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2025 | Buch

Innovations in Electronic Materials: Advancing Technology for a Sustainable Future

ICEAMST 2024

insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book delves into the cutting-edge field of electronic materials, focusing on their pivotal role in shaping a sustainable and technologically advanced future. This comprehensive book brings together a selection of contributions that explore the transformative impact of electronic materials on various industries, including health care, aerospace, energy, and electronics. The book places a spotlight on the forefront of technological innovation, with a particular emphasis on nanoelectronics. Readers will navigate through the technological landscape of electronic materials, uncovering its significance in driving sustainable technologies that address the emerging challenges and also explore the emergent properties of electronic materials, such as multifunctionality, reliability, and scalability. Through in-depth analysis and case studies, this book showcases how these properties propel researchers in electronic material science toward ground-breaking solutions with real-world applications. This book serves as a collaborative and descriptive platform, fostering interdisciplinary discussions and knowledge exchange. It acts as a bridge between various fields, providing a space for researchers, scientists, and engineers to share cutting-edge discoveries and advancements. The book is more than a collection of articles; it is a forward-looking exploration of the dynamic nature of material science and technology. It highlights how researchers and engineers are pushing the boundaries, leveraging the remarkable properties of materials to create solutions that enhance efficiency, innovation, and sustainability.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Examining Fine Aggregate Properties from Dismantled Building Materials Waste: Towards Sustainable Construction Solutions in Environmental Sensing

Fine aggregates are necessary for construction, particularly in the case of concrete production, where they constitute a crucial ingredient. This research examines the physical characteristics of fine aggregate created from disassembled building components to highlight the possibilities for recycling in the construction sector. The primary objectives of this study are to determine whether the physical characteristics of recycled fine aggregate meet the specifications needed to produce concrete, to appraise the sustainability and potential environmental benefits of using recycled fine aggregate, and to appraise the quality and suitability of recycled fine aggregate made from demolished building materials for use in construction applications. The fineness modulus, specific gravity, and silt content for the artificial fine aggregate are found to be 4.82%, 2.67, and 8.46%, respectively, indicating auspicious results. The study’s conclusions broaden our understanding of the topic. The findings pave the way for a building practices approach that is more sustainable and environmentally friendly by emphasizing the critical changes that must be made to mix design and quality control protocols to be successfully implemented.

Atul S. Kurzekar, Uday Waghe, Devesh Gawande, Aayush Jaiswal, Prayag Narkhede
Comparatıve Analysıs and Design of Staging Structure of Elevated Tank for Offsıte Precast and Cast in Place Structure

Reinforced concrete water tanks are vital for mass water storage, especially in rapidly urbanizing areas like India. This study examines staging structures for elevated tanks, focusing on offsite precast and cast-in-place methods’ efficiency. It highlights the tanks’ significance in water distribution systems, particularly in developing countries, exploring construction techniques to meet growing demands. The research highlights seismic behavior and design comparisons between cast-in-situ and precast staging structures, crucial in seismic-prone regions. Seismic resistance and efficiency are evaluated using advanced modeling techniques, with precast structures showing promising resilience despite initial costs. Findings indicate minor differences in performance, urging further research for optimal approaches, considering construction timelines, budgets, and long-term performance. Engineers, designers, and stakeholders in elevated tank infrastructure development will benefit from this research work.

Ashwini Badhiye, B. V. Bahoria, P. B. Pande, J. M. Raut, R. M. Bhagat
Enhancing Structural Integrity: A Comparative Analysis of Ductile Detailing in Intze Water Tanks with Reference to IS-13920-1993 and IS-13920-2016 Standards

Water storage structures play a critical role worldwide in meeting the escalating demands of growing populations. In India, ensuring the safety and functionality of such structures prompted the revision of the Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids code to IS3370:2021. This updated code embraces a comprehensive limit state method, introducing notable modifications such as heightened reinforcement criteria, detailed spacing specifications, inclusion of water tightness classifications, and further restrictions on crack-width. This study focuses on the design of an Intze water tank using IS3370:2021, alongside IS1893-Part-1 and IS1893 Part-II, with particular attention to ductile detailing outlined in IS13920-2016. A comparative analysis of ductile detailing between IS13920–1993 and IS13920-2016 is elaborated. Despite the recent enhancements in Indian standards, scant research exists on the disparity in ductile detailing design between IS13920-1993 and IS13920-2016. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the implications of the new design clauses and their impact on structural economy.

Vinay Anasane, Amruta Yadav, Sneha Hirekhan
A Comprehensive Structural Design-Based Protocol for Energy-Efficient Buildings for Smart City Projects

As the global urban landscape continues to evolve, the need for providing sustainable and energy-efficient urban infrastructure becomes highly critical. While the existing townships are struggling to adopt innovations in their regular services for reducing the energy and environmental footprints, a more conservative and sustainable approach is anticipated by evaluating the infrastructural project activity right from its inception. In this regard, consideration of design features can be adopted by virtue of advanced materials and construction techniques that can fulfill regulatory compliances and ensure safe and sustainable construction with energy and economic benefits. The present study proposes a comprehensive structural design-based protocol tailored for the construction of energy-efficient buildings in the context of smart city projects in India. At the outset, the framework primarily addresses some of the key parameters such as material selection, building orientation, passive design strategies, and innovative structural systems, which include structural analysis and design considering provisions for alternative energy sources and ventilation space. By incorporating state-of-the-art smart technologies such as IoT-based sensor networks, building automation systems, and data analytics, the protocol aims to optimize the dynamic interplay between the structural integrity of the building and its energy performance. The results indicate that utilization of building blocks made of recycled aggregates have reduced the dead load and thermal insulation requirements for the building. The proposed framework integrates concepts of structural design, recycled materials, building energy conservation and smart control systems for reshaping the urban spaces to adopt sustainability in the fabric of smart cities.

A. Jayaraman, M. Vasudevan, C. Sasikumar
Promoting Sustainable Concrete Construction: Evaluating Water Sources for Strength and Viability

Amidst increasing water scarcity, the construction industry faces significant challenges due to its high water consumption. This study investigates the impact of using different water sources—tap water, river water, groundwater, and sewage water—on concrete strength. A total of 24 concrete cubes were prepared and tested for compressive strength after 7 and 28 days of curing. Results indicate that tap water and river water yielded satisfactory strengths, suitable for continuous use in concrete production. In contrast, groundwater and sewage water produced unsatisfactory strengths, with sewage water achieving only 77.6% of the required strength. However, saltwater cubes reached 90% of the expected strength, suggesting minor treatment could make groundwater viable. High levels of solids and salts in groundwater and sewage water hinder cement hydration. Establishing on-site treatment facilities could enable the use of saltwater and sewage water, promoting sustainable construction practices amidst growing water scarcity.

Rewa Bochare, Monika Dagliya, Bindiya Sharma, Navneeta Upadhyay, Supriya Vyas
Fly Ash Based Papercrete Blocks—Sustainable and Lightweight Building Solution

The increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from cement production in the construction industry have become a global concern. To address the environmental impact associated with cement manufacturing and the depletion of natural resources, the development of alternative materials for sustainable construction is crucial. Papercrete is a sustainable building material made by combining wastepaper fibers with a mixture of cement, sand, and water. The addition of wastepaper fibers enhances the properties of the mixture, including improved thermal insulation, sound absorption, and reduced environmental impact. Papercrete offers numerous advantages in the construction industry, including a low carbon footprint, utilization of recycled materials, low embodied energy, high strength-to-weight ratio, aesthetic appeal, and cost-effectiveness. This abstract emphasizes the urgent need to adopt sustainable practices in the construction industry. The utilization of papercrete presents a promising solution by reducing cement consumption and effectively recycling wastepaper.

J. Anitha, N. Tamil Selvi, Fatima Bacha
Analysis of Railway Bridge of Various Spans of Composite Standard RDSO Girder for Rail Structure Interaction

Long welded rails (LWR) have been used in metro rail systems to provide smoother, safer and less maintenance-requiring operations at high speeds. Due to the configuration of the interconnection of rail and deck systems, there is interaction in power transfer. Rail-structure interaction (RSI) analysis is a technique used to examine this effect in structures. The performance of the composite structure, rail stress and relative deformations were analyzed. Limits of overhead and the impact of RSI analysis are mentioned, according to the guidance of RDSO and UIC standards. The first floor of the viaduct construction, which is planned to be built on two floors, will carry the road load, and the second floor of the railway will carry the traffic. It is recommended to use four continuous decks on highway bridge decks to protect passengers from discomfort caused by continuous joints and to ensure a comfortable journey. This paper considers the above two-storey superstructure complex with different types of superstructure at the metro level due to the need for monitoring such as U-beam slab, I-beam slab for each road, and examines the impact of RSI on the road. The highway Level has a continuous slab and I used the beam slab as a slab for the two lanes of the transition/pocket. To examine the interaction between bilayer bridge structures, endpoint analysis was performed using the MIDAS CIVIL software analysis tool. The ballastless runway and bridge deck in this study were attached using multilinear elastic springs approved by UIC 774-3R, with additional limits per IRS and IRC regulations. This study examines the behavior of infrastructure as a result of temperature and live pressure and force loads at the metro system and highway level.

