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2021 | Buch

Monopoly Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Industrial Organization

Practice Exercises with Answer Keys

verfasst von: Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Muñoz-Garcia

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Springer Texts in Business and Economics

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This textbook presents 122 exercises on industrial organization with detailed answer keys. While most textbooks on industrial organization focus on theory and empirical findings, this textbook offers practical examples and exercises helping predict firm behaviour in different industries. The book emphasizes the game-theoretic tools used in each type of exercise, so students can systematically apply them to other markets, forms of competition, or information environments where firms, consumers, and regulating agencies interact.

The book begins with examples that analyse different models of firm behavior and interaction; starting with monopoly and moving through the Cournot model of simultaneous quantity competition, the Bertrand model simultaneous price competition, and sequential competition. The following chapters apply game-theoretic tools to situations of increasing complexity: regulation; R&D incentives; mergers and collusion; bundling incentives; incomplete information, signalling, and competition; networks and switching costs. In addition to providing algebraic simplifications, some chapters also offer the unique feature of worked exercises based on published journal articles by leading scholars in the field. Finally, exercises are ranked according to their difficulty, with a letter (A-C) next to the exercise number, which allows students to pace their studies and instructors to structure their classes accordingly.

Providing a rigorous, yet practical introduction to the field of industrial organization, this textbook is appropriate for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in economics and finance.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Monopoly
Abstract
This chapter explores monopoly models, where a single firm operates in an industry. We first study the output decisions of this type of firm in a simplified setting with linear demand and constant marginal costs. Exercise 1.2 then extends our analysis to a context where the monopolist faces a convex cost function (i.e., increasing marginal costs) which may occur when, intuitively, producing further units becomes increasingly expensive. Exercises 1.3 also examine more general environments where the firm faces a generic inverse demand function and a generic cost function, while Exercise 1.4 focuses on settings where the monopolist faces a convex, concave, or linear demand.
Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Munoz-Garcia
Chapter 2. Simultaneous Quantity Competition
Abstract
After studying markets with only one firm in Chap. 1, we now turn to industries with two or more firms (oligopolies) either compete in quantities (Chap. 2) or in prices (Chap. 3). In this chapter, we assume that every firm chooses independently and simultaneously its output level, yielding an equilibrium output for each firm and an equilibrium aggregate output for the industry. Given this aggregate output, the equilibrium price is determined by the demand function entailing equilibrium profits for each firm.
Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Munoz-Garcia
Chapter 3. Simultaneous Price Competition
Abstract
This chapter considers similar industries as those we analyzed in Chap. 2, but assuming that firms compete in prices. In this setting, every firm simultaneously and independently chooses the price for its product. When firms sell a homogeneous good (such as the same cereal variety, cement, or other minerals), the firm setting the lowest price captures all sales while all other firms sell zero units. When firms sell heterogeneous goods (such as clothing), the firm setting the lowest price may attract more, but not all customers.
Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Munoz-Garcia
Chapter 4. Sequential Competition
Abstract
In this chapter, we start analyzing strategic settings where firms interact sequentially, rather than simultaneously, as opposed to most of the exercises in Chaps. 2 and 3. In this type of industries, one (or more) firms choose their output level in a first stage (often referred to as the industry “leader”) and, observing this output level/s, other firm (or firms) respond selecting their output level/s (and, thus, are known as the industry “followers”).
Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Munoz-Garcia
Chapter 5. Regulating Imperfectly Competitive Markets
Abstract
This chapter takes a regulatory approach by considering some of the models of imperfect competition analyzed in previous chapters (monopoly and oligopolies with different numbers of firms) and examines different policy tools that can induce firms to produce the output level that maximizes the social welfare (we refer to this output level as the “socially optimal output”), such as subsidies and taxes for each unit of output that the firm produces.
Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Munoz-Garcia
Chapter 6. R&D Incentives
Abstract
