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2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Integrated Multisectoral Research Programme (PIMI). Origins, Trajectories and Horizons

verfasst von : Carlos T. G. Trindade, Domingos A. Macucule, João T. Tique

Erschienen in: Territorial Development and Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Global South

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The Integrated Multisectoral Research Programme (PIMI), implemented under the coordination of the Faculty of Architecture and Physical Planning (FAPF) of the Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM), is an experience of interaction between research, didactics and institutional capacity, which aims to contribute to the elaboration of a sustainable and participatory model of land analysis and planning for local territorial development. In order to address the criticalities related to Spatial Planning in Maputo Province, mainly with regard to the sustainability of the actions that take place or are carried out in this area, the PIMI started from the assumption that it is only possible to develop such a sustainable and participatory model if these research/didactics/institutional interactions allow a process of capacity-building of decision-making institutions, organizations and enterprises operating in this territory. Such process will occur, thanks to the strong participation of local technicians, through the elaboration of a Territorial Model, which will not only be the graphic expression of the spatial planning for the region under study but will also be a basis for the elaboration of future spatial planning instruments for the region.

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Fußnoten
1
In order to implement the Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM) Support Programme for academic reform, technological innovation and scientific research, financed by the Italian Government and integrated in the UEM Strategic Plan, a Cooperation Agreement between Mozambique and Italy was signed on 4 March 2011. Under this Agreement, a Fund for Applied and Multisectoral Research (FIAM) was set up to promote the quality and relevance of scientific research carried out by the UEM. The Technical Annex to the Cooperation Agreement defines that from this fund … a part will be used to finance a multidisciplinary research finalized to the territorial development of a rural area of Mozambique…. Finally, the Annex 9 to the General Activity Plan of the UEM Support Programme defines the Terms of reference for the implementation of the Multisectoral Integrated Research Programme (PIMI).
 
2
The general objective of the PIMI is defined on the basis of the Technical Annex to the Mozambique-Italy Agreement, which defines that part of the FIAM will be used for specific research activities, while a second part will be used to finance a multidisciplinary research aimed at the territorial development of a rural area of Mozambique, identified in consultation with the Government, which shall undertake to channel the public and private investments necessary for the successive development phase.
 
3
The first specific objective of the PIMI, presented here, is a reformulation of the also first specific objective expressed in the project document elaborated by the FAPF.
 
4
The second specific objective of the PIMI, is also the second objective expressed in the project document prepared by the FAPF.
 
5
The third specific objective of the PIMI is also defined on the basis of the Technical Annex to the Mozambique-Italy Agreement signed on 4 March 2011 for the implementation of the UEM Support Programme for academic reform, technological innovation and scientific research where it is stated, regarding the PIMI that The expected result at the end of the Italian Cooperation support will be a territorial development project, to be presented to the government institutions and the community of cooperation partners for possible funding, including the funds allocated by the Government to district development.
 
6
The authors, in a work aimed at systematizing studies and synthesizing existing theories on the topics of governance and smart and sustainable cities, present reflections and proposals based on the concepts of governance, collaborative governance, governance for sustainable cities and collaborative governance for smart and sustainable cities. The authors (citing Emerson et al. 2011; Healey 2015) consider the public and private sectors as the main stakeholders in collaborative governance where these actors come together to engage in consensus-driven decision-making.
 
7
Sassen (2001) The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. (Originally published in 1991).
 
8
Castells (2007) The Networked Society. The information age: economy, society, and culture. V. 1, 10a ed. Translation: Roneide Venancio Majer. Updated by Jussara Simões. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 698 (Originally published in 1996).
 
9
(www.​homespace.​dk) The research programme 'Home Space in African Cities' (2009–2012) was funded by the Danish Council for Independent Research under the management of Prof. Jorgen Eskemose Andersen of the Copenhagen School of Architecture. The programme was based on a conception and research project by Prof. Paul Jenkins of the School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University/Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of Edinburgh. It was implemented in partnership between the above institutions (led by Professors Andersen and Jenkins) and the Centre for African Studies at the University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE)—represented by Dr. Ana Bénard da Costa—as well as the Centre for Habitat Studies and Development (CEDH) at the Faculty of Architecture and Physical Planning (FAPF) of the University Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique—represented by Profs. Julio Carrilho, Luis Lage and Carlos Trindade.
 
10
The research is composed of five research lines, namely, Economy and Territorial Development, Spatial Planning and Management, Socio-demographic and Socio-territorial Dynamics, Governance and Public Policies and Environment and Sustainability. The Research Line is composed of the following researchers: Principal Investigator; Other Researchers; Doctoral Students; Master Students.
 
11
Haldane JBS (1956). On Being the Right Size, The World of Mathematics, Vol. II, J. R. Newman, ed. New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 962–67.
 
