Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Autonomous Robots 7/2018

21.04.2018

Integrated proximity, contact and force sensing using elastomer-embedded commodity proximity sensors

verfasst von: Radhen Patel, Rebecca Cox, Nikolaus Correll

Erschienen in: Autonomous Robots | Ausgabe 7/2018

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

We describe a combined proximity, contact and force (PCF) sensor based on a commodity infrared distance sensor embedded in a transparent elastomer with applications in robotic manipulation. Prior to contact, the sensor works as a distance sensor, whereas after contact the elastomer magnifies the near field of the proximity sensors letting the sensor interpret the indentation on elastomer as force. Contact occurs at the transition of proximity and force. We describe in detail the sensor design, its principle of operation and experimentally characterize the design parameters including polymer thickness, its mixing ratio, and emitter current of the infrared sensor. We also show that the sensor response has an inflection point at contact that is independent of an object’s surface properties, making it a robust detector for contact events. We finally demonstrate a series of use cases for the proposed PCF sensor, including (1) improving pre-grasp alignment, (2) determining contact event with objects, (3) obtaining simple 3D point cloud models of objects using both proximity and contact, and (4) registering self-generated point clouds to those from a RGB-D camera using a Baxter robot and Kinova Jaco arm.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Ando, S., & Shinoda, H. (1995). Ultrasonic emission tactile sensing. IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 15(1), 61–69.CrossRef Ando, S., & Shinoda, H. (1995). Ultrasonic emission tactile sensing. IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 15(1), 61–69.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Armani, D., Liu, C., & Aluru, N. (1999). Re-configurable fluid circuits by PDMS elastomer micromachining. In 12th IEEE international conference on micro electro mechanical systems, 1999. MEMS’99 (pp. 222–227). IEEE. Armani, D., Liu, C., & Aluru, N. (1999). Re-configurable fluid circuits by PDMS elastomer micromachining. In 12th IEEE international conference on micro electro mechanical systems, 1999. MEMS’99 (pp. 222–227). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Balek, D., & Kelley, R. (1985). Using gripper mounted infrared proximity sensors for robot feedback control. In Proceedings of the 1985 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (Vol. 2, pp. 282–287). IEEE. Balek, D., & Kelley, R. (1985). Using gripper mounted infrared proximity sensors for robot feedback control. In Proceedings of the 1985 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (Vol. 2, pp. 282–287). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Benet, G., Blanes, F., Simó, J. E., & Pérez, P. (2002). Using infrared sensors for distance measurement in mobile robots. Robotics and Autonomous systems, 40(4), 255–266.CrossRef Benet, G., Blanes, F., Simó, J. E., & Pérez, P. (2002). Using infrared sensors for distance measurement in mobile robots. Robotics and Autonomous systems, 40(4), 255–266.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bohg, J., Morales, A., Asfour, T., & Kragic, D. (2014). Data-driven grasp synthesis—A survey. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 30(2), 289–309.CrossRef Bohg, J., Morales, A., Asfour, T., & Kragic, D. (2014). Data-driven grasp synthesis—A survey. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 30(2), 289–309.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Born, M., & Wolf, E. (1999). Principles of optics: Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefMATH Born, M., & Wolf, E. (1999). Principles of optics: Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefMATH
Zurück zum Zitat Cai, D., Neyer, A., Kuckuk, R., & Heise, H. M. (2010). Raman, mid-infrared, near-infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy of pdms silicone rubber for characterization of polymer optical waveguide materials. Journal of Molecular Structure, 976(1), 274–281.CrossRef Cai, D., Neyer, A., Kuckuk, R., & Heise, H. M. (2010). Raman, mid-infrared, near-infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy of pdms silicone rubber for characterization of polymer optical waveguide materials. Journal of Molecular Structure, 976(1), 274–281.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cai, Z., Qiu, W., Shao, G., & Wang, W. (2013). A new fabrication method for all-PDMS waveguides. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 204, 44–47.CrossRef Cai, Z., Qiu, W., Shao, G., & Wang, W. (2013). A new fabrication method for all-PDMS waveguides. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 204, 44–47.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Calli, B., Walsman, A., Singh, A., Srinivasa, S., Abbeel, P., & Dollar, A. M. (2015). Benchmarking in manipulation research: The YCB object and model set and benchmarking protocols. arXiv preprint arXiv:1502.03143. Calli, B., Walsman, A., Singh, A., Srinivasa, S., Abbeel, P., & Dollar, A. M. (2015). Benchmarking in manipulation research: The YCB object and model set and benchmarking protocols. arXiv preprint arXiv:​1502.​03143.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, K., Wo, A., & Chen, Y. (2006). Transmission spectrum of PDMS in 4–7 \(\upmu \)m mid-IR range for characterization of protein structure. NSTI-Nanotech, 2, 732–735. Chen, K., Wo, A., & Chen, Y. (2006). Transmission spectrum of PDMS in 4–7 \(\upmu \)m mid-IR range for characterization of protein structure. NSTI-Nanotech, 2, 732–735.
