Skip to main content

2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Indy Autonomous Challenge - Autonomous Race Cars at the Handling Limits

verfasst von : Alexander Wischnewski, Maximilian Geisslinger, Johannes Betz, Tobias Betz, Felix Fent, Alexander Heilmeier, Leonhard Hermansdorfer, Thomas Herrmann, Sebastian Huch, Phillip Karle, Felix Nobis, Levent Ögretmen, Matthias Rowold, Florian Sauerbeck, Tim Stahl, Rainer Trauth, Markus Lienkamp, Boris Lohmann

Erschienen in: 12th International Munich Chassis Symposium 2021

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Motorsport has always been an enabler for technological advancement, and the same applies to the autonomous driving industry. The team TUM Autonomous Motorsports will participate in the Indy Autonomous Challenge in October 2021 to benchmark its self-driving software-stack by racing one out of ten autonomous Dallara AV-21 racecars at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The first part of this paper explains the reasons for entering an autonomous vehicle race from an academic perspective: It allows focusing on several edge cases encountered by autonomous vehicles, such as challenging evasion maneuvers and unstructured scenarios. At the same time, it is inherently safe due to the motorsport related track safety precautions. It is therefore an ideal testing ground for the development of autonomous driving algorithms capable of mastering the most challenging and rare situations. In addition, we provide insight into our software development workflow and present our Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation setup. It is capable of running simulations of up to eight autonomous vehicles in real time. The second part of the paper gives a high-level overview of the software architecture and covers our development priorities in building a high-performance autonomous racing software: maximum sensor detection range, reliable handling of multi-vehicle situations, as well as reliable motion control under uncertainty.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Dickmanns ED, Behringer R, Dickmanns D, Hildebrandt T, Maurer M, Thomanek F, Schiehlen J (1994) The seeing passenger car ‘VaMoRs-P’. In: Proceedings of the Intelligent Vehicles '94 Symposium, pp. 68–73 Dickmanns ED, Behringer R, Dickmanns D, Hildebrandt T, Maurer M, Thomanek F, Schiehlen J (1994) The seeing passenger car ‘VaMoRs-P’. In: Proceedings of the Intelligent Vehicles '94 Symposium, pp. 68–73
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Thorpe C, Herbert M, Kanade T, Shafter S (1991) Toward autonomous driving: The CMU navlab: Part II – Architecture and systems. IEEE Expert, 6(4) Thorpe C, Herbert M, Kanade T, Shafter S (1991) Toward autonomous driving: The CMU navlab: Part II – Architecture and systems. IEEE Expert, 6(4)
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Montemerlo M, Becker J, Bhat S, Dahlkamp H, Dolgov D, Ettinger S, Haehnel D, Hilden T, Hoffmann G, Huhnke B, Johnston D, Klumpp S, Langer D, Levandowski A, Levinson J, Marcil J, Orenstein D, Paefgen J, Penny I, Petrovskaya A, Pflueger M, Stanek G, Stavens D, Vogt A, Thrun S (2009) Junior: The stanford entry in the urban challenge. In: The DARPA urban challenge: Autonomous vehicles in city traffic, pp. 91–123, Springer, Berlin Montemerlo M, Becker J, Bhat S, Dahlkamp H, Dolgov D, Ettinger S, Haehnel D, Hilden T, Hoffmann G, Huhnke B, Johnston D, Klumpp S, Langer D, Levandowski A, Levinson J, Marcil J, Orenstein D, Paefgen J, Penny I, Petrovskaya A, Pflueger M, Stanek G, Stavens D, Vogt A, Thrun S (2009) Junior: The stanford entry in the urban challenge. In: The DARPA urban challenge: Autonomous vehicles in city traffic, pp. 91–123, Springer, Berlin
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Urmson C, Anhalt, J, Bagnell, D, Baker, C, Bittner, R, Clark, M. N, Dolan, J, Duggins, D, Galatali, T, Geyer C, Gittleman M, Harbaugh S, Hebert M, Howard TM, Kolski S, Kelly A, Likhachev M, McNaughton M, Miller N, Peterson K, Pilnick B, Rajkumar R, Rybski P, Salesky B, Seo Y-W, Singh S, Snider J, Stentz A, Whittaker W, Wolkowicki Z, Ziglar J, Bae H, Brown T, Demitrish D, Litkouhi B, Nickolaou J, Sadekar V, Zhang, W, Struble J, Taylor M, Darms M, Ferguson D (2009) Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the urban challenge. In: The DARPA urban challenge: Autonomous vehicles in city traffic, pp. 1–59, Springer, Berlin Urmson C, Anhalt, J, Bagnell, D, Baker, C, Bittner, R, Clark, M. N, Dolan, J, Duggins, D, Galatali, T, Geyer C, Gittleman M, Harbaugh S, Hebert M, Howard TM, Kolski S, Kelly A, Likhachev M, McNaughton M, Miller N, Peterson K, Pilnick B, Rajkumar R, Rybski P, Salesky B, Seo Y-W, Singh S, Snider J, Stentz A, Whittaker W, Wolkowicki Z, Ziglar J, Bae H, Brown T, Demitrish D, Litkouhi B, Nickolaou J, Sadekar V, Zhang, W, Struble J, Taylor M, Darms M, Ferguson D (2009) Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the urban challenge. In: The DARPA urban challenge: Autonomous vehicles in city traffic, pp. 1–59, Springer, Berlin
