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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

India and International Environmental Law

verfasst von : Shiju Mazhuvanchery

Erschienen in: Locating India in the Contemporary International Legal Order

Verlag: Springer India

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Abstract

India has played a major role in the development of International Environmental Law (IEL). Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was one of the two heads of states who participated in the United Nations Conference on Human Environment (Stockholm Conference 1972). Since the days of Stockholm Conference, India has been an active participant at the multilateral environmental negotiations. India’s engagement with IEL has been mutually beneficial. The leadership position that India assumed at the multilateral environmental negotiations has helped in including provisions in treaties that better reflected the realities of the developing countries. This in turn has helped IEL to gain wider participation and acceptability among the developing and under-developed countries. On the other hand, IEL has helped in the shaping and development of Indian environmental law. The influence of IEL on Indian law has been most visible in the following two ways: helping the enactment of legislations in the field of environment and in the development of a robust environmental jurisprudence. This chapter focuses on the influence of IEL on Indian law and concludes that without the influence of the developments at the international level Indian environmental law would have remained much poorer.

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Vorheriges Kapitel TRIPS and Public Health: Challenges for India and Its Response

Nächstes Kapitel Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and Its Protocols in India

UNCHE was one of the first major UN initiatives in the field of environment.

The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties. (Emphasis added)

Arts. 48A, 51A(g), 243ZD and 243ZE are examples of the provisions that directly address the issue of environmental protection in the Indian Constitution.

Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 2715.

Article 9, OPSAR Convention 1992.

Sect. 36A, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 as amended in 2002.

Tribunal to have appellate jurisdiction. -Any person aggrieved by,

(a) an order or decision, made, on or after the commencement of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, by the appellate authority under section 28 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974);

(b) an order passed, on or after the commencement of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, by the State Government under section 29 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974);

(c) directions issued, on or after the commencement of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, by a Board, under section 33A of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974);

(d) an order or decision made, on or after the commencement of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, by the appellate authority under section 13 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 (36 of 1977);

(e) an order or decision made, on or after the commencement of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, by the State Government or other authority under section 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (69 of 1980);

(f) an order or decision, made, on or after the commencement of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, by the Appellate Authority under section 31 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981);

(g) any direction issued, on or after the commencement of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, under section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986);

(h) an order made, on or after the commencement of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, granting environmental clearance in the area in which any industries, operations or processes or class of industries, operations and processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986);

(i) an order made, on or after the commencement of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, refusing to grant environmental clearance for carrying out any activity or operation or process under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986);

(j) any determination of benefit sharing or order made, on or after the commencement of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, by the National Biodiversity Authority or a State Biodiversity Board under the provisions of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (18 of 2003), may, within a period of thirty days from the date on which the order or decision or direction or determination is communicated to him, prefer an appeal to the Tribunal:

Provided that the Tribunal may, if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the appeal within the said period, allow it to be filed under this section within a further period not exceeding sixty days.

Appeal No. 5 of 2011, decided on 14 Dec 2011.

Application No. 12 of 2011, Decided on 14/12/2011.

ShibaniGhosh v. Shiv Pal Singh, Decision No. CIC/SG/C/2011/00149/17503, decided on 29/2/2012.

O.M. [05/10/2011] - Ownership of EIA report and other documents by the project proponent.

EIA Notification, S.O. 1533 dated 14/9/2006.

Ibid.

For example see, Adivasi Majdoor Kisan Ekta Sangathan v. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Appeal No. 3/2011 decided on 20 April 2012.

Sect. 3(1), The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, “Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government, shall have the power to take all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing controlling and abating environmental pollution.”

Leelakrishnan (2005), p. 172.

Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India (1996) 5 SCC 281.

Principle 2 of Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992: “States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other states or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.” (Emphasis added).

UNGA Res. 626 (VII), 21 December, 1952.

UNGA Res. 1314 (XIII), 12 December, 1958.

UNGA Res.1803 (XVII), 14 December, 1962.

For example, Art. 3, Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), Preamble, Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable sharing of benefits arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Nagoya Protocol).

(1996) ICJ Reports 226.

Sands et al. (2012), p. 191.

WP (C) 423/2010, decided on 2^nd February 2012.

Ibid., para 64.

Special Reference Case 1 of 2001.

Ibid.

M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath, (1997) 1 SCC 388; In M.I. Builders v. Radhey Shyam Sahu, AIR 1999 SC 2468, the SC held that the doctrine has its source in Art. 21 which guarantees right to life and personal liberty.

(1997) ICJ Reports 7.

ILA (2002), pp. 211–216.

Chimni (2007). “Unsurprisingly, international environmental law is unable to seriously respond to the global ecological crisis. It works with an empty concept of sustainable development that is filled with the greed of global capital. International environmental law cannot therefore bring about change in skewed global consumption patterns, which is so necessary if genuine sustainable development at the global level is to be pursued. For otherwise, as has been observed, two more planet earths will be needed to provide development for all. But consumption has paradoxically become, as I shall note presently, a principal way to overcome alienation in the age of globalisation. In the event, international environmental law cannot actualise the principle of common but differentiated responsibility to ensure that the poor in the third world realise their aspirations of a minimum standard of life. International environmental law, to put it differently, is today subordinated to corporate interests, which dictate the high consumption patterns in rich countries. It cannot, therefore, bring about an accordant relationship between humankind and nature.”

AIR 1996 SC 2715.

N. D. Jayal v. Union of India, AIR 2004 SC 867.

G. Sundarrajan v. Union of India, (2013) 6 SCC 620.

(1999) 2 SCC 718 and (2001) 2 S.C.C. 62.

AIR 2006 SC 1350.

Chimni BS (2007) The past, present and future of international law: a critical third world approach Melb. J Int Law 8(2):499–515

ILA (2002) ILA New Delhi declaration of principles of international law relating to sustainable development. 2 April 2002 International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, vol 2, pp 211–216

Leelakrishnan P (2005) Environmental Law in India, 2nd edn. Butterworths, New Delhi

Sands P, Peel J, Fabra A, MacKenzie R (2012) Principles of international environmental law, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef

Titel: India and International Environmental Law
verfasst von: Shiju Mazhuvanchery
Verlag: Springer India
Buch: Locating India in the Contemporary International Legal Order
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-3578-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-81-322-3580-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3580-4_12

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