Zurück zum Zitat Chossat, J. B., Park, Y. L., Wood, R. J., & Duchaine, V. (2013). A soft strain sensor based on ionic and metal liquids. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(9), 3405–3414.CrossRef Chossat, J. B., Park, Y. L., Wood, R. J., & Duchaine, V. (2013). A soft strain sensor based on ionic and metal liquids. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(9), 3405–3414.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Correll, N., Bekris, K. E., Berenson, D., Brock, O., Causo, A., Hauser, K., et al. (2016). Analysis and observations from the first amazon picking challenge. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering. Correll, N., Bekris, K. E., Berenson, D., Brock, O., Causo, A., Hauser, K., et al. (2016). Analysis and observations from the first amazon picking challenge. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox, R., Correll, N. (2017). Merging local and global 3D perception using contact sensing. In AAAI spring symposium on interactive multi-sensory object perception for embodied agents, Stanford, CA. Cox, R., Correll, N. (2017). Merging local and global 3D perception using contact sensing. In AAAI spring symposium on interactive multi-sensory object perception for embodied agents, Stanford, CA.
Zurück zum Zitat Dafle, N. C., Rodriguez, A., Paolini, R., Tang, B., Srinivasa, S. S., Erdmann, M., et al. (2014). Extrinsic dexterity: In-hand manipulation with external forces. In IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA), 2014 (pp. 1578–1585). IEEE. Dafle, N. C., Rodriguez, A., Paolini, R., Tang, B., Srinivasa, S. S., Erdmann, M., et al. (2014). Extrinsic dexterity: In-hand manipulation with external forces. In IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA), 2014 (pp. 1578–1585). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahiya, R. S., Metta, G., Valle, M., & Sandini, G. (2010). Tactile sensing: From humans to humanoids. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 26(1), 1–20.CrossRef Dahiya, R. S., Metta, G., Valle, M., & Sandini, G. (2010). Tactile sensing: From humans to humanoids. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 26(1), 1–20.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dahiya, R. S., Mittendorfer, P., Valle, M., Cheng, G., & Lumelsky, V. J. (2013). Directions toward effective utilization of tactile skin: A review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(11), 4121–4138.CrossRef Dahiya, R. S., Mittendorfer, P., Valle, M., Cheng, G., & Lumelsky, V. J. (2013). Directions toward effective utilization of tactile skin: A review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(11), 4121–4138.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Deimel, R., & Brock, O. (2014). A novel type of compliant, underactuated robotic hand for dexterous grasping. Robotics: science and systems, Berkeley, CA (pp. 1687–1692). Deimel, R., & Brock, O. (2014). A novel type of compliant, underactuated robotic hand for dexterous grasping. Robotics: science and systems, Berkeley, CA (pp. 1687–1692).
