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2023 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Information and Complexity

verfasst von : Johannes Strikwerda

Erschienen in: Organized Complexity in Business

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Complexity cannot be dealt with without a proper organization of information. Information reduces entropy while maintaining the state of complexity. This organization of information requires a good understanding of what information is, respectively, a theory of information. The mathematical definition of information, based on Shannon’s mathematical theory of communication is too simple to deal with the various types of complexity. This chapter presents a more differentiated model of information elaborating on the concept of control as defined in cybernetics. Various types of information are introduced like discursive information, goal-information, axiological information, material information, eidetic information, allelopathic information, effect information, pragmatic information, and reproductive information. With that, a model of types of information is presented which undergirds the concept of the information-based organization. This model is also a meta-model through which well-known but somewhat intuitive management concepts now can be logically interlinked, replacing the Weberian bureaucratic hierarchy with a hierarchy of types of information, with goal information at the top and reproductive information at the bottom. This also lays the foundations for a model of governance and administrative information space beyond conventional management information. Also, the relation between data and information becomes clear in operational, programmable ways, as relevant for AI and machine learning. This differentiated model of governance and administrative information explains why in the contemporary economy the organization of information precedes the structure, in the Weberian sense, of an organization design.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Economic Growth, Complexity, and Institutional Conflicts
Nächstes Kapitel Complex Decision-Making
Fußnoten
1
Floridi (2010, p. 45), Hidalgo (2015, p. 15).
 
2
Castells (2010).
 
3
Shannon and Weaver (1949).
 
4
Floridi (2010, pp. 43–45).
 
5
Day (2001, p. 43).
 
6
Day (2001, p. 43).
 
7
Hidalgo (2015, p. 15), Floridi (2010, p. 43).
 
8
Strikwerda (2011).
 
9
Lash (2002, p. 141).
 
10
Lash (2002, p. 141).
 
11
Boisot (1995, p. 47).
 
12
North (1991).
 
13
Hofkirchner (1999).
 
14
Castells (2010), McIntyre (2018).
 
15
Birchler and Bütler (2007, p. 15).
 
16
Lash (2002).
 
17
Beck and Lau (2005).
 
18
Holmes (2009, p. 353).
 
19
Boisot (1995).
 
20
Boisot (1995, p. 53).
 
21
Mumford and Anjum (2013).
 
22
Kuhn (1970).
 
23
Heuer (1999).
 
24
Pentland (2014).
 
25
Good and Velody (1998), Cillier (1998).
 
26
Benjamin (1936).
 
27
Lash (2002, p. 146).
 
28
Lash and Lury (2007).
 
29
Simon (1996).
 
30
Beniger (1986), Garfinkel (2008), van Peursen et al. (1968).
 
31
Abrahams (1999).
 
32
Habermas (1981, p. 229).
 
33
Bart (1997).
 
34
Rollinson and Broadfield (2002, p. 135).
 
35
Cha and Edmondson (2006).
 
36
Cha and Edmondson (2006).
 
37
Kinne (2009).
 
39
Pfeffer and Salancik (1978).
 
40
Garfinkel (2008, p. 170).
 
41
Suedfeld (2010).
 
42
Driver and Streufert (1969).
 
43
Driver and Streufert (1969), Jensen (1993).
 
44
Suedfeld (2010).
 
45
Christensen (1997).
 
46
Strikwerda (2008), the concept of the multidimensional organization originates from Prahalad and Doz (1979).
 
47
Pentland, p. 11.
 
48
Garfinkel (2008, p. 170).
 
49
Sutcliffe and Weber (2003).
 
50
Weick (1995, p. 6).
 
51
March (1994, p. 183).
 
52
Pentland (2014).
 
53
Pentland (2014, p. 35).
 
54
Pentland (2014, p. 37).
 
55
Suedfeld (2010), Suedfeld et al. (1992).
 
56
Suedfeld (2010).
 
57
Suedfeld (2010).
 
58
It is tempting to draw up a classification of types of complex environments as, e.g., the Cynefin Framework in Snowden and Boone (2007), including a recipe for how to deal with each type of environmental complexity, but the way they do this is denying the nature of complexity. Snowden and Boone for once do not explain the relation between conceptual complexity and integrative complexity, which makes their classification simplistic.
 
59
New York Stock Exchange Commission on Corporate Governance (2010).
 
60
Cadbury (1995).
 
61
Eccles et al. (2010).
 
62
Pellizzoni (2008).
 
63
Strikwerda (2013), Boot and Thakor (2011).
 
64
Cheema et al. (2013).
 
65
Cortada (2011, p. 120).
 
66
Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2014).
 
67
Argyris (2000, p. 52).
 
68
Casson (1997, p. 172).
 
69
Gribbin (2005).
 
70
Domingos (2012).
 
71
Domingos (2012).
 
72
Domingos (2012).
 
73
Domingos (2012).
 
74
Note that Newton’s formula only is valid in case m is a point mass or the direction of F precisely passes through the center of gravity in case m is not a point mass.
 
75
Porter (1985, 1990).
 
76
Marion (2008).
 
77
Casson (1997, p. 173).
 
78
Osterwalder (2004).
 
79
Floridi (2010), Walker et al. (2017).
 
80
March (2006).
 
81
Manzi (2012), McGrath and Macmillan (2013).
 
82
Hammer (2002).
 
83
Aiden and Michel (2013, p. 19).
 
84
Casadesus-Masanell and Ricart (2011).
 
85
Grant (1996). Mentions as mechanisms for integrating knowledge direction and organizational routines, this is in view of the practice of architecture and modularity incomprehensible, as modules are not about routines.
 
86
Aghion and Howitt (1999).
 
87
Butman (1997).
 
88
Panke and Gaiser (2009).
 
89
Zorn (2004).
 
90
Kaplan and Norton (1996).
 
91
Johnson and Kaplan (1987, p. 261).
 
92
Vaassen et al. (2009).
 
93
Gleeson-White (2012).
 
94
De Kuijper (2009).
 
95
Lash (2002).
 
96
Johnson and Kaplan (1987, p. 261).
 
97
Strikwerda and Stoelhorst (2009).
 
98
Brickley et al. (2001, pp. 483–485).
 
99
Kaplan (2007).
 
100
Bower (2003), Doz (2005).
 
101
Shpilberg et al. (2007).
 
102
Battail (2014).
 
103
Heavey and Simsek (2015).
 
104
Manzi (2012).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Information and Complexity
verfasst von
Johannes Strikwerda
Copyright-Jahr
2023
Buch
Organized Complexity in Business

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-25236-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-25237-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2023

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25237-2_6

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