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Erschienen in:
Understanding Asphaltene Aggregation and Precipitation Through Theoretical and Computational Studies Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

10. Insights on the REV of Source Shale from Nano- and Micromechanics

verfasst von : Katherine L. Hull, Younane N. Abousleiman

Erschienen in: New Frontiers in Oil and Gas Exploration

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Nano. In the past decade, chemical, physical, and mechanical characterization of source rock reservoirs has moved towards micro- and nano-scale analyses. This is primarily driven by the fact that the representative elementary volume (REV) for characterizing shales is at the nanometer scale. Nanoindentation is now used in many industrial and university laboratories to measure both stiffness and strength and other mechanical properties of materials, such as anisotropic Young’s moduli and plastic yielding parameters. However, standardized methods of testing and analysis are yet to be developed.
Micro. The shale matrix, composed of nano-granular clay and microscale non-clay minerals, also includes the hydrocarbon source material kerogen. This biopolymer is interbedded and intertwined with the clay and non-clay minerals at almost all scales. Kerogen not only has a Young’s modulus in compression but also has a substantial Young’s modulus value in tension and much higher tensile strength than rocks in general. This fact has now been observed at the micro- and nanoscale during nanoindentation while monitoring in situ via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Load and unload experiments with micro-Newton forces (μN) and nanometer (nm) displacements have clearly shown the elastic nature of kerogen in the shale gas matrix.
Macro. Given that the organic matter has an elastic Young’s moduli in tension, and viscoelastic characteristics, it is therefore capable of re-healing the hydraulic fracture. This is a major reason for our more or less unsuccessful gas shale stimulations. Keeping the fracture open even after proppant placement has proven to not be enough for gas and oil shale optimal well productivity. New macro-scale testing techniques are needed to evaluate the mechanical properties of shales that have not been possible to imagine outside of recent advances in nano- and micro-scale analyses.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Petroleum Geomechanics: A Computational Perspective
Nächstes Kapitel Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Mechanical Interactions of Proppant and Hydraulic Fractures
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Metadaten
Titel
Insights on the REV of Source Shale from Nano- and Micromechanics
verfasst von
Katherine L. Hull
Younane N. Abousleiman
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Buch
New Frontiers in Oil and Gas Exploration

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40122-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-40124-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40124-9_10