Zurück zum Zitat Dollar, A. M., Jentoft, L. P., Gao, J. H., & Howe, R. D. (2010). Contact sensing and grasping performance of compliant hands. Autonomous Robots, 28(1), 65–75.CrossRef Dollar, A. M., Jentoft, L. P., Gao, J. H., & Howe, R. D. (2010). Contact sensing and grasping performance of compliant hands. Autonomous Robots, 28(1), 65–75.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Farrow, N., & Correll, N. (2015). A soft pneumatic actuator that can sense grasp and touch. In IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), 2015 (pp. 2317–2323). IEEE. Farrow, N., & Correll, N. (2015). A soft pneumatic actuator that can sense grasp and touch. In IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), 2015 (pp. 2317–2323). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Farrow, N., Li, Y., & Correll, N. (2016). Morphological and embedded computation in a self-contained soft robotic hand. arxiv:1605.00354. Farrow, N., Li, Y., & Correll, N. (2016). Morphological and embedded computation in a self-contained soft robotic hand. arxiv:​1605.​00354.
Zurück zum Zitat Farrow, N., McIntire, L., & Correll, N. (2017). Functionalized textiles for interactive soft robotics. In International conference on robotics and automation (ICRA). Farrow, N., McIntire, L., & Correll, N. (2017). Functionalized textiles for interactive soft robotics. In International conference on robotics and automation (ICRA).
Zurück zum Zitat Fearing, R. (1986). Simplified grasping and manipulation with dextrous robot hands. IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation, 2(4), 188–195.CrossRef Fearing, R. (1986). Simplified grasping and manipulation with dextrous robot hands. IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation, 2(4), 188–195.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fujimori, Y., Ohmura, Y., Harada, T., & Kuniyoshi, Y. (2009). Wearable motion capture suit with full-body tactile sensors. In IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, 2009. ICRA’09 (pp. 3186–3193). IEEE. Fujimori, Y., Ohmura, Y., Harada, T., & Kuniyoshi, Y. (2009). Wearable motion capture suit with full-body tactile sensors. In IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, 2009. ICRA’09 (pp. 3186–3193). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Glassner, A. S. (2014). Principles of digital image synthesis. Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann. Glassner, A. S. (2014). Principles of digital image synthesis. Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann.
Zurück zum Zitat Goger, D., Alagi, H., & Wörn, H. (2013). Tactile proximity sensors for robotic applications. In IEEE international conference on industrial technology (ICIT), 2013 (pp. 978–983). IEEE. Goger, D., Alagi, H., & Wörn, H. (2013). Tactile proximity sensors for robotic applications. In IEEE international conference on industrial technology (ICIT), 2013 (pp. 978–983). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Gray, B. L., & Fearing, R. S. (1996). A surface micromachined microtactile sensor array. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, 1996 (Vol. 1, pp. 1–6). IEEE. Gray, B. L., & Fearing, R. S. (1996). A surface micromachined microtactile sensor array. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, 1996 (Vol. 1, pp. 1–6). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Hellard, G., & Russell, R. A. (2002). A robust, sensitive and economical tactile sensor for a robotic manipulator. In Australian conference on robotics and automation, Citeseer (pp. 100–104). Hellard, G., & Russell, R. A. (2002). A robust, sensitive and economical tactile sensor for a robotic manipulator. In Australian conference on robotics and automation, Citeseer (pp. 100–104).