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Talvala K, Kritayakirana K, Gerdes JC (2011) Pushing the limits: From lanekeeping to autonomous racing. Annu Rev Control 35(1) Talvala K, Kritayakirana K, Gerdes JC (2011) Pushing the limits: From lanekeeping to autonomous racing. Annu Rev Control 35(1)
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Betz J, Wischnewski A, Heilmeier A, Nobis F, Stahl, T, Hermansdorfer L, Herrmann T, Lienkamp M (2019) A software architecture for an autonomous racecar. In: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1–6 Betz J, Wischnewski A, Heilmeier A, Nobis F, Stahl, T, Hermansdorfer L, Herrmann T, Lienkamp M (2019) A software architecture for an autonomous racecar. In: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1–6
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Vázquez JL Brühlmeier M, Liniger A, Rupenyan A, Lygeros J (2020) Optimization-based hierachical motion planning for autonomous racing, In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2397–2403 Vázquez JL Brühlmeier M, Liniger A, Rupenyan A, Lygeros J (2020) Optimization-based hierachical motion planning for autonomous racing, In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2397–2403
8.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Kelly M, Zheng H, Karthik, D, Mangharam, R (2020) F1TENTH: An Open-source evaluation environment for continuous control and reinforcement learning. In: Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, pp. 77–89 O’Kelly M, Zheng H, Karthik, D, Mangharam, R (2020) F1TENTH: An Open-source evaluation environment for continuous control and reinforcement learning. In: Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, pp. 77–89
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Heilmeier A, Wischnewski A, Hermansdorfer L, Betz J, Lienkamp M, Lohmann B (2020) Minimum curvature trajectory planning and control for an autonomous race car. Veh Syst Dyn 58(10):1497–1527. Heilmeier A, Wischnewski A, Hermansdorfer L, Betz J, Lienkamp M, Lohmann B (2020) Minimum curvature trajectory planning and control for an autonomous race car. Veh Syst Dyn 58(10):1497–1527.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Christ F, Wischnewski A, Heilmeier A, Lohmann B (2021) Time-optimal trajectory planning for a race car considering variable tyre-road friction coefficients. Vehicle System Dynamics 59(4):588–612. Christ F, Wischnewski A, Heilmeier A, Lohmann B (2021) Time-optimal trajectory planning for a race car considering variable tyre-road friction coefficients. Vehicle System Dynamics 59(4):588–612.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Gundlach I (2020) Zeitoptimale Trajektorienplanung für automatisiertes Fahren bis in den fahrdynamischen Grenzbereich. Shaker Verlag Gundlach I (2020) Zeitoptimale Trajektorienplanung für automatisiertes Fahren bis in den fahrdynamischen Grenzbereich. Shaker Verlag
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Zubača J, Stolz M, Watzenig D (2020) Smooth reference line generation for a race track with gates based on defined borders. In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Zubača J, Stolz M, Watzenig D (2020) Smooth reference line generation for a race track with gates based on defined borders. In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Stahl T, Wischnewski A, Betz J, Lienkamp M (2019) ROS-based localization of a race vehicle at high-speed using LIDAR. E3S Web of Conferences Stahl T, Wischnewski A, Betz J, Lienkamp M (2019) ROS-based localization of a race vehicle at high-speed using LIDAR. E3S Web of Conferences
