Skip to main content

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Improving Semantic Embedding Consistency by Metric Learning for Zero-Shot Classiffication

verfasst von : Maxime Bucher, Stéphane Herbin, Frédéric Jurie

Erschienen in: Computer Vision – ECCV 2016

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This paper addresses the task of zero-shot image classification. The key contribution of the proposed approach is to control the semantic embedding of images – one of the main ingredients of zero-shot learning – by formulating it as a metric learning problem. The optimized empirical criterion associates two types of sub-task constraints: metric discriminating capacity and accurate attribute prediction. This results in a novel expression of zero-shot learning not requiring the notion of class in the training phase: only pairs of image/attributes, augmented with a consistency indicator, are given as ground truth. At test time, the learned model can predict the consistency of a test image with a given set of attributes, allowing flexible ways to produce recognition inferences. Despite its simplicity, the proposed approach gives state-of-the-art results on four challenging datasets used for zero-shot recognition evaluation.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
We use the letters A and \(\mathcal {A}\) in our notations since we will focus on the space of attribute descriptions as the embedding space.
 
2
To make notations simpler, we do not rename or re-index from the original dataset the pairs of data for the similar and dissimilar cases.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahajan, D.K., Sellamanickam, S., Nair, V.: A joint learning framework for attribute models and object descriptions. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2011) Mahajan, D.K., Sellamanickam, S., Nair, V.: A joint learning framework for attribute models and object descriptions. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2011)
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Romera-Paredes, B., Torr, P.H.: An embarrassingly simple approach to zero-shot learning. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine learning. 2152–2161 (2015) Romera-Paredes, B., Torr, P.H.: An embarrassingly simple approach to zero-shot learning. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine learning. 2152–2161 (2015)
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Lampert, C.H., Nickisch, H., Harmeling, S.: Learning to detect unseen object classes by between-class attribute transfer. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2009) Lampert, C.H., Nickisch, H., Harmeling, S.: Learning to detect unseen object classes by between-class attribute transfer. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2009)
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Lowe, D.G.: Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int. J. Comput. Vis. (IJCV) 60(2), 91–110 (2004)CrossRef Lowe, D.G.: Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int. J. Comput. Vis. (IJCV) 60(2), 91–110 (2004)CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Csurka, G., Dance, C., Fan, L., Willamowski, J., Bray, C.: Visual categorization with bags of keypoints. In: Workshop on statistical learning in computer vision, ECCV, pp. 1–2 (2004) Csurka, G., Dance, C., Fan, L., Willamowski, J., Bray, C.: Visual categorization with bags of keypoints. In: Workshop on statistical learning in computer vision, ECCV, pp. 1–2 (2004)
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Sánchez, J., Perronnin, F., Mensink, T., Verbeek, J.: Image classification with the Fisher vector: theory and practice. Int. J. Comput. Vis. (IJCV) 105(3), 222–245 (2013)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH Sánchez, J., Perronnin, F., Mensink, T., Verbeek, J.: Image classification with the Fisher vector: theory and practice. Int. J. Comput. Vis. (IJCV) 105(3), 222–245 (2013)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), pp. 1106–1114 (2012) Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), pp. 1106–1114 (2012)
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A.: Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In: ICLR (2014) Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A.: Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In: ICLR (2014)
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Ozeki, M., Okatani, T.: Understanding convolutional neural networks in terms of category-level attributes. In: Cremers, D., Reid, I., Saito, H., Yang, M.-H. (eds.) ACCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 9004, pp. 362–375. Springer, Heidelberg (2015) Ozeki, M., Okatani, T.: Understanding convolutional neural networks in terms of category-level attributes. In: Cremers, D., Reid, I., Saito, H., Yang, M.-H. (eds.) ACCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 9004, pp. 362–375. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Escorcia, V., Niebles, J.C., Ghanem, B.: On the relationship between visual attributes and convolutional networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015) Escorcia, V., Niebles, J.C., Ghanem, B.: On the relationship between visual attributes and convolutional networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015)