12
It was clear from the seminar on 8 June that there are still many questions surrounding the issue of housing: Who should provide housing? How is housing provided? How is it paid for? What is the role and duty of the state?
 
13
In the context of the demarcation of plots and clandestine subdivisions, the provincial governor warned of the existence at the level of the districts of various actors under the designation of topographers who establish landmarks, even georeferenced, but which are not in accordance with the rules of territorial planning.
 
14
As also referred to in the Regulation of the Law on Territorial Planning (Decree of the Council of Ministers n◦ 23/2008 of 1 July) A little all over the territory of Maputo province there have clearly been unbridled actions whose effects result in the destruction of natural systems, as is the case of progressive deforestation for the production of firewood and charcoal as well as for family farming, and also mining for the production of aggregates (stone and sand) for civil construction. According to Matsinhe and Soto (2011: 48) in a study by CEAGRE the best alternative to ensure a charcoal production without negative impacts on the sustainability of forests in Mozambique is the adoption of policies that limit access to forest resources, and the reduction of felling rates from the current 0.5% to 0.21%.
 
15
Another study by CEAGRE in partnership with Winrock International (Sitoe et al. 2016, p. 5), in the context of the preparation of the REDD + program in Mozambique with the objective of specifically contributing to the elaboration of the REDD + Strategy, identified in Mozambique 7 direct agents of deforestation and forest degradation, namely, (i) commercial agriculture, (ii) subsistence agriculture, (iii) fuelwood and charcoal, (iv) urbanization, (v) mining, (vi) logging and (vii) livestock, with subsistence agriculture (p. 4) being the agent that had the highest impact for all regions of Mozambique as well as the development corridors; the same study further concluded (p. 32) that for reducing deforestation and forest degradation (DDF) actions such as improved governance, enforcement and land use planning are essential for the implementation of direct actions such as alternatives to shifting agriculture, alternatives to biomass energy, sustained production and efficient use of biomass. REDD + (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation, forest Degradation and enhancement of carbon stocks) is a mechanism that was agreed upon in Bali by the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Sitoe et al. 2013).
 
16
It is essential to clearly define the role and functions of the various actors who act in the management of a territory, especially vast and constantly expanding territories because, as stated by Alexander et al. (2013: 11) governing becomes increasingly difficult as the size of a region increases. Alexander et al. further refers in this context (in the same p. 11), that if the number of inhabitants exceeds a certain limit, democracy, justice and communication may be jeopardised, and a bureaucracy may be installed, which in the reality of Mozambique's rapidly growing cities results in inefficient assistance for citizens when they seek access to public services, This has been demonstrated in recent times by various phenomena, such as the long queues in public institutions, public transport, health services, banks, etc., where the already annoying response he went to have tea, which citizens often heard when approaching a counter, has gradually evolved into there is no system.
 
17
Mafra and Da Silva (2004: 38) define territorial governance as a set of efficient and balanced ways of distributing functions between governmental and non-governmental bodies, both horizontally and vertically, in order to improve the impact of public policies and give the example of the decentralization of territorial governance systems carried out between 1990 and 2000 in many Western countries with reorganization of government functions from the centre, namely, deconcentration, devolution of powers, subsidiarity and budgetary decentralization.
 
18
The National Territorial Development Plan (PNDT) performs several primary functions: (i) it makes explicit the strategy and the model for organising national territory; (ii) it provides the basis for the spatial coordination of sectoral policies and for the programming of major public investments with a territorial impact; and (iii) it establishes guidelines and orientations for the definition of the Spatial Planning Policy and for the preparation of other territorial plans (https://​pndt.​gov.​mz. Accessed on 15 December 2021).
 
19
These asymmetries, according to Alexander et al. (2013 p. 18) can only be mitigated with the introduction of policies that guarantee an equal division of resources and economic development throughout the region, avoiding the worsening of the imbalance between the central (urban) areas and the countryside. In the large urban areas of Maputo Province, the economic gravity force referred to by Alexander et al. (2013) of the large urban centres is remarkable because it is in the city where there is more employment, with the city being increasingly provided with basic services and infrastructure and the countryside and peri-urban areas facing various difficulties.
 
20
Diniz and Croco (2006: 10–11), referring to the Keynesian perspective and Keynesianism (economic theory developed in the 30 s by John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946, published in his work general theory of employment, interest and money in 1936), as well as the different theories on the centre–periphery relationship influenced by Keynesianism, presents several examples of state intervention to overcome regional imbalances highlighting, for example, the big-push-type investments; the installation, in backward regions, of a driving industry with the aim of activating a growth pole; the targeting of regional policies towards the industrial sector; the creation of compensation mechanisms for backward regions with the implementation of a system of tax incentives to attract companies to these regions; investment in infrastructure in these regions; and, when necessary, restricting some activities in the more developed urban centres, avoiding concentration, diverting such activities to the less favoured regions.
 
