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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Institutionalising Backwardness

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Abstract

The relative industrial backwardness of nineteenth-century Spain set the stage for the institutionalisation of its patent system between 1826 and 1902. International patterns of technological development, industrialisation and trade largely explain the distinctive peripheral character of Spain’s patent system and its institutional organisation. The institutionalisation of patent rights in this country went hand in hand with the expansion of a new industrial culture, socio-technical infrastructure and a rhetoric in support of intellectual property rights. This chapter provides the historical context and analytical framework for an understanding of the evolution of the Spanish patent institution and culture during the nineteenth century.

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Fußnoten
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
The Illustrated London News (10/05/1851).
 
8
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9
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10
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11
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12
M. Dánvila y Collado, Propiedad Intelectual (Madrid: Imprenta de la Correspondencia de España, 1882): 469.
 
13
For an interesting discussion on Spain’s historical lack of indigenous inventive activity see S. López and J. M. Valdaliso (eds.), ¿Qué inventen ellos?: Tecnología, empresa y cambio económico en la España contemporánea (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1997). On the peripheral character of science and technology in the history of Spain and other countries of Southern Europe see K. Gavroglu et al., ‘Science and Technology in the European Periphery: Some Historiographical Reflections’, History of Science 46 (2), (2008): 153–175.
 
14
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15
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16
See, for instance, J. Domenech and J. R. Rosés, ‘Technology Transfer and the Early Development of the Cotton Textile Industry in Nineteenth Century Spain’, in T. Hashino and K. Otsuka (eds.), Industrial Districts in History and the Developing World (Singapore: Springer, 2016): 25–41 and Thomson, J. K. J. ‘Transferencia tecnológica en la industria algodonera catalana’, Revista de Historia Industrial 24 (2003): 13–50.
 
17
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18
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19
For the idea of a nineteenth century dichotomised Spain (urban-rural, periphery-interior, traditional-modern, political power-economic power) see, for instance, N. Sánchez-Albornoz, España hace un siglo: Una economía dual (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1977).
 
20
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21
E. Fernández de Pinedo and R. Uriarte, ‘British Technology and Spanish Iron Making During the Nineteenth Century’, in C. Evans and G. Rydén, The Industrial Revolution in Iron (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005): 151–172.
 
22
See, for instance, Domenech and Rosés (2016), Op. cit.; F. Cayón, ‘La introducción de la tecnología eléctrica en la España del siglo XIX’, Actas VII Congreso de la Asociación de Historia Económica (2001); and J. M. Valdaliso, ‘Las navieras españolas en el espejo británico (1860–1914)’, TST 13 (2007): 94–121; J. Martínez Ruiz, ‘La mecanización de la agricultura española: de la dependencia exterior a la producción nacional de maquinaria (1862–1932)’, Revista de Historia Industrial 8 (1995): 46–64
 
23
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24
Eric Hobsbawm’s remarks on this question are eloquent: ‘It is often assumed that an economy of private enterprise has an automatic bias towards innovation, but this is not so. It has a bias only towards profit’. Quoted in W. J. Baumol, ‘Entrepreneurship, Productive, Unproductive and Destructive’, Journal of Political Economy 98 (5), (1990): 893.
 
25
See, for example, D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail?: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown Business, 2012).
 
26
M. J. Daunton and F. Trentmann, ‘Worlds of Political Economy: Knowledge, Practices and Contestation’, in M. J. Daunton and F. Trentmann (eds.), Worlds of Political Economy: Knowledge and Power in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004): 2–18; D. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); E. Ostrom, Understanding Institutional Diversity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).
 
27
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28
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29
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30
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31
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32
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33
See T. Pinch, ‘Technology and Institutions: Living in a Material World’, Theory and Society 37 (5), (2008): 461–483; and N. Rosenberg, Perspectives in Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).
 
34
I. Inkster, ‘Patent Agency: Problems and Perspectives’, History of Technology 31 (2012): 89–97.
 
35
C. May and S. K. Shell, Intellectual Property Rights: A Critical History (London: Lynee Rienner Publishers, 2006); D. Pretel, ‘La economía política del sistema español de patentes en perspectiva internacional, 1826–1902’, Investigaciones de Historia Económica 13 (3), (2017): 190–200.
 
