Impact of Temperature, HVAC Usage, and Driving Patterns on the Energy Consumption of ICEVs and BEVs

Vehicle energy consumption is affected by multiple factors, such as environmental conditions and operational characteristics. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the energy consumption of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) through both chassis dynamometer and real-world driving tests. It examines varying temperature settings (low, high, and normal), the impact of air-conditioning and heating systems, as well as traffic conditions. The results show that BEVs experienced greater energy efficiency losses compared to ICEVs in cold temperatures and with the use of heating systems. While the chassis dynamometer and real-world tests exhibited similar trends, real-world tests showed more variability due to external factors. Additionally, while ICEVs showed significant reductions in energy efficiency under urban traffic conditions, BEVs exhibited relatively smaller changes. The results highlight the distinct efficiency characteristics of vehicles across different operational environments.