In-mold oxidation behavior of Mg–4.32Y–2.83Nd–0.41Zr alloy

The oxidation behaviors of molten WE43 (Mg–4.32Y–2.83Nd–0.41Zr, wt%) in resin-sand mold atmosphere were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses were employed to identify the phase compositions and microstructures of surface oxide scale. The initial oxide scale characterized by a three-layer structure mainly consisted of MgO, Y₂O₃, and ZrO₂ and then transformed to Y₂O₃ layers covered by porous MgO after holding at high temperatures. CALPHAD method was used to analyze the oxidation process, and the calculated phase diagrams agreed well with the experimental results. A selective oxidation model was established based on thermodynamic and kinetic analysis to describe the structure transformation of oxide scale in detail. The initial oxidation was controlled by inward diffusion of oxygen due to the protection of surface Y₂O₃. However, the oxide scale was not protective after long-term oxidation or at temperatures higher than 1073 K due to the oxide fracture, which can be attributed to the increase in stress caused by inner Y₂O₃ layer growth. Based on experimental results, the oxide growth stress parameter C was estimated to be 0.0013 and 0.0026 for 1023 and 973 K, respectively. This work reveals the underlying oxide growth and fracture mechanisms of molten Mg–Y alloy in mold, and provides guidance for preventing the ignition of magnesium alloys during casting processes.