36
P. A. David, ‘Intellectual Property Institutions and the Panda’s Thumb: Patents, Copyrights, and Trade Secrets in Economic Theory and History’, in M. Wallerstein et al. (eds.), Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property rights in Science and Technology (Washington, DC.: Nacional Academy Press, 1993): 19–61.
 
37
H-J. Chang, ‘Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development: Historical Lessons and Emerging Issues’, Journal of Human Development 2 (2), (2001): 287–309.
 
38
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39
D. C. North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: Norton, 1981); D. C. North, ‘A Recommendation on How to Intelligently Approach Emerging Problems in Intellectual Property Systems’, Review of Law and Economics 5 (3), (2009); K. Arrow, ‘Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention’, in The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors (Princeton: NBER, 1962): 609–626.
 
40
Mokyr (1990), Op. cit.; M. Boldrin, Against Intellectual Monopoly (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
 
41
Chang (2001), Op. cit.
 
42
The literature on this topic is extensive. See, for example, P. Moser, ‘Innovation without Patents: Evidence from World’s Fairs’, The Journal of Law and Economics 55 (1), (2012); A. Nuvolari, ‘Collective Invention During the British Industrial Revolution: The Case of the Cornish Pumping Engine’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 28 (3), (2004): 347–363.
 
43
See B. Andersen, ‘The Neglected Patent Controversies in the Twenty First Century’, Revista Brasileira de Inovaçao 2 (1), (2003): 35–78; S. J. Patel, ‘The Patent System and the Third World’, World Development 2 (9), (1974): 3–14.
 
44
D. Harvey, ‘The Fetish of Technology: Causes and Consequences’, Macalester International 13 (7), (2004): 25.
 
45
V. Shiva, Patents: Myths and Reality (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2001).
 
46
A. B. Jaffe and J. Lerner, Innovation and its Discontents (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
 
47
I. Inkster, ‘Patents as Indicators of Technological Change and Innovation – An Historical Analysis of the Patent Data 1830–1914’, Transactions of the Newcomen Society 73 (2), (2004): 179–208
 
48
J. Streb, ‘The Cliometric Study of Innovations’, in C. Diebolt and M. Haupert (eds.), Handbook of Cliometrics (Berlin: Springer Reference, 2016): 447–468; Z. Griliches, ‘Patent Statistics as Economic Indicator’, The Journal of Economic Literature 28 (4), (1990): 1661–1707.
 
49
Inkster (1991), Op. cit., 8–14 and Inkster (2004), Op. cit.; For a general criticism of invention-centred historical studies see D. Edgerton, The Shock of the Old (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
 
50
E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, Rev. edn. (London: Penguin, 1980): 8.
 
51
S. Sell, Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); E. Kranakis, ‘Patents and Power: European Patent-System Integration in the Context of Globalization’, Technology and Culture 48 (4), (2007): 689–728; Z. B. Khan, ‘Selling Ideas: an International Perspective on Patenting and Markets for Technological Innovations, 1790–1930’, Business History Review 87 (2013): 39–68; I. Inkster, ‘Technology Transfer in the Great Climacteric. Machinofacture and International Patenting in World Development, circa 1850–1914’, History of Technology 21 (1999): 87–106.
 
52
P. Sáiz, Invención, patentes e innovación en la España contemporánea (Madrid: OEPM, 1999); J. M. Ortiz-Villajos, Tecnología y desarrollo económico en la historia contemporánea: Estudio de las patentes registradas en España entre 1882 y 1935 (Madrid: OEPM, 1999).
 
53
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54
For some examples of this approach see D. Pretel, ‘El sistema de patentes en las colonias españolas durante el siglo XIX’, América Latina en la Historia Económica, Vol. 26 (2), (2019); D. Pretel and P. Sáiz, ‘Patent Agents in the European Periphery: Spain (1826–1902)’, History of Technology 31 (2012): 97–114; Pretel (2009 and 2017), Op. cit.
 
55
For a conceptual history of intellectual property rights and the distinction between patents and copyrights see P. O. Long, ‘Invention, Authorship, Intellectual Property and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History’, Technology and Culture 32 (4), (1991): 846–884.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Institutionalising Backwardness
verfasst von
David Pretel
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96298-6_1