Jaikishan Shriram Bhardhwaj, Prashant D. Hiwase, Akhshay Doble
Comparative Study on Design and Construction Methodology of Precast Box Type Road Under Bridge by Box Pushing Techniques Using PTFE Sheet

The work to be done for the expansion of current streets using box pushing is outlined in the project named analysis and plan and execution of cross traffic works in railroads utilizing box pushing method (RUB).methods for the rail beneath the scaffolds. It also explains the approach used in the box pushing strategy’s execution. The strategy will be executed in compliance with Indian models, namely the Indian railroad regulations and the IRC, IRS, and IS CODESwhereby the precast box used for the extending and the plan of major components push bed are completed in accordance with IRS rules. The pre-thrown box design is completed using STAAD genius. It also includes the format of support details of two important structures that are used in this approach apart from the conventional method, namely the push bed (principal bed and helper bed) and the pre-thrown box. In railroads, underpasses must be built whenever necessary, whether for a canal crossing, RUBs (rail under scaffolds), a program to enlarge already-existing rail route ducts, etc. The technique of BOX PUSHING is applied. In contrast to conventional approaches, the box pushing strategy is often favored as the job must be managed without interfering with train traffic. Due to rapid advancements, the volume of traffic on both the rail and road nowadays is so great that old methods, such open-cut framework, are unable to keep up with the expansion of underpasses or canal crossings, trash, and other issues. Box Pushing Technique: R.C.C. boxes are partially thrown outdoors and pushed by jacking through the massive banks of rail or road.

Abhinav Wanwade, Sharda Sidhh
Effect of Incorporation of Geopolymer Fly Ash Sand in Mortar and Concrete

Natural resources are finite and hence its over-exploitation will result in scarcity of the material in future. Judicious use of natural materials will lead to sustainable development. Due to tremendous growth in infrastructure projects and the housing sector, concrete is the most demanding construction material. In this investigation comparison was carried out for concrete incorporating natural river sand (NRS) and concrete with geopolymer fly ash sand (GFAS). Pulverized coal fly ash (FA) and the solution of a sodium-based alkaline activator were used to make GFAS. GFAS was produced with 4 Molar NaOH solutions and the ratio of sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide (Na2SiO3/NaOH) between 1.5 and 2.5 with an incremental increase of 0.5. The study aims to compare the mechanical properties and durability characteristics of concrete with 25% and 50% GFAS as replacement of NRS in concrete with those of concrete with 100% NRS. It was observed in the investigation that the mechanical strength of the concrete containing 25% of NRS substituted with GFAS was suitable and comparable to that of NRS in concrete. This suggests that it is feasible to use geopolymer fly ash sand in place of river sand in construction projects to the tune of 25% replacement of NRS.

Shrusti Bhavin Patel, Shivanjali Rawat, Sonal Pragnesh Thakkar
Fresh and Compressive Strength Properties of Self Compacting Concrete Produced by Silica Fume and Waste Rubber

Sand that is produced by depleting natural resources in order to produce concrete in compliance with production requirements is becoming more and more available. In order to use waste tyre aggregate (WT) in the construction sector and lower the aggregate content. This serves as the foundation for sustainable manufacturing and the preservation of the environment. The investigation maintains a constant water/binder ratio of 0.40 and a binder dosage of 530 kg/m3. Sand and cement are substituted for waste tyre and silica fume (SF) in the amounts of 10% and 15% by volume and 15% by weight, respectively. This makes it feasible for the evaluation of the compressive strength, slump flow, and V-funnel of SCC mixes. The SCC’s compressive strength was measured after a 28-day curing time. According to test results, WT replacement concrete has each of these characteristics and can be utilized in civil engineering.

Raju Ranjan Kumar, Tabrej Alam, Rahul Kumar
A Critical Review of Fresh, Hardened and Durability Properties of 3D Printing Concrete

Geometric complexity in construction can be easily achieved through 3D printing technology when compared to tradition construction technology. Effective use of 3D printing technology in construction of buildings can lead to reduced usage of materials and energy, flexibility in design, cost and time consumption. This review article mainly focuses on the research contributions pertaining to fresh, hardened and durability properties of 3D printing concrete. Furthermore, emerging techniques and materials used in 3D printing construction, challenges in implementation and corrective measures to increase the feasibility of using 3D printing technology in the field of construction technology have been elaborately discussed in this study. Critical review of literatures proved that the workability, strength and durability performance of 3D printing concrete are effectively enhanced by appropriate mix design and the performance of 3D printing concrete can be improved by including suitable fibers, mineral admixtures and chemical admixtures.

K. S. Elango, R. Saravanakumar, D. Vivek, S. Yuvaraj, P. Prasanthni
Flexural Strength Behaviour of Microbial Blended Concrete Beams

One of the biggest issues facing the building sector is concrete cracks. Usually, some sort of human involvement is used to fix any fissures, and especially in concrete structures, cracks require expensive and even unattainable human maintenance at regular intervals. The inclusion of bacteria may be a very beneficial solution to this issue, as it can reduce maintenance requirements and improve concrete’s longevity. Bacillus subtilis bacteria have the ability to produce calcium carbonate crystals through metabolic processes. When incorporated into concrete mixtures, these bacteria can promote the formation of calcium carbonate, which fills in fissures and pores within the concrete matrix, enhancing its strength and durability. This investigation experimentally deals with the flexural strength characteristics of blended concrete beams made of partial replacement of cement by GGBS and Metakaolin at an amount of 10% each (optimum percentage obtained by using different percentages of both admixtures) and compared with blended concrete beams incorporated with Bacillus subtilis bacterium. The capacity of load-carrying and deflection criteria of conventional beams were found and compared with those of blended concrete beams and beams incorporated with bacteria. In addition to this, the research also focused on the self-healing capacity of Microbial concrete beams which are kept under conventional (water) curing and saturated soil exposure after flexural strength test, was determined by evaluating the crack width healing using an ultrasonic pulse velocity test. The test results show that bacterially blended concrete beams attained higher load-carrying capacity as well as greater healing of cracks when compared to other beams.

C. Venkata Sai Nagendra, N. Jayaramappa
Influential Parameters on the Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete—A Comprehensive Review

Clearance of huge amount of construction debris and the related issues to the environment are to be resolved and the problems concerning deficiency of natural aggregates also need to be addressed. Preparation of design guidelines and providing suitable endorsements for accepting concrete from reclaimed aggregates will benefit stakeholders like the designers, builders, clients, professional bodies of civil engineering, contractors, and the other consumers for getting consciousness about the effective application of Construction and Demolition (C & D) wastes for practical implementation for real time projects. That requires the complete understanding of the properties of aggregates recycled from C & D wastes, their influences on the properties of concrete including their merits and demerits, challenges in their applications and the research directions that are required for the practical applicability of these aggregates in construction. Hence, an effort has been made to explore the preceding investigates of Recycled Concrete (RC) primarily concentrating on the effect of few influential parameters like quality and quantity of aggregates, water-cement ratio, supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) and treatment of aggregates.

Kumutha Rathinam, S. Maheswaran
Mechanical Characterization and Micro-analysis of Pavement Material Blended with Crumb Rubber, Basalt and Steel Fiber

The current study aims to reduce industrial waste disposal by examining the mechanical properties of crumb rubber in pavement layers. The study evaluated the effects of crumb rubber in the concrete mix related to compressive, flexural, and tensile strength. Further, the study also focuses on microstructure analysis with the help of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) test. The load-transfer efficiency of crumb rubber concrete leads to higher resistance against cracks developed in pavement structures. Further, it revealed that crumb rubber concrete provided better fatigue performance while decreasing the crack tendency. The study indicated that the concrete mixed with 10% crumb rubber (CR) partially replaced coarse aggregate yielded good strength. Further, adding 2% basalt fiber and steel fiber enhances the flexural and tensile strengths, respectively. The study concluded that using crumb rubber concrete in pavement structures gives better solutions for sustainable materials and efficient use of waste management.

D. Harinder, J. Y. V. Shiva Bhushan, K. Pardhasaradhi, P. Z. Seenu
Design Aspects of Lightweight Building Blocks Using a Novel Mixture of Nanomaterials for Low-Cost Construction

Structural failures due to excess dead-weight pause critical challenges in the structural integrity and safety in the construction industry. The quantity of dead load is usually well ascertained during the design step and has a long-term permanent effect on the structural behavior. Any reduction in the dead load due to the change of building materials can be viewed as an opportunity to ascertain the structural health, economic benefit, and environmental compliance. Present study investigates the suitability of three types of nanomaterials (lime—CaO, gypsum—CaSO4.2H2O and aluminum oxide—Al2O3) along with fly ash as potential replacements to cement (by 5–20%) for preparing lightweight building blocks by optimizing their proportions and testing their performances. The test results showed that an equi-molar mixture of lime, gypsum, and alumina along with fly ash exhibited higher compressive strength and durability compared to the other mixtures. The selection of appropriate combination of nanoparticles is found to be critical in ensuring the desired engineering properties for the casted specimens. Further, the study advocates reuse of industrial wastes for preparing building elements thereby helping to achieve circular economy in the construction industry.

