1 Introduction
2 Quantitative Evaluation Method for Concrete Segregation
2.1 Current Methods
2.2 Suggested Method
3 Experiment
3.1 Experimental Plan
Mixture conditions | w/c* | 0.50 (for normal concrete mixture) 0.30 (for high-strength concrete mixture |
Target air content (%) | 4.5 ± 1.5 | |
S/a** | 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55 | |
W (kg/m3)*** | 165, 175, 185, 195, 205 | |
Tests | Fresh state | Slump, slump flow, air content, unit volume weight |
Hardened state | Compressive strength (@ 3, 7, and 28 days) |
3.2 Materials and Test Methods
w/c* | Proportion** | Unit volume weight (kg/m3) *** | SP/AE**** (kg/m3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S/a | W | OPC | Fine aggregate | Coarse aggregate | ||
0.50 | 0.35 | 165 | 330 | 624 | 1163 | 0.99/0.03 |
175 | 350 | 609 | 1135 | 1.05/0.04 | ||
185 | 370 | 594 | 1079 | 1.11/0.04 | ||
195 | 390 | 579 | 1052 | 1.17/0.04 | ||
205 | 410 | 564 | 1107 | 1.23/0.04 | ||
0.40 | 165 | 330 | 713 | 1073 | 0.99/0.03 | |
175 | 350 | 696 | 1047 | 1.05/0.04 | ||
185 | 370 | 679 | 1022 | 1.11/0.04 | ||
195 | 390 | 662 | 996 | 1.17/0.04 | ||
205 | 410 | 645 | 971 | 1.23/0.04 | ||
0.45 | 165 | 330 | 802 | 984 | 0.99/0.03 | |
175 | 350 | 783 | 960 | 1.05/0.04 | ||
185 | 370 | 763 | 937 | 1.11/0.04 | ||
195 | 390 | 744 | 913 | 1.17/0.04 | ||
205 | 410 | 725 | 890 | 1.23/0.04 | ||
0.50 | 165 | 330 | 891 | 894 | 0.99/0.03 | |
175 | 350 | 870 | 873 | 1.05/0.04 | ||
185 | 370 | 848 | 852 | 1.11/0.04 | ||
195 | 390 | 827 | 830 | 1.17/0.04 | ||
205 | 410 | 806 | 809 | 1.23/0.04 | ||
0.50 | 165 | 330 | 980 | 805 | 0.99/0.03 | |
175 | 350 | 957 | 786 | 1.05/0.04 | ||
185 | 370 | 933 | 766 | 1.11/0.04 | ||
195 | 390 | 910 | 747 | 1.17/0.04 | ||
205 | 410 | 886 | 728 | 1.23/0.04 |
w/c* | Proportion** | Unit volume weight (kg/m3)*** | SP/AE**** (kg/m3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S/a | W | OPC | Fine aggregate | Coarse aggregate | ||
0.30 | 0.35 | 165 | 550 | 547 | 1056 | 1.38/0.06 |
175 | 583 | 529 | 1021 | 1.46/0.06 | ||
185 | 617 | 511 | 986 | 1.54/0.06 | ||
195 | 650 | 492 | 950 | 1.63/0.07 | ||
205 | 683 | 474 | 915 | 1.71/0.07 | ||
0.40 | 165 | 550 | 625 | 974 | 1.38/0.06 | |
175 | 583 | 604 | 742 | 1.46/0.06 | ||
185 | 617 | 583 | 909 | 1.54/0.06 | ||
195 | 650 | 563 | 877 | 1.63/0.07 | ||
205 | 683 | 541 | 844 | 1.71/0.07 | ||
0.45 | 165 | 550 | 703 | 893 | 1.38/0.06 | |
175 | 583 | 680 | 864 | 1.46/0.06 | ||
185 | 617 | 656 | 834 | 1.54/0.06 | ||
195 | 650 | 633 | 804 | 1.63/0.07 | ||
205 | 683 | 609 | 774 | 1.71/0.07 | ||
0.50 | 165 | 550 | 781 | 812 | 1.38/0.06 | |
175 | 583 | 755 | 785 | 1.46/0.06 | ||
185 | 617 | 729 | 758 | 1.54/0.06 | ||
195 | 650 | 703 | 731 | 1.63/0.07 | ||
205 | 683 | 677 | 704 | 1.71/0.07 | ||
0.50 | 165 | 550 | 860 | 731 | 1.38/0.06 | |
175 | 583 | 831 | 707 | 1.46/0.06 | ||
185 | 617 | 802 | 682 | 1.54/0.06 | ||
195 | 650 | 773 | 658 | 1.63/0.07 | ||
205 | 683 | 745 | 633 | 1.71/0.07 |
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Normal Concrete Mixture