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang, Z., Saligrama, V.: Zero-shot learning via semantic similarity embedding. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2015) Zhang, Z., Saligrama, V.: Zero-shot learning via semantic similarity embedding. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2015)
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lampert, C.H., Nickisch, H., Harmeling, S.: Attribute-based classification for zero-shot visual object categorization. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 36(3), 453–465 (2014)CrossRef Lampert, C.H., Nickisch, H., Harmeling, S.: Attribute-based classification for zero-shot visual object categorization. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 36(3), 453–465 (2014)CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Parikh, D., Grauman, K.: Interactively building a discriminative vocabulary of nameable attributes. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2011) Parikh, D., Grauman, K.: Interactively building a discriminative vocabulary of nameable attributes. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2011)
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Duan, K., Parikh, D., Crandall, D., Grauman, K.: Discovering localized attributes for fine-grained recognition. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2012) Duan, K., Parikh, D., Crandall, D., Grauman, K.: Discovering localized attributes for fine-grained recognition. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2012)
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Berg, T.L., Berg, A.C., Shih, J.: Automatic attribute discovery and characterization from noisy web data. In: Daniilidis, K., Maragos, P., Paragios, N. (eds.) ECCV 2010, Part I. LNCS, vol. 6311, pp. 663–676. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)CrossRef Berg, T.L., Berg, A.C., Shih, J.: Automatic attribute discovery and characterization from noisy web data. In: Daniilidis, K., Maragos, P., Paragios, N. (eds.) ECCV 2010, Part I. LNCS, vol. 6311, pp. 663–676. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Ba, L.J., Swersky, K., Fidler, S., Salakhutdinov, R.: Predicting deep zero-shot convolutional neural networks using textual descriptions. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, ICCV 2015, Santiago, Chile, 7–13 December 2015, pp. 4247–4255 (2015) Ba, L.J., Swersky, K., Fidler, S., Salakhutdinov, R.: Predicting deep zero-shot convolutional neural networks using textual descriptions. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, ICCV 2015, Santiago, Chile, 7–13 December 2015, pp. 4247–4255 (2015)
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Elhoseiny, M., Saleh, B., Elgammal, A.: Write a classifier: zero-shot learning using purely textual descriptions. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2013) Elhoseiny, M., Saleh, B., Elgammal, A.: Write a classifier: zero-shot learning using purely textual descriptions. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2013)
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu, F.X., Cao, L., Feris, R.S., Smith, J.R., Chang, S.F.F.: Designing category-level attributes for discriminative visual recognition. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). IEEE (2013) Yu, F.X., Cao, L., Feris, R.S., Smith, J.R., Chang, S.F.F.: Designing category-level attributes for discriminative visual recognition. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). IEEE (2013)
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Verma, N., Mahajan, D., Sellamanickam, S., Nair, V.: Learning hierarchical similarity metrics. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2012) Verma, N., Mahajan, D., Sellamanickam, S., Nair, V.: Learning hierarchical similarity metrics. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2012)
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Rohrbach, M., Stark, M., Schiele, B.: Evaluating knowledge transfer and zero-shot learning in a large-scale setting. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2011) Rohrbach, M., Stark, M., Schiele, B.: Evaluating knowledge transfer and zero-shot learning in a large-scale setting. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2011)
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Akata, Z., Reed, S., Walter, D., Lee, H., Schiele, B.: Evaluation of output embeddings for fine-grained image classification. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015) Akata, Z., Reed, S., Walter, D., Lee, H., Schiele, B.: Evaluation of output embeddings for fine-grained image classification. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015)
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, Y., Mori, G.: A discriminative latent model of object classes and attributes. In: Daniilidis, K., Maragos, P., Paragios, N. (eds.) ECCV 2010, Part V. LNCS, vol. 6315, pp. 155–168. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)CrossRef Wang, Y., Mori, G.: A discriminative latent model of object classes and attributes. In: Daniilidis, K., Maragos, P., Paragios, N. (eds.) ECCV 2010, Part V. LNCS, vol. 6315, pp. 155–168. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Farhadi, A., Endres, I., Hoiem, D., Forsyth, D.: Describing objects by their attributes. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2009) Farhadi, A., Endres, I., Hoiem, D., Forsyth, D.: Describing objects by their attributes. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2009)