A. Jayaraman, M. Vasudevan, S. Sowsuriya, S. P. Guganesh, K. Dhanusuya, M. Vishnukanth
Performance Analysis of Green Friction Brake Pad Materials for Environment Sustainability: A Review

This paper examines the tribological behaviour of environmentally friendly brake pad materials, such as rice husk (RH) and rice husk ash (RHA). Using the AK Master test in a brake tribometer, two formulations with 6% RH and 6% RHA are contrasted using a formulation of reference including alumina. The outcomes demonstrate that, especially in high-temperature situations, the formulation including RHA performs on par with or better than the referred material. RH decreases abrasive action, resulting in a more uniform tribofilm on the disc. The study demonstrates how bio-based and naturally produced materials may be used to solve environmental issues, investigate life cycle analysis consequences, and build eco-friendly brake friction composites. It is also shown that it is feasible to include brake pad waste (BPW) in asphalt mixes to improve pavement performance and lessen environmental effect. All things considered, the study offers insightful information on the performance evaluation of environmentally sustainable green friction brake pad materials.

Manan N. Chheda, Basavaraj Kothavale
The Impact of an External Electric Field on As-Doped One-Dimensional Silicene

This research explores the impact of doping silicene nanoribbons with arsenic atoms. The study focuses on two specific configurations: substituting a single silicon atom with an arsenic atom and replacing half the Si atoms in the unit cell. Using first principles theory, the system's electrical properties are investigated. The formation energies will be analyzed to identify the optimal structure when silicon atoms are replaced with arsenic atoms in all configurations. Furthermore, an external electric field of 0.3 eV/Å is applied to the system. This field causes alterations in the electronic properties, including changes to the bandgap. The introduction of an electric field results in significant modifications to the energy band structure, underscoring its potential for broad applications in materials science.

Hoang Van Ngoc
A Concise Tutorial Review on Emerging Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Focus on Na3V2(PO4)

This review paper aims to provide a concise analysis of the potential of Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) as a promising cathode material for Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs) in the context of sustainable energy storage systems. NVP, a polyanionic compound with a three-dimensional NASICON structure, has a substantial theoretical capacity, exceptional thermal and structural stability, and noteworthy cycle performance. These characteristics position NVP as a very promising contender within the field of energy storage. Nevertheless, the material encounters obstacles such as limited electrical conductivity and intricate production techniques. The present study provides an in-depth analysis of the crystal structure, synthesis procedures, and electrochemical characteristics of NVP. It concentrates the implementation of many new strategies aimed at improving its performance, including cation–anion control, Na-rich cathode design, and carbon-coating using sol–gel synthesis. The investigation of these methodologies is grounded on recent breakthroughs in research, which have shown enhanced capabilities, durability, and the potential to reverse structural modifications in NVP compounds. This paper offers a thorough analysis of the current NVP cathode material, highlighting prospective avenues for its enhancement. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the advancement of economically viable and high-performing SIBs.

P. V. P. Renu Prakash, Gangidi Sri Sahasra Reddy, Sravya Kolluru, Gaurav Mahnot Jain, Dhruv Gollapudi, Gubbala V. Ramesh
Investigation of Viscosity and Tribological Characteristics of Cashew Nut Shell Oil and Castor Oil Blends Using ZDDP as Additives

The smooth operation of machines is largely influenced by lubricants. Lubrication can be accomplished using grease and oil. Although mineral-based oils are a more affordable option, they are used to synthesize conventional lubricants. Given the environmental impact of depleted mineral oils, there’s an urgent need for a cleaner, more affordable, and dependable lubricant source. A variety of biodegradable raw materials are used to create the biodegradable lubricant, which is being researched and evaluated for use in lubrication. The use of metallic soap thickeners and biogenic base oils in numerous compositions is increasingly being tested today. Furthermore, extensive research has been conducted on biogenic thickeners and entirely biogenic lubricants sourced from vegetable oils, offering significant potential for applications in the agriculture and food processing sectors. The focus of this study is on the formulation, characterization, and use of entirely biogenic lubricants. The prepared sample exhibited superior attributes compared to the introduced sample, including viscosity in comparison to lubricants based on mineral oil.

Ravikiran, B. Sachin, T. Raghavendra, R. Madhusudhana, S. L. Aravind, Gurukiran Kashyaup
Tribological Properties of Inconel718 Samples Prepared Through Selective Laser Melting

The paper discusses in detail the tribological properties of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) manufactured Inconel718 using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Inconel with γ′ and γ″ phases is an age hardenable alloy, tailoring suitable phases can improve tribological properties. Homogenization heat treatment that had been done according to the AMS 5662 procedure, the micro hardness of the as-built sample which had the least hardness range increased by 69.79% due to the influence of γ and γ″ phases after homogenization heat treatment. The tribology of as-built samples and the samples after heat treatment is evaluated at room temperature to establish a relationship between the microstructural evolution and tribological properties of Inconel718.

B. S. Arun, S. S. Sarath, S. I. Jithu, G. S. Gokul, R. Aravind, R. Anand Sekhar
Green Tribology of Biocomposites Fabricated with Bast Fibre Reinforcement in Different Polymeric Matrix: A Review

Biocomposites are the green materials fabricated by natural fibre reinforcement within the polymeric matrix and have the characteristics of eco-friendliness, bio-degradability, non-toxicity, reduced carbon footprints, viable strength to weight ratio, and complete or partial recyclability. Due to these characteristics, biocomposites are being explored for many applications such as automotive, aerospace, building construction, and packaging. The mechanical characterization of biocomposites is widely explored field, but the tribological performance of these composites is tempting researchers to gain in-depth view of their running-in behavior under different operating parameters. The introductory section of chapter discusses about the green industry concept including role of green materials and sustainability. The further section reports an overview of green tribology; followed by review of friction and wear performance of biocomposites made of bast fibres (jute, kenaf, hemp and sugarcane). The tribological review of these fibres is based on fibre content, fibre orientation, fibre treatment and addition of filler in composite. The effect of fibre-matrix interface and transfer layer on tribological properties of green composites are also discussed, followed by conclusion and future scope.

Nikhil Mohan Vyas, Yashwant Kumar Yadav, Savita Dixit, Sanjay Katarey, Ashish Manoria
Impact and Flexural Strength of Denture Base Resin Reinforced with Tungsten Disulfide Nanoparticles: An In-Vitro Study

Flexural fatigue and Impact failure are the two primary causes of Denture fractures that occur in usage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporation of WS2 NPs on the Impact Strength and Flexural Strength of Heat-Cured PMMA Denture Base Resin. 90 Specimens were tested in total. Subgroups A and B were reinforced with 0.05% and 0.1% WS2 NPs with Subgroup C as Control. Group1 and 2 were tested for Impact and Flexural strength respectively. Data analysis by SPSS Version 25 software. Group1 showed significantly increased Impact strength of PMMA (P < .001). Group2 showed Comparative improvement in the Flexural strength of PMMA (P = .106). Independent samples t-test revealed a statistically significant improvement in the flexural strength of 0.1% when compared to the control group. Thus, it is concluded that adding 0.1% of WS2 NPs can significantly improve the Impact strength and Flexural strength of PMMA Denture base resin.

J. Monisha, K. N. Raghavendra Swamy, S. Meenakshi
Some Studies on the A-TIG Welding on Stainless Steel 409L Plates

Conventional TIG welding is generally used for joining thinner materials due to its slower deposition rate, and the necessity for separate filler material which increases the expense and difficulty. Addressing these concerns, Activated TIG (A-TIG) welding is proposed as a solution, enhancing weld quality and efficiency on thicker plates. In this research, the technique of A-TIG welding is used to weld 6 mm thickness of 409L Stainless Steel plates. Different fluxes have been used, and their effects are examined on the resulting characteristics like surface appearance, angular distortion, depth of penetration (D.O.P), bead width, corrosion resistance, and arc constriction, respectively. These results were then compared with the ones of conventional TIG welding. It is observed that there is an overall improvement in weld depth, width, corrosion resistance, angular distortion, and arc heat transfer. However, surface appearance was found to be adversely affected to some extent in the case of certain fluxes. Examination of the various results further revealed that TiO2 flux exhibits the optimal values for almost all the desirable characteristics mentioned above except corrosion resistance. This experimental investigation concludes that out of all fluxes used in the present work, TiO2 is the one which can be recommended as the right flux for the material understudy in fabrication industries due to its favorable results.

Annvicsha, Ansh Singh, Krithika, Pradeep Khanna
A Brief Overview of Biowaste-Derived Porous Carbon for Superior ORR Activity in Fuel Cells

This study investigates the use of carbon (PC) materials derived from biowaste to improve the efficiency of oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in fuel cell cathodes. This article focuses on the techniques for making nitrogen doped biochar microspheres (BCM) from pomelo peel, and how they outperform organic sources. To improve the efficiency and stability of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the research details advancements in nanocomposite catalysts, such as Fe3C/WC/GC supported on graphitic carbon produced from pomelo peel. The performance of PCs in ORR activity, stability, and resistance to methanol compared to Pt/C catalysts is shown by evaluating the influence of nitrogen doping and their hierarchical structure. In this concise review, we have shown how biowaste-derived PCs might be used in fuel cell technology to improve high-performance electrocatalysis and demonstrate the benefits of recycling organic waste into useful energy.