Zurück zum Zitat Hsiao, K., Nangeroni, P., Huber, M., Saxena, A., & Ng, A. Y. (2009). Reactive grasping using optical proximity sensors. In IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, 2009. ICRA’09 (pp. 2098–2105). IEEE. Hsiao, K., Nangeroni, P., Huber, M., Saxena, A., & Ng, A. Y. (2009). Reactive grasping using optical proximity sensors. In IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, 2009. ICRA’09 (pp. 2098–2105). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Hughes, D., & Correll, N. (2015). Texture recognition and localization in amorphous robotic skin. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 10(5), 055002.CrossRef Hughes, D., & Correll, N. (2015). Texture recognition and localization in amorphous robotic skin. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 10(5), 055002.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang, L., Low, K., Costa, J., Black, R. J., & Park, Y. L. (2015). Fiber optically sensorized multi-fingered robotic hand. In IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), 2015 (pp. 1763–1768). IEEE. Jiang, L., Low, K., Costa, J., Black, R. J., & Park, Y. L. (2015). Fiber optically sensorized multi-fingered robotic hand. In IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), 2015 (pp. 1763–1768). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Konstantinova, J., Stilli, A., & Althoefer, K. (2015). Force and proximity fingertip sensor to enhance grasping perception. In IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), 2015 (pp. 2118–2123). IEEE. Konstantinova, J., Stilli, A., & Althoefer, K. (2015). Force and proximity fingertip sensor to enhance grasping perception. In IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), 2015 (pp. 2118–2123). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Kröger, T., Finkemeyer, B., Winkelbach, S., Eble, L. O., Molkenstruck, S., & Wahl, F. M. (2008). A manipulator plays Jenga. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 15(3), 79–84.CrossRef Kröger, T., Finkemeyer, B., Winkelbach, S., Eble, L. O., Molkenstruck, S., & Wahl, F. M. (2008). A manipulator plays Jenga. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 15(3), 79–84.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, H. K., Chung, J., Chang, S. I., & Yoon, E. (2008). Normal and shear force measurement using a flexible polymer tactile sensor with embedded multiple capacitors. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 17(4), 934–942.CrossRef Lee, H. K., Chung, J., Chang, S. I., & Yoon, E. (2008). Normal and shear force measurement using a flexible polymer tactile sensor with embedded multiple capacitors. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 17(4), 934–942.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ma, L., Ghafarianzadeh, M., Coleman, D., Correll, N., & Sibley, G. (2015). Simultaneous localization, mapping, and manipulation for unsupervised object discovery. In IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (pp. 1344–1351). Ma, L., Ghafarianzadeh, M., Coleman, D., Correll, N., & Sibley, G. (2015). Simultaneous localization, mapping, and manipulation for unsupervised object discovery. In IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (pp. 1344–1351).
Zurück zum Zitat Maldonado, A., Alvarez, H., & Beetz, M. (2012). Improving robot manipulation through fingertip perception. In IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), 2012 (pp. 2947–2954). IEEE. Maldonado, A., Alvarez, H., & Beetz, M. (2012). Improving robot manipulation through fingertip perception. In IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), 2012 (pp. 2947–2954). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Mittendorfer, P., & Cheng, G. (2011). Humanoid multimodal tactile-sensing modules. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 27(3), 401–410.CrossRef Mittendorfer, P., & Cheng, G. (2011). Humanoid multimodal tactile-sensing modules. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 27(3), 401–410.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mittendorfer, P., Yoshida, E., & Cheng, G. (2015). Realizing whole-body tactile interactions with a self-organizing, multi-modal artificial skin on a humanoid robot. Advanced Robotics, 29(1), 51–67.CrossRef Mittendorfer, P., Yoshida, E., & Cheng, G. (2015). Realizing whole-body tactile interactions with a self-organizing, multi-modal artificial skin on a humanoid robot. Advanced Robotics, 29(1), 51–67.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamura, K., & Shinoda, H. (2001). A tactile sensor instantaneously evaluating friction coefficients. In Transducers 01 Eurosensors XV (pp. 1402–1405). Springer. Nakamura, K., & Shinoda, H. (2001). A tactile sensor instantaneously evaluating friction coefficients. In Transducers 01 Eurosensors XV (pp. 1402–1405). Springer.