In this chapter, we study firms’ incentives to invest in research and development (R&D) with the goal of lowering their production costs in subsequent periods. Exercise 6.1 starts analyzing these incentives in a stylized setting, a monopoly where a single firm operates in all periods. In this context, the monopolist anticipates that any R&D investment today will lower its production costs in the next period, when it still maintains a monopolistic position. In other words, the monopolist does not have incentives to invest in R&D to become more competitive in the future, relative to its rivals. In oligopoly models, however, every firm considers this incentive to improve its relative cost advantage. Exercises 6.2 and 6.3 examine this incentive, first in an oligopoly where firms compete in quantities (Exercise 6.2) and then in one where firms compete in prices (Exercise 6.3). In both exercises, we evaluate whether firms may have more or less incentives to invest in R&D than what they would under monopoly, which helps us identify whether the presence of more than one firm provides firm with an additional incentive to invest, relative to monopoly, or with less incentives. Exercise 6.4 then evaluates the welfare that arises in equilibrium, comparing whether that under monopoly is larger than under oligopoly, and Exercise 6.5 examines if R&D investments increase in oligopolistic markets that became more competitive (with more firms).
Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Munoz-Garcia
Chapter 7. Mergers and Collusion
Abstract
This chapter studies firms’ incentives to merge and collude in imperfectly competitive markets. Exercise 7.1 begins with the basic setting of mergers between two firms into a monopoly. Exercise 7.2 extends into the setting of N-firm mergers. We show that when the number of firms that merge is sufficiently high, mergers become profitable as the gain in market power more than offsets output increase of the firms that do not merge, and this is referred to as the “80% rule” after Salant et al. (1983). Exercise 7.3 suggests that when there are three or more firms merging together, the merger is unsustainable because every participating firm has incentives to leave and free ride on output reduction of the cartel to increase its own output and profit levels. Exercise 7.4 finds that firms have stronger incentives to merge when the merged firm benefits from cost-reduction effects. Exercise 7.5 analyzes mergers in a sequential-move game. We report that while a leader has incentives to acquire a follower, those incentives are weakened when the follower market becomes more competitive. To summarize, the existence of outsiders weakens firms’ incentives to merge, unless the merged firm gains significant market power, enjoys cost advantage, or maintains output leadership.
Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Munoz-Garcia
Chapter 8. Bundling Incentives
Abstract
This chapter explores settings where a monopolist offers two goods to customers who exhibit correlated valuations for each good. For instance, in a market with two consumers, i and j, and two goods, A and B, customer i is the individual with the highest valuation for good A but he is the one with the lowest value for good B. In this context, the monopolist can offer to sell each good, A and B, at a different price or, alternatively, sell the bundle of both goods at a single price. This is the setting that we consider in Exercise 8.1, showing that the firm has incentives to only offer the bundle and make a higher profit than selling each good separately. Exercise 8.2 considers bundling decisions when the valuations for the two products, A and B, are negatively correlated, Exercise 8.3 provides a numerical example, and Exercise 8.4 extend our analysis to a setting where valuations can be negatively or positively correlated. Interestingly, we show that when bundling is only profitable when valuations are negatively correlated.
Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Munoz-Garcia
Chapter 9. Incomplete Information, Signaling, and Competition
Abstract
This chapter analyzes strategic interaction of firms under incomplete information. Exercise 9.1 studies entry decisions when the incumbent’s cost is unobservable to the entrant. We show that the low-cost firm can strategically increase output relative to the complete information setting, to the level that the high-cost firm cannot profitably imitate, in order to deter entry. Exercise 9.2 examines the firm’s incentives to offer damaged goods at an extra cost. We find that consumers are better off since high-value consumers can buy the undamaged version of the good at a lower price while low-value consumers can buy the damaged good who are otherwise not served. Exercise 9.3 considers firms’ incentives to invest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) when consumers do not receive accurate signal on product quality. We report that the high-quality firm can invest in CSR to signal its product differentiation from low-quality rivals, and CSR investments are usually observed in market with noisy signals such as fashionable clothes, cosmetics, and electronics to distinguish from counterfeit or inferior products. Exercise 9.4 identifies firms’ intertemporal pricing decisions when they can advertise and poach consumers from one another. We find that in a symmetric setting, every firm obtains an equal share of the market in the first period, and sells to its rival’s consumers at a price half of that selling to its own consumers in the second period.
Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Munoz-Garcia
Chapter 10. Networks and Switching Costs
Abstract
This chapter studies the strategic interaction of firms in the presence of network effects, where the adoption of the same technology or standard by several firms allows each firm to benefit from larger market demand, lower production cost, or both. This can happen even when the technology that firms adopt is inferior to other technologies, such as the Blue-ray disk, often regarded as inferior to High-Definition DVDs.
Pak-Sing Choi, Eric Dunaway, Felix Munoz-Garcia
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Industrial Organization
verfasst von
Pak-Sing Choi
Eric Dunaway
Felix Muñoz-Garcia
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-57284-6
Print ISBN
978-3-030-57283-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57284-6