Gangidi Sri Sahasra Reddy, P. V. P. Renu Prakash, Sravya Kolluru, Gaurav Mahnot Jain, Lingala Eswaraditya Reddy, Gubbala V. Ramesh
Influence of Green Synthesized rGO on Flexural Strength of Autopolymerizing Resin

PMMA is used extensively for fabricating dentures due to its compatibility, processing ease, and esthetics. However, its low strength often results in frequent fractures,, which are repaired using autopolymerizing resins that retain 60–65% strength. This study aim to evaluate the flexural strength of autopolymerizing resin with various concentrations of biosynthesized rGO NPs and compare the strength difference between reinforced and unreinforced forms. 64 Specimens were used for testing.. Groups A, B, and C were reinforced with 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025% reduced Graphenes Oxide (rGO) nanoparticleswith group D as Control. All the groups were tested for flexural strength and the data was analyzed by SPSS Version 25 software. Incorporation of 0.1% rGO into autopolymerizing resin enhanced flexural strength by 2.69 times. On the contrary, there was no significant difference in the mean values obtained between 0.025% rGO and 0.05% rGO incorporated resin.

S. Dishi, S. Ganesh, P. Shubha
PLA Based 3D Printed Nanocomposite Self Sensing Strain Sensor for Structural Health Monitoring Applications

Nanotechnology has potential applications in creating self-sensing smart materials. The nanomaterials are used to develop the 3D printed nanocomposites strain sensors that have better mechanical and piezoelectric properties. In the current study, strain sensors are developed by adding carbon fiber and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) into epoxy matrix, which acts as a conductive path, and integrated into a polylactic acid (PLA)-based 3D printed composite. Electromechanical tests are performed to assess the piezoelectrical properties of these sensor by applying a gradual increase in mechanical loading, such as flexural testing on the sensor and compression testing on a cube is carried out by embedding theses sensor. A finite element model is developed to evaluate the critical stress between fibre and PLA composites of the sensor. The current study describes a self-sensing piezoresistive sensor capable of monitoring strain in structures. The experimental study demonstrates the integration of nanomaterials with 3D printed specimens, resulting in a promising smart self-sensing strain sensor.

Prateek K. Chate, A. K. Roopa, A. M. Hunashyal
Advancements in the Synthesis of MFe2O4 Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications

This review study investigates the many synthetic strategies employed for the production of magnetite-based ferrite nanoparticles (MFe2O4), with a specific emphasis on their possible usefulness in combating bacterial infections. The aforementioned techniques encompass co-precipitation, hydrothermal, sol–gel, and solvothermal methodologies, each presenting distinct advantages in terms of particle dimensions, dispersion characteristics, and surface attributes. The study also investigates the doping of MFe2O4 nanoparticles with diverse metals in order to augment their magnetic and antibacterial characteristics. The review finds that the antibacterial efficacy of MFe2O4 nanoparticles is significant, since having the capacity to generate reactive oxygen species and disrupt the integrity of bacterial cell membranes. MFe2O4 nanoparticles have considerable potential as a class of antibacterial agents.

G. Ameer Basha, C. V. Krishna Reddy, Lingala Eswaraditya Reddy, Dhruv Gollapudi, Gubbala V. Ramesh
Experimental Assessment and Verification of Biomechanical Properties of Newly Designed Bone Scaffold Using FEA

Porous structures are now recognized as a viable approach to regenerating fractured bone in biomedical applications. The goal of this study is to evaluate the stress distribution patterns in various unit cell designs, comprising variation in porosity ranging from approximately 65–85%. Further, a biocompatible liquid resin has been considered for numerical (FEA) and experimental analysis, and manufacturing scaffolds using the Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA) process. A compression test was performed on all the four designs to validate the load-bearing capacity and compressive strength of the scaffolds. In these findings, the square pyramid and octagonal truss scaffolds showed lower compressive stress values as compared to FCC and BCC designs as strut diameter increased. Moreover, the load-bearing capacity of square pyramid and octagonal truss scaffold was found higher with P3 models. Employing optimal scaffold structures in the field of tissue engineering can help improve the dependability of bone regeneration.

Tushar Sapre, Prathamesh Deshmukh, Vedang Gadgil, Shriram Kumbhojkar, Pankaj Dhatrak
Olive Oil Based Nanoemulsion as a Potential Therapy for Advanced Wound Care

Prolonged wound healing often leads to the formation of necrotic tissue, which promotes the growth of bacteria and inflammation by extending the healing period of the wound. Carbon Quantum Dot and Extra Virgin Olive oil nanoemulsion of about 30 nm are combined for wound care. The optical properties of the Carbon quantum dots were analyzed with surface morphology and components of the bioactive nanoemulsion were characterized via XRD, FTIR, FESEM and TEM. Synthesized nanoemulsion exhibited good antimicrobial activity and this study reveals the broad-spectrum antioxidant properties of nanoemulsion that neutralize free-radicals and reduce oxidative stress, accelerating wound healing and lowering the risk of secondary infections. Photocatalytic nanoemulsions could rupture bacterial cell membranes and release reactive oxygen species, which can limit bacterial growth by establishing a sterile environment for healing. This bioactive nanoemulsion could be a quantum leap on advanced wound care providing a promising opportunity for advanced wound therapy research.

R. I. Jari Litany, P. K. Praseetha
Design of a Device for Stimulation of Biologically Active Points

One of the prospective and newest treatment methods of modern electrostimulation is treatment using rhythmic (impulse, trapezoidal, exponential) currents. Indicators of such rhythmic currents should be determined in such a way that they correspond to the physiological rhythm of the biological system in action. For this purpose, the article looks at the design of the stimulation device on the NE555 digital timer in order to stimulate biologically active points. As a result of the stability of the microcircuit, hard pulses are obtained, so it is recommended to use it in the design of the impact device on biologically active points. By means of frequency modulation, two working frequencies were determined in the stimulation device: low frequency range (< 10 Hz), high frequency range (> 50 Hz).

Arzu E. Ibrahimova, Gadir A. Gafarov
Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Biological Objects

The amount of energy absorption of electromagnetic rays entering the human body is a very complex function, it depends on the properties of tissues, their geometrical dimensions and the conditions of radiation. Studies show that the penetration of electromagnetic rays into the biological environment depends on the value of the wavelength. The strength of the specific radiation zone of the human body is calculated by mathematical methods. It is assumed that the intensity of the incident rays is taken as 1 mW/cm2, and resonance absorption occurs here. At this time, the amount of power released in the frequency range of 300–400 MgHz in the human head becomes even smaller. It is known that the human body is considered transparent for low frequency. That is, the frequency of 5, 10, 25, 50, and 1000 Hz penetrates into the deeper layers of the tissues of the body. Therefore, most magnetic therapy devices produce the indicated frequencies. The statistics reflecting the condition of diseases that can be treated with magnetotherapy in Azerbaijan have been studied until recent years and presented in the form of a table.

Rahim M. Rahimov, Nizami M. Suleymanov, Almaz M. Mehdiyeva
Advance Technologies to Eliminate Environmental Problems of Oil and Gas Processing

The threat is the degree of possible damage to a person, property and the environment due to the destruction of structures and technical devices, explosion and the release of hazardous substances. An analysis of modern methods of risk assessment and decision-making, under conditions of uncertainty, showed that different authors consider the term “risk” differently. Most often, the concept of risk is associated with the probability of an undesirable event occurring. The consequence of a threat is a risk, which with a certain degree of probability can lead to both negative and positive consequences, but the negative consequences are followed by danger and threat. Geoinformation technology is considered to be the most up-to-date method for identifying and eliminating accidents that may occur in pipelines carrying oil and oil products. The programming models the location of potential accidents in pipelines carrying oil and petroleum products. Based on the results of modeling, the probability of accidents decreases, the time and costs spent on their elimination are reduced to a minimum. In order to effectively eliminate pollution of the environment with oil hydrocarbons, regulatory and legal acts have been adopted for departments and organizations engaged in oil extraction, transportation, processing and export. To protect water bodies from hydrocarbon pollution, various methods are used—localization (prevention of spread), pneumatic barriers, earthen dams, hydraulic seals, burning of oil curtains on the water surface, sorbents and dispersants. To eliminate the accident in this phase and limit the severity of its consequences, the forces and means of the services of regional and local bodies of the Ministry for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations should be introduced. To predict the possibility of major accidents, predict the scenario for the development of the consequences of a possible accident, as well as to build their typical models in the sequence of development of emergencies, five typical phases can be distinguished.

