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Erschienen in:
Enforcement and Effectiveness of Antidiscrimination Law: Global Commonalities and Practices Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

India

verfasst von : Maithili Pai, Nupur Raut

Erschienen in: Comparative Perspectives on the Enforcement and Effectiveness of Antidiscrimination Law

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The right to equality and non-discrimination is being spoken about increasingly at a global level. At the same time, social stratification in one form or the other has existed in all societies. In this paper, the researchers seek to examine the Indian framework on antidiscrimination laws.

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Fußnoten
1
Nayyar (2011).
 
2
Human Rights Watch (2016).
 
3
Human Rights Watch (2016).
 
4
Human Rights Watch (2001).
 
5
Nayyar (2011).
 
6
The Equal Rights Trust (2016).
 
7
The Equal Rights Trust (2016).
 
8
See Deshpande (2011), pp. 19–20.
 
9
Untouchability is a phenomenon wherein members of the Dalit community are forbidden from touching other persons or objects; the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 seeks to counter this.
 
10
Unlike the UK, which has the Equal Opportunities Commission and the Commission for Racial Equality specifically empowered to enforce antidiscrimination law: See Townshend-Smith (1998), pp. 497–538.
 
11
Under Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution of India, 1950.
 
12
Article 51A(e) of the Constitution of India, 1950 also imposes a duty to renounce practices derogatory to women.
 
13
The Supreme Court (2016).
 
14
Under Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India, 1950.
 
15
In accordance with Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India, 1950.
 
16
Deshpande (2011), p. 221.
 
17
Harlieb (2016).
 
18
Section 11(2), Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
 
19
Section 59, Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.
 
20
Section 60, Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.
 
21
Section 14, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
 
22
Section 3, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
 
23
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules, 1995.
 
24
Section 21(2)(iii), Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
 
25
Section 12, Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993; Section 9, National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993; Section 9, National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.
 
26
Singh (2016).
 
27
Section 3, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
 
28
Much like the Indian law on rape: Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Men who have been raped or sexually harassed may take recourse to the controversial Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.
 
29
See MacKinnon (1979).
 
30
Sheikh and Bhatia (2016).
 
31
Alternative Law Forum (2014).
 
32
Centre for Policy Research (2015).
 
33
Sunday Story: Mandal Commission report, 25 years later, The Indian Express (September 1, 2015), available at http://​indianexpress.​com/​article/​india/​india-others/​sunday-story-mandal-commission-report-25-years-later/​ (last visited on July 30, 2016).
 
34
Deshpande (2011), p. 221.
 
35
Gandhi (2016).
 
36
Rakshit (1999), pp. 2379–2381.
 
37
Lawyers Collective (2016).
 
38
Centre for Law and Policy Research (2016).
 
39
Centre for Law and Policy Research (2016).
 
40
Weisser (2016).
 
41
Weisser (2016).
 
42
Frontline (2016).
 
43
See Townshend-Smith (1998), p. 511.
 
44
Sudhir (2015).
 
45
A form of divorce recognized by Muslim law where the husband pronounces the word “talaaq”, meaning divorce, thrice in one sitting. A divorce is irrevocably effected upon this pronouncement. The wife has no option to assent to or object to the divorce; see Agnihotri (2017).
 
46
The practice of triple talaaq has recently been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
 
47
Deshpande (2011), pp. 106–146.
 
48
Oxford Pro Bono Publico (2012).
 
49
Mitra (2016).
 
50
Nayyar (2011).
 
51
Mitra (2016).
 
52
Jaffelot (2017).
 
53
Nayyar (2011).
 
54
Khaitan (2015).
 
55
Khaitan (2015).
 
56
Weisser (2016).
 
57
Weisser (2016).
 
58
Center for Human Rights and Global Justice & Human Rights Watch (2007).
 
Literatur
Centre for Law and Policy Research (2016) Soft judicial review, conflicts with other rights, and other problems in the draft equality bill. http://​blog.​mylaw.​net/. Accessed 30 July 2016
Deshpande A (2011) The grammar of caste: economic discrimination in contemporary India. Oxford University Press, pp 19–20
MacKinnon C (1979) Sexual harassment of working women. Yale University Press
Rakshit NB (1999) Right to constitutional remedy: significance of Article 32. Econ Polit Wkly 34(34/35):2379–2381 (August 21–September 3)
Townshend-Smith RJ (1998) Discrimination law: text, cases and materials. Cavendish Publishing Ltd. pp 497–538
Metadaten
Titel
India
verfasst von
Maithili Pai
Nupur Raut
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Buch
Comparative Perspectives on the Enforcement and Effectiveness of Antidiscrimination Law

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90067-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-90068-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90068-1_16