21
Mafra and Da Silva (2004: 18) refer that developing a region in an integrated way means, for example, planning a project with multiple purposes to obtain a much higher development than that resulting from piecemeal projects carried out in isolation. In turn Castanho et al. (2018: 2) addressing the state of the art of integrated planning cites Sachs (2004) and Ramos (2012) referring that sustainable development integrates environmental, economic, social, political and cultural issues.
 
22
It is important and fundamental to ensure that the exploitation of natural resources brings visible benefits to local communities as well as contributing to the integrated development of a region. A study by the Observatory of the Rural Environment—OMR (Serra et al. 2014) concluded on a case study that there are few or no impacts on improving the lives of communities and that there is ignorance by communities of the benefits arising from the 20% of forest exploitation fees, namely Article 102 of the Regulation of the Law on Forests and Wildlife which mentions 20% of any fee for forest or wildlife exploitation is intended for the benefit of local communities in the area where the resources were extracted, under the terms of paragraph 5 of Article 35 of Law No. 10/99 of 7 July. However, Teixeira (2018: 50–55) citing several authors (Unidade de Maneio Comunitário—UMC 1998; Sitoe and Tchaúque 2007; Nhantumbo 2004; among others) mentions some examples of projects whose benefits revert to local communities in Mozambique, namely, the Tchuma Tchatu project (developed since 1995 in Mágoe District, Tete Province) where through a Ministerial Diploma the communities and the local government share the revenues from trophy licence fees, and the Chipanje Chetu project (established by the Provincial Government of Niassa, Sanga District) an attempt to replicate the experiences of Tchuma-Tchato whose activities were suspended in 2005.
 
23
Teixeira (2018: 26 and 31) recalls that to speak of technology in the productivity of a region is also to speak of planning and in the management of the territory, which means new information and communications technologies (p. 31) and information systems (p. 26). In this context, it is important to draw attention to the importance of Information Technology (IT) as enablers and promoters of efficiency and productivity among different companies and local industry in regions with metropolitan characteristics as referred by Costa and Garcia (2018) in a study on the metropolitan region of São Paulo (Brazil) that aimed to investigate how the externalities produced in diversified regions generate benefits for agglomerated agents. In the same study the authors also cite the work of Jacobs (1969, the economy of cities) referring that the author drew attention to the advantages of large cities and their links with the diversity of the productive structure. Always in the context of the intensification of productivity in Maputo Province, mainly in the context of agriculture, it is also worth quoting Netto (2016: 17–18) in an article on Jane Jacobs in which the author also cites the 1969 book The Economy of Cities, saying that Jacobs brings a radical hypothesis proposing the rejection of the idea that agriculture precedes the cities and also proposing that the practice of agriculture develops and intensifies from the demand of the cities that were then emerging. Therefore, being created the conditions in several areas with agricultural potential in Maputo Province, with the presence of water courses, dams, past and current experiences, etc., considerable technological investments for the intensification of production could boost the competitiveness of the region, minimizing imports.
 
24
Mafra and Da Silva (2004: 29) refer that accentuating competitiveness is the main effect of globalization and that in many countries the success of globalization is associated with decentralization combined with deconcentration in decision-making. However, these authors also point out that the implementation of decentralization cannot be only through legislation but also an effective distribution of powers, competences and responsibilities between central governments, regional and cities and that new types of association between the public and private sectors are also developed.
 
25
To exclude is almost always connoted with something bad and to include in general means something positive. Therefore, a territory with exclusion and socio-territorial inequalities is a territory that does not give the citizen a chance to participate in integration or in the interests of an integrated development. Analysing social exclusion/inclusion as a territorial fact the author Heidrich (2006: 2) considers social exclusion as a mechanism of loss and mentions some examples, namely, the loss of rights and social guarantees; the lack or lack in terms of education, health, housing, etc.; the exclusion of the possibility to perform work, of the conditions for the reproduction of life; and even the impossibility of the manifestation and exposure of thought in the scope of integration.
 
26
One of the actions proposed by the National REDD + Strategy in Mozambique (Sitoe et al. 2013) is the establishment of protective forests in areas of fragile ecosystems and recovery of degraded ecosystems. The CEAGRE study in partnership with Winrock International (Sitoe et al. 2016: 25) in turn draws attention to the fact that although policies in general are not in favours of deforestation, practices show the opposite, and that strengthening measures for protecting conservation areas necessarily involves linking policies and practices for exploitation and use of natural resources, but this requires an effort at coordination between institutions, which means defining clear mandates from institutions and ensuring that there is capacity at district level to reduce deforestation.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Integrated Multisectoral Research Programme (PIMI). Origins, Trajectories and Horizons
verfasst von
Carlos T. G. Trindade
Domingos A. Macucule
João T. Tique
Copyright-Jahr
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96538-9_5