Farid H. Agayev, Almaz M. Mehdiyeva, Arzu E. Ibrahimova
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanomaterials from Waste Plastic and Their Emerging Applications: A Review

Waste plastics include PP (polypropylene), high and low density polyethylene (HDPE & LDPE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), constitute an important part of the waste generated worldwide. For a long time, scientists have looking to address this issue. Research is still in its early stages, but it appears to be a viable route towards both waste reduction and the production of value added materials such as quantum dots, nanosheets, nanoparticles, nanorods, nanospheres, nanotubes, etc. To eliminate dangerous contaminants from wastewater, i.e., dyes, heavy metals, pesticides, poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using carbonaceous products, this review examined the synthesis, characterization, and remediation processes. Synthesis procedures includes soft mechano-chemical pathway, co-precipitation, fuel-oxide assisted combustion method, chemical vapour deposition, spray-pyrolysis, micro-emulsion, PWD (pulsed-wire-discharge), sol-gel method, and hydrothermal processes. TGA (Thermogravimetric analysis), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and 2 point probe electrical resistivity are the methods used to characterize carbon nanomaterials. Wastewater remediation includes advanced oxidation process, flocculation, sedimentation, bioretention and use of carbon nanoparticles. In order to realize the zerowaste concept, the synthesis of carbon nanoparticles from waste plastic using low energy processes and environmentally friendly benign resources was reviewed.

Nisha Patidar, Nitish Gupta, Dheeraj Mandloi
Minimising Size and Polydispersity of Nanoparticles: Role of Microwaves and Choice of Appropriate Surfactants

The control of size and dispersity of particles is a crucial aspect of nanoparticle preparation. In this work we report on the use of microwaves along with appropriate choice of surfactants in the reverse micelle method of preparation of nanoparticles of the doped rare earth manganite Sm0.42Ca0.58MnO3 and compare the results with those obtained from conventional reverse micelle technique. We find that the microwave assisted method enables reducing the reaction time dramatically and results in nanoparticles of much smaller size. We also optimise the selection and combination of surfactants as well as the surfactants to water ratio and find that the use of surfactants CTAB/Heptanol/Octanol in the ratio 1.066 with water enables the preparation of particles of smaller size and minimal polydispersity. The study of such particles is expected to lead to the resolution of the longstanding issue of the nature of the charge order (CO) melting in nanomanganites, namely whether the size induced melting of CO in nanomanganites is complete or some residual short-range CO always persists.

Pratheek, Balachandra G. Hegde, Subray V. Bhat
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline-Tungsten Trioxide Nanocomposites for Room Temperature Detection of Malaria Biomarkers

This paper explores the synthesis and properties of Polyaniline-Tungsten Oxide (PAni-WO3) nanocomposites based chemiresistor for the sensing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), specifically α-pinene and limonene, which serve as biomarkers for malaria. The study emphasizes the need for effective VOC sensors due to their low boiling points and high vapor pressures, which result in significant health impacts when present at high concentrations indoors. Traditional detection methods, although accurate, are often costly, time-consuming, and require specialized personnel. This work presents the development of a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and user-friendly sensor utilizing conducting polymers, particularly polyaniline, which is known for its stability, selectivity, and rapid response at room temperature. The PAni-WO3 nanocomposites were synthesized, and their morphological and crystalline structures were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Electrical studies were done to examine the transport properties of synthesized samples at room temperature. The sensing capabilities of these composites were evaluated by measuring resistance variations using the DMM6500 61/2 Digit Multimeter upon exposure to α-pinene and limonene. The resistance was found to vary as the concentration of VOCs increased from 1 to 5 ppm. The results demonstrate that PAni-WO3 nanocomposites offer promising sensitivity and selectivity for VOC detection at room temperature, making them suitable for real-world uses in health monitoring and environmental safety.

M. Keerthana, M. S. Suma, P. Jisha, Saisha Vinjamuri
Etching Technologies in Semiconductor Manufacturing: A Short Review

In semiconductor fabrication process etching is a fundamental technology, where it is used to selectively remove material from the surface of a wafer. This step is vital in crafting the intricate patterns and features which form the basis of an integrated circuit. With the ongoing drive in the semiconductor industry towards miniaturization, more compact chips, the need for advanced etching techniques is more crucial than ever. Therefore, this technology must continuously improve and evolve to meet the ever-shrinking feature size requirements. Here, in this review work for EEGR 742 Microelectronics class the history and current state of art of etching technologies will be discussed. With that the major challenges in etching for future nodes, evaluating recent breakthroughs and research, and assessing the impact of these advancements on the industry will also be examined.

Sheikh S. Mahtab, Rapsan A. Anonto, Tanmay Talukder, Ahamed Raihan, Inzamamul Islam
Investigation on Wear Behaviour of Nano B4C Reinforced Composite with Zn Alloy Matrix

The current investigation employed a pin-on-disc wear testing setup to explore the effects of incorporating modest amounts of nano B4C on the wear behavior and coefficient of friction of a Zn alloy (85Zn-15Sn). The study delved into the performance of the Zn-Sn alloy under varying pressures (10, 20, 30, and 40 N) and sliding speeds (1.4, 1.8, 2.3, and 2.8 m/s) over a constant sliding distance of 2000 m. Wear rate characterization, along with coefficient of friction measurements, was conducted, supplemented by microanalysis utilizing SEM/EDX to examine the matrix and worn surfaces. The findings reveal that the wear rate of the Zn alloy increases with higher pressures, sliding speeds, and distances across all tested scenarios. However, the introduction of an 8 wt% B4C addition to the Zn alloy brings about a reduction in wear rate during testing. This reduction is attributed to the partial refinement of Zn dendrites and the precipitation hardening of solid solutions. Examination of the worn surfaces suggests that the sliding process leads to the formation of a substantial oxide layer, contributing to enhanced tribological performance.

Santosh Janamatti, Banakara Nagaraj, N. Keerthi Kumar, B. K. Pavan Kumar, B. P. Vijaykumar, Mallappa Hunasikatti
Aluminum Oxide (Al₂O₃) Particulates as Reinforcement in Polyethylene Tetraphalate (PET) Polymer: A Multifaceted Investigations

The polymer composites reinforced with ceramics materials have successfully replacing traditional materials in various applications. In this research, the properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Polymer and Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as reinforcement are investigated systematically. Both PET and Al2O3 powders were mixed homogeneously by ball milling and fabricated by injection molding machine as per ASTM standards. The outcome of Aluminum oxide (0–40 wt%) were investigated on the physical, mechanical, and Tribological properties. The distribution of Al2O3 particles in the matrix was analyzed by Optical microscopy, the results shown significant improvement in physical mechanical and Tribological properties. The microhardness, impact strength, and Tensile strength increased by 30% and 90%, 60% respectively, and percent elongation decreased, by 47%. The wear rate and Coefficient of friction also reduced. The results of PET/Al2O3 composites exhibit superior mechanical and Tribological properties. These properties show great potential materials for automotive, robotic, and food processing applications.

Mahesh A. Kori, Anand N. Sonnad, Shravankumar B. Kerur
Mechanical Characterization of Biopolymer Reinforced with Hybrid Natural Fibre Polymer Composite

Usage of polymeric materials with a sense of environmental sustainability is the objective of present research universally. Recycling/biodegradability are essential during the development of novel lightweight materials for engineering applications that lower carbon footprints. This current research highlights the development of a biodegradable polymer composite reinforced with hybrid natural fibres for improved mechanical strength. Biopolymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is considered as the matrix, which is reinforced with 10 wt% of banana fibre and varying proportions of coconut fibre (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt%) and the hybrid natural biopolymer composite (HNBPC) is fabricated using compression moulding method. The fabricated HNBPCs are characterized for their mechanical strength viz., tensile, flexural, impact, shore D hardness and compression strength as per ASTM standards. Observation shows that the hybrid reinforcements properly enhanced the mechanical strength and the fracture resistance until 10 wt% addition of coconut fibre, after which debonding of fibres results in decreased strength and stiffness.

N. Senthilkumar, B. Deepanraj, Feroz Shaik, Esther T. Akinlabi
Weldability Study of Ultrasonic Welding for ABS Material Used in Earphone Control Sockets

Ultrasonic welding is a widely used technique for joining thermoplastic materials due to its efficiency, speed, and reliability. In this study, we investigate the weldability of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) material used in the manufacturing of volume control sockets for earphones through ultrasonic welding. The experiments were designed to explore the effects of weld time, hold time, and input energy on the quality of welds. Various non-destructive, radiographic, and microstructural analyses were performed on the weld samples to evaluate their integrity and mechanical properties. The weldability study was conducted using a systematic approach, varying the process parameters systematically to observe their impact on the weld characteristics. The weld samples were subjected to microstructural studies using SEM and XRD analysis to assess the morphology, inconsistencies, chemical changes, phase composition, crystallinity, and thermal stability after the welding process. The results obtained from these tests were analyzed to draw correlations between the process parameters and the weld characteristics. By comparing the weld quality with variations in weld time, hold time and input energy, we were able to identify optimal welding conditions that maximize the strength and integrity of the welds while minimizing defects and inconsistencies. The significance of these findings lies in their contribution to establishing the weldability of ABS material using ultrasonic welding for earphone volume control sockets. The comprehensive characterization of the welds provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms governing the welding process and informs the development of optimized welding procedures for industrial applications. This study contributes to the advancement of ultrasonic welding technology in the production of high-quality plastic components with enhanced performance and reliability.