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Mensink, T., Gavves, E., Snoek, C.G.M.: COSTA: co-occurrence statistics for zero-shot classification. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014) Mensink, T., Gavves, E., Snoek, C.G.M.: COSTA: co-occurrence statistics for zero-shot classification. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014)
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Norouzi, M., Mikolov, T., Bengio, S., Singer, Y., Shlens, J., Frome, A., Corrado, G.S., Dean, J.: Zero-shot learning by convex combination of semantic embeddings. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), December 2013 Norouzi, M., Mikolov, T., Bengio, S., Singer, Y., Shlens, J., Frome, A., Corrado, G.S., Dean, J.: Zero-shot learning by convex combination of semantic embeddings. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), December 2013
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Fu, Z., Xiang, T.A., Kodirov, E., Gong, S.: Zero-shot object recognition by semantic manifold distance. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015) Fu, Z., Xiang, T.A., Kodirov, E., Gong, S.: Zero-shot object recognition by semantic manifold distance. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015)
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Parikh, D., Grauman, K.: Relative attributes. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2011) Parikh, D., Grauman, K.: Relative attributes. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2011)
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Palatucci, M., Pomerleau, D., Hinton, G.E., Mitchell, T.M.: Zero-shot learning with semantic output codes. In: Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2009) Palatucci, M., Pomerleau, D., Hinton, G.E., Mitchell, T.M.: Zero-shot learning with semantic output codes. In: Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2009)
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Weston, J., Bengio, S., Usunier, N.: WSABIE: scaling up to large vocabulary image annotation. In: IJCAI. 2764–2770. (2011) Weston, J., Bengio, S., Usunier, N.: WSABIE: scaling up to large vocabulary image annotation. In: IJCAI. 2764–2770. (2011)
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Akata, Z., Perronnin, F., Harchaoui, Z., Schmid, C.: Label-embedding for image classification. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. (2015) Akata, Z., Perronnin, F., Harchaoui, Z., Schmid, C.: Label-embedding for image classification. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. (2015)
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamm, J., Belkin, M.: Probabilistic Zero-shot Classification with Semantic Rankings. arXiv.org, February 2015 Hamm, J., Belkin, M.: Probabilistic Zero-shot Classification with Semantic Rankings. arXiv.org, February 2015
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Jayaraman, D., Grauman, K.: Zero-shot recognition with unreliable attributes. In: Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2014) Jayaraman, D., Grauman, K.: Zero-shot recognition with unreliable attributes. In: Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2014)
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu, S., Bondugula, S., Luisier, F., Zhuang, X., Natarajan, P.: Zero-shot event detection using multi-modal fusion of weakly supervised concepts. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014) Wu, S., Bondugula, S., Luisier, F., Zhuang, X., Natarajan, P.: Zero-shot event detection using multi-modal fusion of weakly supervised concepts. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014)
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Frome, A., Corrado, G.S., Shlens, J., Bengio, S., Dean, J., Ranzato, M., Mikolov, T.: DeViSE: a deep visual-semantic embedding model. In: Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2013) Frome, A., Corrado, G.S., Shlens, J., Bengio, S., Dean, J., Ranzato, M., Mikolov, T.: DeViSE: a deep visual-semantic embedding model. In: Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2013)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, G., Forsyth, D.: Joint learning of visual attributes, object classes and visual saliency. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2009) Wang, G., Forsyth, D.: Joint learning of visual attributes, object classes and visual saliency. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2009)
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Socher, R., Ganjoo, M., Manning, C.D., Ng, A.: Zero-shot learning through cross-modal transfer. In: Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2013) Socher, R., Ganjoo, M., Manning, C.D., Ng, A.: Zero-shot learning through cross-modal transfer. In: Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2013)
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Fu, Y., Hospedales, T.M., Xiang, T., Fu, Z., Gong, S.: Transductive multi-view embedding for zero-shot recognition and annotation. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014, Part II. LNCS, vol. 8690, pp. 584–599. Springer, Heidelberg (2014) Fu, Y., Hospedales, T.M., Xiang, T., Fu, Z., Gong, S.: Transductive multi-view embedding for zero-shot recognition and annotation. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014, Part II. LNCS, vol. 8690, pp. 584–599. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, X., Guo, Y., Schuurmans, D.: Semi-supervised zero-shot classification with label representation learning. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2015) Li, X., Guo, Y., Schuurmans, D.: Semi-supervised zero-shot classification with label representation learning. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2015)