Zurück zum Zitat Oberlin, J., Tellex, S. (2015). Learning to pick up objects through active exploration. In Joint IEEE international conference on development and learning and epigenetic robotics (ICDL-EpiRob), 2015 (pp. 252–253). IEEE. Oberlin, J., Tellex, S. (2015). Learning to pick up objects through active exploration. In Joint IEEE international conference on development and learning and epigenetic robotics (ICDL-EpiRob), 2015 (pp. 252–253). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohmura, Y., Kuniyoshi, Y., Nagakubo, A. (2006). Conformable and scalable tactile sensor skin for curved surfaces. In Proceedings 2006 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, 2006. ICRA 2006 (pp. 1348–1353). IEEE. Ohmura, Y., Kuniyoshi, Y., Nagakubo, A. (2006). Conformable and scalable tactile sensor skin for curved surfaces. In Proceedings 2006 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, 2006. ICRA 2006 (pp. 1348–1353). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Park, J. Y., Yoo, S. J., Lee, E. J., Lee, D. H., Kim, J. Y., & Lee, S. H. (2010). Increased poly (dimethylsiloxane) stiffness improves viability and morphology of mouse fibroblast cells. BioChip Journal, 4(3), 230–236.CrossRef Park, J. Y., Yoo, S. J., Lee, E. J., Lee, D. H., Kim, J. Y., & Lee, S. H. (2010). Increased poly (dimethylsiloxane) stiffness improves viability and morphology of mouse fibroblast cells. BioChip Journal, 4(3), 230–236.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Patel, R., & Correll, N. (2016). Integrated force and distance sensing using elastomer-embedded commodity proximity sensors. In Proceedings of robotics: Science and systems Patel, R., & Correll, N. (2016). Integrated force and distance sensing using elastomer-embedded commodity proximity sensors. In Proceedings of robotics: Science and systems
Zurück zum Zitat Patel, R., Canardo Alastuey, J., & Correll, N. (2016). Improving grasp performance using in-hand proximity and force sensing. In International symposium on experimental robotics (ISER), Tokyo, Japan. Patel, R., Canardo Alastuey, J., & Correll, N. (2016). Improving grasp performance using in-hand proximity and force sensing. In International symposium on experimental robotics (ISER), Tokyo, Japan.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel, R., Cox, R., Romero, B., & Correll, N. (2017). Improving grasp performance using in-hand proximity and contact sensing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.06071. Patel, R., Cox, R., Romero, B., & Correll, N. (2017). Improving grasp performance using in-hand proximity and contact sensing. arXiv preprint arXiv:​1701.​06071.
Zurück zum Zitat Romano, J. M., Hsiao, K., Niemeyer, G., Chitta, S., & Kuchenbecker, K. J. (2011). Human-inspired robotic grasp control with tactile sensing. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 27(6), 1067–1079.CrossRef Romano, J. M., Hsiao, K., Niemeyer, G., Chitta, S., & Kuchenbecker, K. J. (2011). Human-inspired robotic grasp control with tactile sensing. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 27(6), 1067–1079.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rossiter, J., & Mukai, T. (2006). An led-based tactile sensor for multi-sensing over large areas. In 5th IEEE conference on sensors, 2006 (pp. 835–838). IEEE. Rossiter, J., & Mukai, T. (2006). An led-based tactile sensor for multi-sensing over large areas. In 5th IEEE conference on sensors, 2006 (pp. 835–838). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Tenzer, Y., Jentoft, L. P., & Howe, R. D. (2014). The feel of mems barometers: Inexpensive and easily customized tactile array sensors. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 21(3), 89–95.CrossRef Tenzer, Y., Jentoft, L. P., & Howe, R. D. (2014). The feel of mems barometers: Inexpensive and easily customized tactile array sensors. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 21(3), 89–95.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, L., & Beebe, D. J. (2002). Characterization of a silicon-based shear-force sensor on human subjects. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 49(11), 1340–1347.CrossRef Wang, L., & Beebe, D. J. (2002). Characterization of a silicon-based shear-force sensor on human subjects. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 49(11), 1340–1347.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang, Z. F., Tao, X. M., Zhang, H. P., & Zhu, B. (2013). Soft fiber optic sensors for precision measurement of shear stress and pressure. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(5), 1478–1482.CrossRef Zhang, Z. F., Tao, X. M., Zhang, H. P., & Zhu, B. (2013). Soft fiber optic sensors for precision measurement of shear stress and pressure. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(5), 1478–1482.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu, F., & Spronck, J. (1992). A capacitive tactile sensor for shear and normal force measurements. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 31(1), 115–120.CrossRef Zhu, F., & Spronck, J. (1992). A capacitive tactile sensor for shear and normal force measurements. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 31(1), 115–120.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Integrated proximity, contact and force sensing using elastomer-embedded commodity proximity sensors
verfasst von
Radhen Patel
Rebecca Cox
Nikolaus Correll
Publikationsdatum
21.04.2018
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Autonomous Robots / Ausgabe 7/2018
Print ISSN: 0929-5593
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7527
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-018-9751-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2018

Autonomous Robots 7/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Neuer Inhalt