R. Sharanabasavaraj, Mukti Chaturvedi, S. Arungalai Vendan, G. C. Ganesha
Spectroscopic and X Ray Diffraction Studies on Ultrasonic Welded ABS Material for Laptop Charger Adapters

Ultrasonic welding has emerged as a promising technique for joining thermoplastic materials due to its efficiency and precision. In this study, we explore the application of ultrasonic welding for joining two parts of a laptop charger case made of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material. Weld trials were conducted with systematic variations in input energy, weld time, and hold time to investigate their effects on weld quality. Subsequently, the produced welds were subjected to comprehensive testing and characterization to evaluate their quality and to establish the dependency of weld characteristics on the process parameters. The characterization techniques employed include X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Through this experimental work, insights into the impact of process parameters for ultrasonic welding of ABS laptop charger cases are provided, enhancing understanding of the process and enabling improvements in welding efficiency and quality ultrasonic.

G. C. Ganesha, Mukti Chaturvedi, S. Arungalai Vendan, S. Theodore Chandra, R. Sharanabasavaraj
The Impact of Various Curing Agents on Bio-Based Epoxy Resin: A Comparative Analysis

The applicability of epoxy resins is well explored both in academic and industrial research. Material researchers already proved the impact of curing agents on the properties of various bio-based polymer systems. Particularly in the present work, we intend to explore the significance of various curing agents in tuning the properties of bioepoxy matrix. Similar studies have a high impact on developing sustainable and environment-friendly materials with improved properties for multidisciplinary utilities. In this study, our research group targeted to improve the competence of bio-based epoxy resins for diverse applications by investigating the effect of multiple curing agents including DETDA, Citric Acid (CA), and Tannic Acid (CA), on their characteristics. Our result indicates that Citric acid and Tannic acid cured bioepoxy composite have demonstrated superior mechanical and thermal potentials, compared to the traditional DETDA-cured polymer matrix. Our findings might be useful to encourage the research and use of bio-based epoxies and similar biobased polymer systems in various industries.

Akhila Raman, Christeena Anni Antony, Appukuttan Saritha
Enhancing Thermal Conductivity of Aluminium 6063 Alloy by Adding Titanium for Advanced Heat Sink Applications

This research investigates the augmentation of thermal conductivity in Aluminium alloy 6063 to optimize its performance for heat sink applications in power transistors, optoelectronics, and computer CPUs. Aluminium 6063, chosen for its superior extrudability and corrosion resistance, serves as the base material. Titanium, a commonly employed alloying element for property enhancement is incorporated using a stir casting procedure, generating alloy specimens with varying titanium content. Homogenization and aging processes are applied to the alloy samples. The study employs a heat flow meter test to quantify thermal conductivity changes relative to the reference metal, Aluminium 6063. Tensile strength testing is also conducted to assess mechnical characteristics of the advanced mettalic compositions. The anticipated outcomes include significant improvements in thermal conductivity and potential enhancements in tensile strength. This research holds implications for advancing heat sink technology, particularly in electronic devices requiring efficient heat dissipation. The paper discusses the methodology, results, and challenges encountered, and offers insights for future investigations.

C. M. Ramesha, P. Rajendra, H. S. Balasubramanya, S. Mohan Kumar, V. Ravi Kumar, M. E. Shashi Kumar
Mathematical Modeling to Predict Angular Distortion in MAG Single V Butt Welded Joint for Alloy Steel EN31 Plates

One of the most often utilized joining techniques in the manufacturing and construction sectors is MAG welding. The process is characterized by high welding speed, good quality welds, and the ability to weld any material for which filler is readily accessible. The process is versatile as it can be used in all position welding applications. Rapid cycles involving heating and cooling in arc welding processes result in the development of thermal stresses giving rise to several kinds of distortions, the most important of which is angular distortion. This angular distortion is totally undesirable as it may lead to the rejection of the weldment. Therefore, there should be every attempt to keep this to the minimum. The current study attempts to relate the angular distortion using the following input parameters: nozzle to plate distance [NPD], welding speed, wire feed rate [WFR], voltage, and torch angle. To determine a correlation between these input parameters and the angular distortion, a mathematical model has been generated to estimate the magnitude of resulting angular distortion at a particular collection of input parameters so that necessary preventive measures can be taken. The optimum values of the input parameters giving minimum angular distortion have been found out using a statistical technique called design of experiments.

Pranjal Vats, Annvicsha, Dushyant Sharma, Pradeep Khanna
Effectiveness of Silicon Carbide Reinforced Aluminium Composite for Piston Heads Based on Static and Thermal Analysis

The piston is a critical component of an engine, subjected to cyclic gas pressure and inertial forces during operation. These conditions expose the piston to various fatigue-induced wear such as side wear, piston head cracks, etc. Thus, it is essential for the designer to consider both dimensional and material aspects in the design considerations concerning a piston. This paper describes the procedural framework for designing a piston of a four-stroke engine. A systematic optimization of the same has been done by utilizing on three different materials. Conventionally, the piston is usually made of aluminium alloy, but this paper explores the possibility of using gray cast iron and aluminum silicon carbide composite. It involves modelling on SpaceClaim with further investigations on ANSYS Workbench. The model is analysed on thermal and static loading conditions and the results of the same are recorded numerically and graphically. The validation of the model developed is done by convergence and grid independence. Comparison between the experimental and the standard values are also done to ensure the accuracy of present model for further analysis.

Jayita Diwan, Jay Bhararia, Ayush Dwivedi, Garvit Aggarwal, Vivek Kumar, Vinay Panwar
Experimental Investigation on Stiffness to Load Ratio for L-Joint Composite

In today’s world, the use of composite materials is increasing as it has to fulfill the demand for new materials that can meet various requirements across different fields. Glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRPs) is a fiber reinforced polymers made of plastic matrix reinforced with fine fibers of glass. This study aims to determine the influence of hollow steel tube reinforced in composites. Experimental investigation on the strength of steel tube reinforced of E-glass polyester composite material L-section is carried out to increase the stiffness of glass/polyester composite material. Specimens with tubes will give thema higher strength than specimens without tubes.

Kuntanahal Rajashekhara, Yadavalli Basavaraj
Design and Analysis of Low-Cost Thrust Bearing for Low Horse Power Submersible Motor

This work aims to design and develop a stationary, low-cost thrust bearing with a fixed segment carrier combined with an existing rotating carbon thrust pad for use in low horse power submersible motors intended for household applications. The thrust bearing serves as a critical component in submersible motors, providing stability and support while lifting water. Positioned at the bottom of the submersible motor, the thrust bearing must withstand the total axial load acting upon it. The carbon thrust pad comprises resin-mixed carbon, fixed within a casting or mild steel/stainless steel holder, while the thrust bearings are crafted from stainless steel. These materials possess different hardness and density properties. During motor switching, the thrust bearing is subjected to the total load, including hydraulic force. The contact between the holder containing the carbon thrust pad and the thrust bearing carrier surface during operation poses a risk of damaging the carbon surface, which could potentially impact the functionality of the submersible motor. However, it's worth noting that household low horse power submersible motors generally experience minimal thrust loads. In this study, solid-type thrust bearing segment carriers made of stainless steel 420 were utilized. Thrust bearing segment carrier is produced as a casted part using the investment casting process. Post-casting, the cast part undergoes machining, followed by vacuum hardening to achieve the hardness in between 48 and 56 HRC. The subsequent surface grinding and lapping process smoothens the surface roughness to meet the requirement. The surface finish maintained less than Ra 0.2 microns. The primary objective of this study is to reduce part costs by minimizing the number of components while maintaining the performance standards observed in standard fixed-type segments.

K. Ravi Kumar, T. G. Arunkishore, Sunil S. R. Gangolli
Optımization of Inclined Landing Strut Angle in UAV

This paper proposes a balanced approach to design, analyze, and optimize the quadcopter landing gear strut. Designed to support the drone and mitigate landing impacts, this design is studied under static and impact loads for a quadcopter with a total mass of 2 kg and an additional 200 g payload on average. According to this, in addition to the literature review, the following studies are applied, and the design is implemented in SOLIDWORKS®: responsible for the drop test calculation, responsible for the impact force calculation, and drop test analysis. After connecting this with the SOLIDWORKS®-based design, ANSYS Workbench finite element analysis was used to make sure the parts designed can undergo these static loads. Moreover, FEA tasks are measured for two materials, determining deformation, maximum stress, and safety factor. In sum, weight reduction was the leading optimization aspect that reduced angles. Ultimately, the landing performance was enhanced by reducing the optimal strut to 10° and 35°. These analyses were completed through ANSYS Workbench, as discussed later.

Adarsh Patil, Nishad Hooli, Bhagyashree Yelamali, Om Prashanth, M. Sridhar, Achal Takale
Performance and Emission of Citrus Peel Derived Biodiesel Blends in Diesel Engines

This research aimed to explore the experimental analysis of biodiesel production from the peels of Citrus limetta and Citrus limon. Thermogravimetric analysis and attenuated total reflection spectroscopy were carried out to evaluate the thermal behaviour and chemical composition of the materials, which revealed that the feedstocks were suitable for biodiesel production. The trans-esterification process was responsible for the preparation of various blends, which were assayed for the performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder engine fuelled with diesel and its blends with biodiesel were tested in terms of brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and CO, HC, NO, and smoke emissions. Based on the obtained results, it is evident that pure diesel fuel had the highest brake thermal efficiency. Moreover, blends with a high fraction of biodiesel had relatively similar performance and emission characteristics. Overall, blends with high proportions of biodiesel generally produced slightly greater amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and smoke than diesel fuel. However, the values of the abovementioned variables were relatively small, indicating similar environmental impacts for the tested compositions of the blend.