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Kodirov, E., Xiang, T., Fu, Z., Gong, S.: Unsupervised domain adaptation for zero-shot learning. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2015) Kodirov, E., Xiang, T., Fu, Z., Gong, S.: Unsupervised domain adaptation for zero-shot learning. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2015)
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Mensink, T., Verbeek, J., Perronnin, F., Csurka, G.: Metric learning for large scale image classification: generalizing to new classes at near-zero cost. In: Fitzgibbon, A., Lazebnik, S., Perona, P., Sato, Y., Schmid, C. (eds.) ECCV 2012, Part II. LNCS, vol. 7573, pp. 488–501. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) Mensink, T., Verbeek, J., Perronnin, F., Csurka, G.: Metric learning for large scale image classification: generalizing to new classes at near-zero cost. In: Fitzgibbon, A., Lazebnik, S., Perona, P., Sato, Y., Schmid, C. (eds.) ECCV 2012, Part II. LNCS, vol. 7573, pp. 488–501. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuznetsova, A., Hwang, S.J., Rosenhahn, B., Sigal, L.: Exploiting view-specific appearance similarities across classes for zero-shot pose prediction: a metric learning approach. In: Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 12–17 February 2016, pp. 3523–3529 (2016) Kuznetsova, A., Hwang, S.J., Rosenhahn, B., Sigal, L.: Exploiting view-specific appearance similarities across classes for zero-shot pose prediction: a metric learning approach. In: Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 12–17 February 2016, pp. 3523–3529 (2016)
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellet, A., Habrard, A., Sebban, M.: A Survey on Metric Learning for Feature Vectors and Structured Data. Technical report arXiv:1306.6709v4, University of St Etienne (2013) Bellet, A., Habrard, A., Sebban, M.: A Survey on Metric Learning for Feature Vectors and Structured Data. Technical report arXiv:​1306.​6709v4, University of St Etienne (2013)
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Shalev-Shwartz, S., Singer, Y., Ng, A.Y.: Online and batch learning of pseudo-metrics. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine learning, p. 94. ACM (2004) Shalev-Shwartz, S., Singer, Y., Ng, A.Y.: Online and batch learning of pseudo-metrics. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine learning, p. 94. ACM (2004)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Wah, C., Branson, S., Welinder, P., Perona, P., Belongie, S.: The Caltech-UCSD Birds-200-2011 Dataset. Technical report, July 2011 Wah, C., Branson, S., Welinder, P., Perona, P., Belongie, S.: The Caltech-UCSD Birds-200-2011 Dataset. Technical report, July 2011
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Patterson, G., Xu, C., Su, H., Hays, J.: The SUN attribute database: beyond categories for deeper scene understanding. Int. J. Comput. Vis. (IJCV) 108(1–2), 59–81 (2014)CrossRef Patterson, G., Xu, C., Su, H., Hays, J.: The SUN attribute database: beyond categories for deeper scene understanding. Int. J. Comput. Vis. (IJCV) 108(1–2), 59–81 (2014)CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Abadi, M., Agarwal, A., Barham, P., Brevdo, E., Chen, Z., Citro, C., Corrado, G.S., Davis, A., Dean, J., Devin, M., Ghemawat, S., Goodfellow, I., Harp, A., Irving, G., Isard, M., Jia, Y., Jozefowicz, R., Kaiser, L., Kudlur, M., Levenberg, J., Mané, D., Monga, R., Moore, S., Murray, D., Olah, C., Schuster, M., Shlens, J., Steiner, B., Sutskever, I., Talwar, K., Tucker, P., Vanhoucke, V., Vasudevan, V., Viégas, F., Vinyals, O., Warden, P., Wattenberg, M., Wicke, M., Yu, Y., Zheng, X.: TensorFlow: Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems Software available from tensorflow.org (2015) Abadi, M., Agarwal, A., Barham, P., Brevdo, E., Chen, Z., Citro, C., Corrado, G.S., Davis, A., Dean, J., Devin, M., Ghemawat, S., Goodfellow, I., Harp, A., Irving, G., Isard, M., Jia, Y., Jozefowicz, R., Kaiser, L., Kudlur, M., Levenberg, J., Mané, D., Monga, R., Moore, S., Murray, D., Olah, C., Schuster, M., Shlens, J., Steiner, B., Sutskever, I., Talwar, K., Tucker, P., Vanhoucke, V., Vasudevan, V., Viégas, F., Vinyals, O., Warden, P., Wattenberg, M., Wicke, M., Yu, Y., Zheng, X.: TensorFlow: Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems Software available from tensorflow.​org (2015)
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang, Z., Saligrama, V.: Zero-shot learning via joint latent similarity embedding. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 6034–6042 (2016) Zhang, Z., Saligrama, V.: Zero-shot learning via joint latent similarity embedding. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 6034–6042 (2016)
Metadaten
Titel
Improving Semantic Embedding Consistency by Metric Learning for Zero-Shot Classiffication
verfasst von
Maxime Bucher
Stéphane Herbin
Frédéric Jurie
Copyright-Jahr
2016
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46454-1_44