic sentence, the former student Christof Baum at the University of Bremen begins his protocol to the experiments he carried out, with which he used his approach to the old experiments of F.F. Runge wanted to prove (see Fig. 4.1).

4. Fractal Structure in Chemistry and Biology

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 5. Fractal Metal Zinc-Trees

      Diffusion-Limited or Ballistic Aggregation? Peter J. Plath

      Abstract

      With the publication of his book “The fractal geometry of nature” in 1977, which was soon translated into other languages, Benoit B. Mandelbrot succeeded in making his ideas of objects with a broken dimension (or fractional dimension) known to a wide audience.

   3. Chapter 6. The Fractal Character of Modified Zeolites

      The Formation of Cobalt (II)-Phthalocyanine Fractals Inside Zeolites and the Dynamic Dimension of the Reverse Cobalt Ion Exchange Peter J. Plath, Erwin Ignatzek, Ernst-Christoph Haß, Uwe Hündorf

      Abstract

      To introduce you to the topic, we will briefly describe what a zeolite mineral is: zeolites form a group of alumino-silicate minerals with a microporous framework structure made of negatively charged \(Al{O}_{4}^{-}\) and SiO₄ tetrahedra.

   4. Chapter 7. Pattern of Sea-Shells Modelled by One-Dimensional Automata

      Collision-Particles Peter J. Plath, Ernst-Christoph Haß, Jan K. Plath

      Abstract

      The patterns on tropical mollusk shells of quite different spatial structure are extraordinarily rich in colors and shapes. There is a great fascination with the sight of them, which is not only related to the fact that these mollusk shells exert an exotic charm on us; rather they are—because these patterns, despite their seemingly arbitrary nature—subject to strict principles of their formation.

5. Dissipative Structures

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 8. Waves Which Move Uphill

      Granular Gases, Fluids and Convective Solids of Quartz Peter J. Plath, Ernst-Christoph Haß, Sonja Sauerbrei

      Abstract

      In our experiments we investigated the interplay of air and thin layers of vertically vibrated quartz grains in a comparatively large container. The formation of Faraday hills, phases of granular “convective solids”, “liquids” and “gases” can be observed as well as the development of “hot spots” and waves moving up the Faraday heap. These structure formations in the convective granular medium are correlated to significant shapes of the responds function, which is generated by measuring the acceleration of the system consisting of the vibration vessel together with the quartz layer. The acceleration function is recorded by a storage oscilloscope and evaluated by a computer. In case of higher excitation amplitudes the response function shows significant changes of its sinusoidal structure which can be explained by jerky movements of the vibrated granular medium.

   3. Chapter 9. Dissipative Sculpturing of Beige Jasper of the Eastern Desert of Egypt

      Hartmut Linde

      Abstract

      Growing nodular silica-gel accumulates were nucleating and expanding in the surrounding aqueous chalk sediment in the sea-bottom during the lower Eocene of North Africa of today. The driving force for the expansion movement is the accumulation pressure P_acc. of Si(OH)₄ accumulate. It is sustained by diffusion of Si(OH)₄ from its sources in the environment to a sink at the accumulate surface. The silica source is assumed as silica algae in the sediment. The sediment is provided with Bingham-behaviour (Bingham-fluid: Special, non-Newtonian fluids named after Eugene Cook Bingham are called Bingham fluids. Their dynamic viscosity is a function of the shear rate (or shear gradient) and leads to a linear flow behaviour; https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingham-Fluid; 8.8.2020) which needs for a flowing deformation an exceeded yield value of shear-stress while the silica-gel is assumed as following Newtonian flow in first order approximation. The inter-phase between gel and sediment exhibits during its displacement is a typical dissipative sculpturing, leading as well to typical successions and concretions and finally to creating reliefs like a sculpture. These intermediates and later final forms are first preserved after several growth-stops by the re-transition of the sediment into the Bingham-solid state, and later by solidification of the porous gel by internal diffusion and accumulation of Si(OH)₄. The restart of accumulation after repeated steps of growth-stops is enabled by local favoured heterogeneous nucleation of silica-accumulate at the later aged and solidificated surfaces. After the final stop of growing by external influences during up-lifting of the sediment—the hardened silica-accumulate transits into beige jasper by Ostwald’s multistep solidification: amorphous silica gel—Opal CT/C—chalcedony—quartz. These crucial examples of complex solid reliefs of silica-accumulates formed by self-organisation by a driving force under alternating transitions between the fluid and the solid state as well of the Bingham-body of the environment as of the silica-accumulate claim for the characterizing name “Dissipative Sculptures” by self-organisation of morphogenesis.

   4. Chapter 10. Complex Dissipative Structures Mainly at Liquid/Liquid and Liquid/Gas Interfaces

      Examples Hartmut Linde, Kerstin Eckert, Karin Schwarzenberger

      Abstract

      Well-known—and often to see in the daily weather forecast—are the chaotic macroscopic flow-systems of air and sea-water in one`s own land and occasional also about the whole world.

   5. Chapter 11. Cooperation of Flow-Instabilities

      Hartmut Linde

      Abstract

      The flow of gas or liquid along a flat solid surface—or of gas along a liquid surface—lead to streaks—produced by counter rotating longitudinal rolls—directed along the flow.

   6. Chapter 12. The Oscillatory Regime of Marangoni-Instability

      Hartmut Linde

      Abstract

      As we have reported on the recently discovered wave-like behavior of the relaxation oscillation ROWI, ROWII and ROWIII in the so-called stationary regime, there exists according to the theory of Sternling and Scriven a “direct” oscillatory regime, theoretically predicted by Sternling and Scriven and experimentally discovered by H. Linde, E. Schwarz, K. Loeschcke and completed by A. Wieschem and M.G. Velarde.

6. Structure Formation in Social Systems

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 13. Creativity—Comments to the Scientific Process

      Knowledge Production Referring to Traditional Knowledge Ernst-Christoph Haß, Peter J. Plath

      Abstract

      In the general understanding, the word creativity primarily means the property of an individual creating something that is new or original and useful [1–3].

   3. Chapter 14. Mother Hulda and the Blue Sky Catastrophe

      Literary Coding of Deep, Ancient Knowledge of Social Dynamics Peter J. Plath, Ernst-Christoph Haß

      Abstract

      This chapter is largely a direct translation of the corresponding section on "Frau Holle" and the associated "mathematical appendix" in the book "Vom Märchen zur Mär" by Peter Plath, which was published in 2012 by Logos Verlag Berlin. The translation was done after consultation with Dr. Volkhard Buchholtz, the managing director of Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. Since it was first published, many discussions and public readings have meant that a number of more in-depth changes, particularly with regard to the interpretation of mathematical modeling, have become necessary. Many of the graphics that were still carried out on Atari computers at that time have also been recreated. On the other hand, a number of mathematical details and etymological comments have been omitted here.

7. Kaleidoscope

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 15. The Blue Wonder

      The Methylene Blue-Oscillator (MBO-Sytem) Peter J. Plath

   3. Chapter 16. Fractal Aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum

      Peter J. Plath

   4. Chapter 17. Segregation and Growth—Consecutive Kinetics of Beer Foam Decay

      Ernst-Christoph Haß, Peter J. Plath, Gesa J. Patzelt

   5. Chapter 18. Rapakiwi Granite—An Ancient Fossilized Liesegang Experiment?

      Peter J. Plath