L. Viveknijanthan, P. K. Srividhya, C. M. Vivek, P. Ramkumar
Comparative Analysis of Wheel Rims by Using FEA Method

As an integral part of car design, tyre rims play an important role in influencing car performance, protection, and fuel efficiency. This project conducts a comprehensive comparative evaluation of tyre rims, focusing on structural integrity across four widely used materials for making car rims: stainless steel, Aluminium Alloy(Al6061-T6), Titanium Alloy(Ti-6Al-4 V), and Carbon Fibre. The project starts with an in-intensity exploration of the Structural properties of every material. stainless steel regarded for its corrosion resistivity meets aluminium alloy recognized for its lightweight properties. A titanium alloy with the best strength-to-weight ratio and carbon fibre which gives good strength with low weight. The analysis includes mechanical properties analysis like- total deformation. equivalent stress and equivalent strain, supplying a comprehensive knowledge of the overall performance of each material and design. through a rigorous comparative analysis, this project goals to deliver treasured knowledge to the automotive industry.

Aman Rawat, Sambhav Jain, Udayan Tripathi
Preliminary Experimental Investigations on Machining Borosilicate Glass with a Developed Abrasive Jet Machining Setup

This article investigates the effects of process variables on the performance of a prototype Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) setup during the machining of Borosilicate glass using silicon carbide (SiC) abrasive particles. A custom AJM setup was successfully developed by testing and assembling various indigenous components, including an air compressor, mixing chamber, abrasive control unit, non-metallic hose pipes, and a machining chamber equipped with a vice. Comprehensive experiments were conducted on borosilicate glass workpieces to examine the effects of process parameters, such as gas pressure (Pg), nozzle tip distance (NTD), workpiece thickness, and abrasive grain size, on the Material Removal Rate (MRR). Initial observations indicated that the MRR increases with higher gas pressure and decreases with increased NTD, workpiece thickness, and abrasive grain size. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the machined workpieces was performed to identify micro-cracks, craters, and surface ripples. The results of this study provide insight into improving the performance and accuracy of AJM in processing glass materials.

B. K. Bhuyan, Ranveer Vohra, Pravabati Bhuyan
Implementing 3D Printing Material Selection using Multi-criteria Decision-Making Approach

The broad spectrum of 3D printing materials available makes the selection of the optimal material a complex and critical task. In this context, the present work employs the AHP and VIKOR method, a well-regarded Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach, to streamline this selection process. The study evaluates ten different materials based on eight essential mechanical properties: density, tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness and melting temperature. The AHP and VIKOR method facilitates an informed decision-making process by systematically ranking the materials based on multiple criteria. Furthermore, this study investigates the impact of equal-weight assignment strategies on the material selection outcome. This comprehensive approach aids in identifying the optimum material for 3D printing applications.

Y. Seshu, M. Tejaswa, V. Meghana, K. Anupama Francy, S. Venkata Sai Sudheer
Aerodynamics Analysis on Effects of Various Shock Control Bump Heights at Transonic Flight Regime

Decades of research on Supercritical Airfoil were conducted to boost an aircraft's efficiency at High Subsonic Speed. This research work analyzes the simulation on Supercritical wing SC (2)-0714 with Shock Control Bump of various heights at different angles of attack. A comparative study has been performed on aerodynamic characteristics between the models of variable heights. The foils were initially designed in Dassault’s Solidworks and imported to Ansys Fluent to test at Transonic Flow Regimes. The Obtained Results are validated and prove that the Shock Control Bump with low bump height is effective in delaying the drag at Mach 0.85. It is summarized that such Optimized Airfoil offers the maximum Cl and feasible in the Aviation Industry.

P. Catherine Victoria, G. Balaji, Ullamgunta Nithin Srinivas, Thummalapalli Danesh, Syed Mazz, G. Santhosh Kumar
CFD Analysis on Aerodynamics Performance of Delta Wing at Subsonic Speed

This paper presents the numerical analysis of the aerodynamic performance of two-dimensional delta wing configurations that are differentiated by two different sweep angles, such as 50° and 60°, respectively. The model is assumed and analysed with a very low inlet velocity and a low Reynold’s number. CFD simulation is carried out for the two different delta wings with various freestream velocities from 10 to 40 m/s with an interval of 10 m/s, and for the yaw angle of attack varying from 0° to 30° with a deflection of 5°. The contours for the pressure, velocity and vectors of the same are obtained to compare and analyze the satisfactory results. The Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) is performed using ANSYS fluent with SST k-ω turbulence models. The numerical study that reveals the result, the side force coefficient CF appears to reach it highest value of 4.45 at 60° delta model and value of 2 at 50° delta model respectively for angle of attack of 30°. Further, it observed that the coefficient of drag has more drop in drag in 60° delta wing than 50° delta wing.

G. Balaji, Monika Sastikar, Shratha Kishore, Prince Bharat, Nunna Krishna Murthy, G. Santhosh Kumar, S. Seralathan
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Shock Formation Over the Blunt Nose Cone

This experimental project aims to analyze the supersonic flow over blunt nose cone models in a supersonic wind tunnel. The project involves designing and fabricating nose cone models with different dimensions named as BNC-I, BNC-II and BNC-III. The models are tested in the Supersonic wind tunnel facility and Schlieren flow visualization setup which is located at HITS, Chennai to measure their aerodynamic characteristics and shock wave phenomenon. The Nose cone model is fixed in the test section of the supersonic wind tunnel and mach number is manipulated by varying settling chamber pressure to reach the supersonic mach number of 1.7, 2 and 2.5 and to capture the shock formations. High resolution camera is used for capturing the flow patterns and pressure distributions around the nose cone models. The data collected is analyzed and compared to identify the differences in aerodynamic performance between the different dimensions of the blunt nose cone models. The results of this study will provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of nose cone models for supersonic applications, such as aerospace vehicles and missiles designs.

G. Balaji, S. Sangeetha, N. Bhavani, Aakash Jude Thomas, G. Adithya, P. Akshay, G. Santhosh Kumar
CFD Analysis of Re-Entry Vehicle at Hypersonic Speed Using Ansys Fluent

The present study deals with the aerodynamic data from the re-entry vehicle. The geometry of the re-entry vehicle is referenced from apollo crew descent module and soyuz crew descend module. The flow field of the re-entry phase is under hypersonic velocity, continuum air medium, with free stream conditions complying to the tropopause atmospheric layer of the earth. Mach numbers studied are 5 under 9000 pa atmospheric pressure. As the layer of atmosphere is tropopause the temperature remains constant (i.e.) 217 k. The methodology used here is computational fluid dynamics (cfd) using ansys fluent. To ensure the convergence of the solutions high speed numeric setting is enabled. The variables and properties studied here are contours of velocity, pressure, and velocity vector at various angle of attack such as 0°, 18° and 24° to the up-stream flow and the flow is along the axis of gravity. Based on these conditions and parameters, the results are obtained and compared and plotted for the investigative study.

K. Danush Datthathireyan, G. Balaji, G. Santhosh Kumar, G. Boopathy, G. M. Pradeep, N. Ramanan
Numerical Analysis of Aerodynamics Performance of Wingtip Modifications on Low Reynolds Number Flight

Numerical investigation of a wing with wingtip modification of symmetrical airfoil NACA0012 is enhancing the aerodynamics performance in various applications such as wind turbine blades, Aircraft wing design and UAV’s. Using Ansys Fluent, the numerical analysis is done for a plain and wing with blended winglet with cant angle of 60°. The turbulence model considered for simulation is SST k-omega model. The boundary conditions taken for the CFD domain are pressure inlet velocity out, far field, and model considered as wall. The objective of the analysis is to examine the NACA0012 airfoil and the impact of various wingtip modifications on the aerodynamics forces (lift and drag), and stall characteristics of an aerofoil at low Reynolds numbers at various angles of attack such as 0–24° with interval of 6°. The numerical simulations were conducted using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package. The results shows that the winglets significantly reduce drag and delay stall. The study provides insight into the potential benefits of wingtip modifications for low Reynolds number flight and could help in designing more efficient small-scale unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

P. Saravanan, G. Balaji, K. Sanjay Krishna, Dhanish, Bhavesh Srivastava, L. Sankaralingam, K. Saranya, G. Santhosh Kumar
Numerical Analysis of Aerodynamics Performance of Winglets with Different Cant Angle

A winglet is attached at the edge of the wingsto enhance the performance of the aircraft and reduces the induced drag in the form of wingtip vortices. The winglet is a upstraight or different cant angle at the tips of each wing, with a leading edge featuring tubercle and triangle shape configuration. This article presents 3-D analysis of winglets on a tapered wing using NACA0012 airfoil. The numerical study was conducted to investigate the effect of applying different shapes on the leading edge of blended winglet configurations on the performance of the wing of an aircraft at different velocities are 20, 30 and 50 m/s and at different angles of attack of 0°, 5°, 15°, 20° and 25°. The span of the tapered wing configuration was 250 mm and two different leading edge shape configurations were analysed with variations in sizes and shapes of the leading edge. The primary goal of the analysis is to evaluate the aerodynamic properties of various winglet configurations and to investigate the performance of the two winglet forms modelled at the given cant angle (90° and 120°). The Ansys Fluent solver used the Finite Volume Approach to perform the computational simulations. The Spalart Allmaras solver was used to simulate low subsonic flow and varied angles of attack. The various parameters were investigated in the simulation such as CL, CD, and CP. In this research work the flow separation region is discussed using contour plots..