4.1.1 Basic Fresh State Properties
4.1.2 Segregation Evaluation (EISN)
Mixture* | Slump (mm) | Slump flow (mm) | Segregation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S/a | W | Average | Max. (a) | Min. (b) | EISN (a/b) | Evaluation** | |
0.35 | 165 | 35 | 208 | 210 | 205 | 1.02 | O |
175 | 150 | 293 | 310 | 275 | 1.13 | X | |
185 | 185 | 335 | 360 | 310 | 1.16 | X | |
195 | 230 | 435 | 460 | 410 | 1.12 | X | |
205 | 275 | 550 | 580 | 520 | 1.12 | X | |
0.40 | 165 | 20 | 205 | 205 | 205 | 1.00 | O |
175 | 130 | 253 | 260 | 245 | 1.06 | O | |
185 | 205 | 373 | 390 | 355 | 1.10 | X | |
195 | 220 | 445 | 470 | 420 | 1.12 | X | |
205 | 270 | 540 | 570 | 510 | 1.12 | X | |
0.45 | 165 | 30 | 208 | 210 | 205 | 1.02 | O |
175 | 120 | 235 | 240 | 230 | 1.04 | O | |
185 | 195 | 333 | 345 | 320 | 1.08 | O | |
195 | 205 | 350 | 370 | 330 | 1.12 | X | |
205 | 235 | 433 | 455 | 410 | 1.11 | X | |
0.50 | 165 | 45 | 213 | 215 | 210 | 1.02 | O |
175 | 105 | 218 | 220 | 215 | 1.02 | O | |
185 | 175 | 323 | 330 | 315 | 1.05 | O | |
195 | 200 | 423 | 435 | 410 | 1.06 | X | |
205 | 225 | 430 | 450 | 410 | 1.10 | X | |
0.55 | 165 | 10 | 203 | 205 | 200 | 1.03 | O |
175 | 80 | 210 | 210 | 210 | 1.00 | O | |
185 | 160 | 308 | 315 | 300 | 1.05 | O | |
195 | 185 | 400 | 410 | 390 | 1.06 | O | |
205 | 210 | 415 | 425 | 405 | 1.05 | O |
4.1.3 Compressive Strength
4.2 High-Strength Concrete Mixture
4.2.1 Basic Fresh State Properties
4.2.2 Segregation Evaluation (EISN)
Mixture* | Slump (mm) | Slump flow (mm) | Segregation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S/a | W | Average | Max. (a) | Min. (b) | EISN (a/b) | Evaluation** | |
0.35 | 165 | 55 | 203 | 205 | 200 | 1.03 | X |
175 | 105 | 210 | 215 | 205 | 1.05 | X | |
185 | 163 | 275 | 280 | 270 | 1.04 | X | |
195 | 195 | 283 | 285 | 280 | 1.02 | X | |
205 | 215 | 233 | 335 | 330 | 1.02 | X | |
0.40 | 165 | 43 | 203 | 205 | 200 | 1.03 | X |
175 | 80 | 205 | 210 | 200 | 1.05 | X | |
185 | 135 | 245 | 250 | 240 | 1.04 | X | |
195 | 175 | 268 | 270 | 265 | 1.02 | X | |
205 | 200 | 295 | 295 | 295 | 1.00 | O | |
0.45 | 165 | 25 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 1.00 | O |
175 | 55 | 205 | 205 | 205 | 1.00 | O | |
185 | 115 | 240 | 245 | 234 | 1.05 | O | |
195 | 160 | 253 | 260 | 245 | 1.06 | O | |
205 | 170 | 273 | 275 | 270 | 1.02 | O | |
0.50 | 165 | 20 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 1.00 | O |
175 | 40 | 203 | 205 | 200 | 1.03 | O | |
185 | 100 | 233 | 235 | 230 | 1.02 | O | |
195 | 135 | 243 | 245 | 240 | 1.02 | O | |
205 | 155 | 265 | 275 | 255 | 1.08 | O | |
0.55 | 165 | 0 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 1.00 | O |
175 | 35 | 203 | 205 | 200 | 1.03 | O | |
185 | 70 | 205 | 205 | 205 | 1.00 | O | |
195 | 90 | 215 | 220 | 210 | 1.05 | O | |
205 | 130 | 257 | 260 | 255 | 1.02 | O |
4.2.3 Compressive Strength
4.3 Valid Range for Slump or Slump Flow
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Done.
Consent for publication
Done.