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Massa, F, Bonamini, L, Settimi, A, Pallottino, L, Caporale, D (2020) LiDAR-Based GNSS denied localization for autonomous racing cars, sensors, Vol. 20. MDPI Massa, F, Bonamini, L, Settimi, A, Pallottino, L, Caporale, D (2020) LiDAR-Based GNSS denied localization for autonomous racing cars, sensors, Vol. 20. MDPI
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Liniger A, Domahidi, A, Morari M (2015) Optimization-based autonomous racing of 1:43 scale RC cars. Optim Control Appl Methods 36(5) Liniger A, Domahidi, A, Morari M (2015) Optimization-based autonomous racing of 1:43 scale RC cars. Optim Control Appl Methods 36(5)
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Subosits J, Gerdes, JC (2021) Impacts of model fidelity on trajectory optimization for autonomous vehicles in extreme maneuvers. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles Subosits J, Gerdes, JC (2021) Impacts of model fidelity on trajectory optimization for autonomous vehicles in extreme maneuvers. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Kapania, NR, Gerdes, JC (2020) Learning at the racetrack: Data-Driven methods to Improve racing performance over multiple laps. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 69(8):8232–8242 Kapania, NR, Gerdes, JC (2020) Learning at the racetrack: Data-Driven methods to Improve racing performance over multiple laps. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 69(8):8232–8242
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosolia U, Borrelli F (2020) Learning how to autonomously race a car: A predictive control approach. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 28(6):2713–2719 Rosolia U, Borrelli F (2020) Learning how to autonomously race a car: A predictive control approach. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 28(6):2713–2719
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Kabzan J, Hewing L Liniger A, Zeilinger, MN (2019) Learning-based model predictive control for autonomous racing. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 4(4):3363–3370 Kabzan J, Hewing L Liniger A, Zeilinger, MN (2019) Learning-based model predictive control for autonomous racing. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 4(4):3363–3370
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Buyval A, Gabdulin A, Mustafin R, Shimchik I (2017) Deriving overtaking strategy from nonlinear model predictive control for a race car, In: Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2623–2628 Buyval A, Gabdulin A, Mustafin R, Shimchik I (2017) Deriving overtaking strategy from nonlinear model predictive control for a race car, In: Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2623–2628
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Stahl T, Wischnewski A, Betz J, Lienkamp M (2019) Multilayer graph-based trajectory planning for race vehicles in dynamic scenarios. In: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, pp. 3149–3154 Stahl T, Wischnewski A, Betz J, Lienkamp M (2019) Multilayer graph-based trajectory planning for race vehicles in dynamic scenarios. In: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, pp. 3149–3154
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Liniger A, Lygeros J (2020) A noncooperative game approach to autonomous racing. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 28(3):884–897 Liniger A, Lygeros J (2020) A noncooperative game approach to autonomous racing. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 28(3):884–897
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang M, Wang Z, Talbot, J, Gerdes JC, Schwager M (2021) Game-theoretic planning for self-driving cars in multivehicle competitive scenarios. IEEE Transactions on Robotics Wang M, Wang Z, Talbot, J, Gerdes JC, Schwager M (2021) Game-theoretic planning for self-driving cars in multivehicle competitive scenarios. IEEE Transactions on Robotics
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Notomista G, Wang M, Schwager M, Egerstedt M (2020) Enhancing game-theoretic autonomous car racing using control barrier functions. In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 5393–5399 Notomista G, Wang M, Schwager M, Egerstedt M (2020) Enhancing game-theoretic autonomous car racing using control barrier functions. In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 5393–5399