G. Balaji, Monika Sastikar, Aadya Jha, Tanmoy Paul, Gautam Gupta, G. Santhosh Kumar
Effect of Quantum Well Width on Optical Gain in Type-II GAP/GAPSB/GAASSB Nanoscale Heterostructure for IR Optoelectronics

III-V semiconductor compound-based W-shaped type-II GaP/GaP0.5Sb0.5/GaAs0.16Sb0.84 nanoscale heterostructure is investigated under different well widths at 300 K. The optical gain is reported in GaP/GaPSb/GaAsSb type-II QW heterostructure with variable well widths of 2–5 nm. The 2 nm well width corresponds to the highest optical gain of 11,371 cm−1. On GaAs substrate, the complete heterostructure is intended to grow. The 6 × 6 Luttinger-Kohn model is employed to compute wavefunction, matrix elements and optical gain. The maximum shift in optical gain is a function of different well widths of GaP0.5Sb0.5 quantum well material. As the well width decreases, the optical gain of the heterostructure is observed to progressively increase. The suggested heterostructure exhibits linear behaviour, making it a highly appropriate heterostructure for optoelectronics device designs that function in the infrared region in the energy range of 0.929–0.843 eV (1.3–1.4 μm).

Priya Chaudhary, Amit Rathi
Comparative Optical Analysis Using Homemade Spectrometers: Transmittance and Reflectance Methods for Material Studies

A comparative study of two methodologies for optical studies on materials is reported. The first method focusses on calibrating Homemade spectrometer with spectral wavelengths associated with a standard mercury source (492 nm 619 nm). The next step was measuring the transmittance of dilute liquid samples using a Homemade spectrometer working in transmittance mode (refereed as TSS). The objective is to test Beer Lambert's law for dilute solutions of methylene blue, traditionally analyzed with a standard Laboratory Colorimeter (LC). Results from the TSS comply with those obtained from LC. The second method focusses on using monochromatic LEDs, with wavelengths in the range (390 nm to 665 nm) as light source. The light emerging from these LEDs is incident on doped polysulfone polymer membranes. Phase inversion method is utilized to prepare the membranes, composed of polysulfone (PSF), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and N methyl 2 pyrrolidone (NMP). These membranes are doped with nano particle additives of Ag, Fe3O4 and/or CNTs. The reflectance from these polymer membrane samples—each with a different dopant or a combination of two dopants in the polymer matrix—is used to determine the absorption coefficient of the individual polymer membranes. Unlike the case of TSS, these results obtained for RSP (Reflectance mode Spectrometer using a Photodiode as a light detector) are not yet verified by a standard spectrometer working in reflectance mode, although the absorption peaks deciphered from the reflectance data correlates with the presence of the specific additive/s in the membrane. Components used for constructing both the Homemade spectrometers are available in any engineering physics laboratory. The experimental results of both the Homemade spectrometers—Transmittance mode Spectrometer with a Solar cell as a light detector (TSS) and another, a Reflectance mode Spectrometer using a Photodiode as a light detector (RSP)—demonstrates their efficacies in undergraduate research settings.

Sundeep Deulkar, Yukta Gosavi, Aniruddha Jagtap, Saurav Wadkar
Design and Optimization of Contour Mode Resonator (CMR) at 2.4 GHz

The development of a MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) resonator for high frequency use is the aim of this research. For effective power transfer with little loss, the RF MEMS device should have critical characteristics including a high Q, high fr, and low Rm. With the development of quick wireless technology, the requirements for these performance metrics are rising. For a radio frequency electromechanical resonator to directly interface with small, low-power 50–75 electronics, it is essential to produce a low amount of motional resistance. The piezoelectric MEMS resonator may effectively meet each of these requirements. The laterally vibrating contour mode MEMS resonator design, operating at the GSM range frequency is given in this study. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations were used to finalize and optimize the device's geometry, dimensions, and materials. Zinc oxide (ZnO), a green, environmentally friendly piezoelectric material, has been employed for its low deposition temperature, strong bonding, unique semiconductor properties, and optical characteristics. ZnO exhibits exceptional tensile strength, allowing it to endure substantial mechanical deformation over prolonged periods without being affected by temperature variations.

Poorvi K. Joshi
Design of KNbO3 Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator for 5G Application

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in lead-free piezoelectric materials as a possible replacement for lead-based materials like PZT. Currently, the lead-free ceramic family has the most promising piezoelectric characteristics. The recently found ceramics made of potassium niobate (KNbO3) are attracting increasing attention since they could replace lead-based materials in general and be useful in medical applications. They have electromechanical characteristics that are similar to lead-based ceramics, especially undoped PZT. The state-of-the-art KNbO3 thin film bulk acoustic wave resonator is designed and simulated in this work. Ferroelectric TFBAR results show a quality factor of 1750 at a resonant frequency of 5.65 GHz. An attempt is made to decide on a perhaps strong candidate.

Poorvi K. Joshi, K. V. Shilna
Enhancement of Gate Leakage Current Reduction of Double π-Gate Model to Reduce the Trapping Effects in Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N/GaN MOSHEMTs

A new engineering technique employing a double π-gate configuration has been introduced to mitigate the significant gate leakage current often encountered in conventional AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). The substantial gate leakage current poses considerable challenges to device performance and reliability in conventional HEMTs. Through the proposed approach, a remarkable enhancement of up to 8–9 times in reducing gate leakage current has been achieved, marking a substantial advancement in HEMT technology. Furthermore, the proposed model exhibits a notable positive threshold voltage shift of 0.6 V, indicating improved operational characteristics. Additionally, the electron quasi-Fermi level (QFL) and hole quasi-Fermi levels have been precisely determined, being positioned at − 30 meV below the conduction band (CB) and 28 meV above the valence band (VB) respectively. To comprehensively assess the impact of these advancements, small signal S-parameters have been meticulously measured. These measurements provide invaluable insights into the rearrangement of input and output capacitance effects, further elucidating the transformative effects of the proposed technique on device performance and functionality.

R. Venkateswarlu, Bibhudendra Acharya, Guru Prasad Mishra
Low Noise Amplifier Design for X Band Application Using GaAs pHEMT

This study confers the Comparison of 12 HEMTs (High electron mobility transistors) alone and the twelve different low noise amplifiers designed with 12 HEMTs transistors and performance compared concerning S parameters, stability, and Noise figure (NF) at 11 GHz. From the comparison analysis and simulation results, it shows that NECs NE32400 is the appropriate one to design the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) at 11 GHz with better noise figure. Finally, the single-stage LNA is designed with the selected HEMT and obtained better gain, noise figure, output power, S parameters, and stability factor results. The LNA achieves 13.97 dB gain (S21) with noise figure (NF) of 0.913 dB, input reflection coefficient (S11) is − 6.825, and Output reflection (S22) of − 11.692 dB.

K. Sowjanya, Paramesha
Graphene-Based Patch Antenna Design for Dual-Band Operation at Terahertz Frequencies in 6G Wireless Communication

The main goal is to enhance the capacity of the graphene-based patch antenna, hence the reliability of the wireless communication system. Graphene-based patch antennas have been presented for future 6G technology covering the 1–3 THz band for wireless communication service. These graphene-based patch antennas operate in dual bands at 1.52 and 2.31 THz, which is required for 6G technology wireless communication services. Different substrate materials are analyzed, and the properties of graphene material are investigated throughout the design of the antennas. Various substrate material antenna miniaturization and bandwidth improvement techniques are exploited to obtain the optimum antenna for 6G wireless communication. The simulation result shows a bandwidth of 193.7 and 113.4 GHz with return losses of − 15.22 dB and − 38.92 dB, directivity of 1.99 dBi and 4.21 dBi. The results of optimized 6G wireless communication were achieved. The Finite Integration Technique (FIT) of CST Microwave Studio Suite 2018 was used to analyze the antenna parameters.

Md. Mahmudul Hasan, Mehrab Hossain Shihab, Mim Ejaj Bin Tauhid, Rapsan A. Anonto, Sheikh S. Mahtab
Metadaten
Titel
Innovations in Electronic Materials: Advancing Technology for a Sustainable Future
herausgegeben von
Subramanya K N
Hui-Ming Wee
Mario Orlando Oliveira
Copyright-Jahr
2025
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-73816-6
Print ISBN
978-3-031-73815-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73816-6