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Herrmann, T, Wischnewski, A, Hermansdorfer, L, Betz, J, Lienkamp, M(2021) Real-Time adaptive velocity optimization for autonomous electric cars at the limits of handling. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles Herrmann, T, Wischnewski, A, Hermansdorfer, L, Betz, J, Lienkamp, M(2021) Real-Time adaptive velocity optimization for autonomous electric cars at the limits of handling. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Nobis, F, Papanikolaou, O, Betz, J, Lienkamp, M (2020) Persistent map saving for visual localization for autonomous vehicles: An ORB-SLAM extension. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Fifteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies, pp.1–9 Nobis, F, Papanikolaou, O, Betz, J, Lienkamp, M (2020) Persistent map saving for visual localization for autonomous vehicles: An ORB-SLAM extension. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Fifteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies, pp.1–9
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Kabzan J, Valls MI, Reijgwart VJ F, Hendrikx HFC, Ehmke C, Prajapat M, Bühler A, Gosala N, Gupta, M, Ramya S, Dhall A, Chisari E, Karnchanachari N, Brits S, Dangel M, Sa I, Dubé R, Gawel A, Pfeiffer M, Liniger A, Lygeros J, Siegwart R (2020) AMZ driverless: The full autonomous racing system. J. Field Robot. 37(7) Kabzan J, Valls MI, Reijgwart VJ F, Hendrikx HFC, Ehmke C, Prajapat M, Bühler A, Gosala N, Gupta, M, Ramya S, Dhall A, Chisari E, Karnchanachari N, Brits S, Dangel M, Sa I, Dubé R, Gawel A, Pfeiffer M, Liniger A, Lygeros J, Siegwart R (2020) AMZ driverless: The full autonomous racing system. J. Field Robot. 37(7)
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Nobis F, Brunhuber F, Janssen S, Betz J, Lienkamp M (2020) Exploring the capabilities and limits of 3D monocular object detection – A study on simulation and real World data. In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 1–8 Nobis F, Brunhuber F, Janssen S, Betz J, Lienkamp M (2020) Exploring the capabilities and limits of 3D monocular object detection – A study on simulation and real World data. In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 1–8
33.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Wachenfeld W, Winner H (2016) The release of autonomous driving. Autonomous driving: Technical. legal and social aspects. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 425–449 Wachenfeld W, Winner H (2016) The release of autonomous driving. Autonomous driving: Technical. legal and social aspects. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 425–449
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Barabas I, Todorut A, Cordos N, Molea A (2017) Current challenges in autonomous driving, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering Barabas I, Todorut A, Cordos N, Molea A (2017) Current challenges in autonomous driving, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Betz J, Wischnewski A, Heilmeier A, Stahl T, Lienkamp M (2019) A crash explained in detail, Applied Sciences, Vol. 9. MDPI Betz J, Wischnewski A, Heilmeier A, Stahl T, Lienkamp M (2019) A crash explained in detail, Applied Sciences, Vol. 9. MDPI
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakker E, Pacejka H, Lidner L (1989) A new tire model with an application in vehicle dynamics studies, In: SAE Technical Papers Bakker E, Pacejka H, Lidner L (1989) A new tire model with an application in vehicle dynamics studies, In: SAE Technical Papers
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Chai C, Zeng X, Wu X, Wang X (2019) Safety evaluation of Responsible-Sensitive Safety (RSS) on autonomous car-following maneuvers based on surrogate safety measurements. In: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, pp. 175–180 Chai C, Zeng X, Wu X, Wang X (2019) Safety evaluation of Responsible-Sensitive Safety (RSS) on autonomous car-following maneuvers based on surrogate safety measurements. In: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, pp. 175–180
Metadaten
Titel
Indy Autonomous Challenge - Autonomous Race Cars at the Handling Limits
verfasst von
Alexander Wischnewski
Maximilian Geisslinger
Johannes Betz
Tobias Betz
Felix Fent
Alexander Heilmeier
Leonhard Hermansdorfer
Thomas Herrmann
Sebastian Huch
Phillip Karle
Felix Nobis
Levent Ögretmen
Matthias Rowold
Florian Sauerbeck
Tim Stahl
Rainer Trauth
Markus Lienkamp
Boris Lohmann
Copyright-Jahr
2022
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64550-5_10

Premium Partner