Skip to main content

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Introducing Temporal Behavior to Computing Science

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The abstraction introduced by von Neumann correctly reflected the state of the art 70 years ago. Although it omitted data transmission time between components of the computer, it served as an excellent base for classic computing for decades. Modern computer components and architectures, however, require to consider their temporal behavior: data transmission time in contemporary systems may be higher than their processing time. Using the classic paradigm leaves a growing number of issues unexplained, from enormously high power consumption to days-long training of artificial neural networks to failures of some cutting-edge supercomputer projects. The paper introduces the up to now missing temporal behavior (a temporal logic) into computing, while keeps the solid computing science base. The careful analysis discovers that with considering the temporal behavior of components and architectural principles, the mystic issues have a trivial explanation. Some classic design principles must be revised, and the temporal logic enables us to design a more powerful and efficient computing.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
The explanations are quite different: Gyoukou was withdrawn after its first appearance; Aurora failed: retargeted and delayed; Despite the failure of SpiNNaker1, the SpiNNaker2 is also under construction [8]; “Chinese decision-makers decided to withhold the country’s newest Shuguang supercomputers even though they operate more than 50 percent faster than the best current US machines”.
 
4
https://​www.​nextplatform.​com/​2019/​10/​30/​cray-revamps-clusterstor-for-the-exascale-era/​: artificial intelligence, …it’s the most disruptive workload from an I/O pattern perspective.
 
5
Reference [6] discusses this phenomenon in details.
 
6
It can be a crucial factor of inefficiency of general-purpose chips [18].
 
7
The reconfigurable computing, with its customized processors and non-processor-like processing units, does not change significantly the landscape.
 
8
The biology can change the conduction velocity, that needs energy, so finding an optimum is not as simple.
 
9
For examples see the architectures of supercomputers Taihulight and Summit.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Asanovic, R. Bodik, J. Demmel, T. Keaveny, K. Keutzer, J. Kubiatowicz, N. Morgan, D. Patterson, K. Sen, J. Wawrzynek, D. Wessel, K. Yelick, A view of the parallel computing landscape. Commun. ACM 52(10), 56–67 (2009)CrossRef K. Asanovic, R. Bodik, J. Demmel, T. Keaveny, K. Keutzer, J. Kubiatowicz, N. Morgan, D. Patterson, K. Sen, J. Wawrzynek, D. Wessel, K. Yelick, A view of the parallel computing landscape. Commun. ACM 52(10), 56–67 (2009)CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat I. Markov, Limits on fundamental limits to computation. Nature 512(7513), 147–154 (2014)CrossRef I. Markov, Limits on fundamental limits to computation. Nature 512(7513), 147–154 (2014)CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat J.P. Singh, J.L. Hennessy, A. Gupta, Scaling parallel programs for multiprocessors: Methodology and examples. Computer 26(7), 42–50 (1993)CrossRef J.P. Singh, J.L. Hennessy, A. Gupta, Scaling parallel programs for multiprocessors: Methodology and examples. Computer 26(7), 42–50 (1993)CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Végh, Which scaling rule applies to Artificial Neural Networks, in Computational Intelligence (CSCE) The 22nd Int’l Conf on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI’20) (IEEE, 2020). Accepted ICA2246, in print. [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.08942 J. Végh, Which scaling rule applies to Artificial Neural Networks, in Computational Intelligence (CSCE) The 22nd Int’l Conf on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI’20) (IEEE, 2020). Accepted ICA2246, in print. [Online]. Available: http://​arxiv.​org/​abs/​2005.​08942
7.
Zurück zum Zitat J.L. Gustafson, Reevaluating Amdahl’s law. Commun. ACM 31(5), 532–533 (1988) J.L. Gustafson, Reevaluating Amdahl’s law. Commun. ACM 31(5), 532–533 (1988)
16.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Végh, A. Tisan, The need for modern computing paradigm: Science applied to computing, in Computational Science and Computational Intelligence CSCI The 25th Int’l Conf on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (IEEE, 2019), pp. 1523–1532. [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.02651 J. Végh, A. Tisan, The need for modern computing paradigm: Science applied to computing, in Computational Science and Computational Intelligence CSCI The 25th Int’l Conf on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (IEEE, 2019), pp. 1523–1532. [Online]. Available: http://​arxiv.​org/​abs/​1908.​02651
18.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Hameed, W. Qadeer, M. Wachs, O. Azizi, A. Solomatnikov, B.C. Lee, S. Richardson, C. Kozyrakis, M. Horowitz, Understanding sources of inefficiency in general-purpose chips, in Proceedings of the 37th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, ser. ISCA ’10 (ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2010), pp. 37–47. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1815961.1815968 R. Hameed, W. Qadeer, M. Wachs, O. Azizi, A. Solomatnikov, B.C. Lee, S. Richardson, C. Kozyrakis, M. Horowitz, Understanding sources of inefficiency in general-purpose chips, in Proceedings of the 37th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, ser. ISCA ’10 (ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2010), pp. 37–47. [Online]. Available: http://​doi.​acm.​org/​10.​1145/​1815961.​1815968
19.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Haidar, P. Wu, S. Tomov, J. Dongarra, Investigating half precision arithmetic to accelerate dense linear system solvers, in Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Latest Advances in Scalable Algorithms for Large-Scale Systems, ser. ScalA ’17 (ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2017), pp. 10:1–10:8 A. Haidar, P. Wu, S. Tomov, J. Dongarra, Investigating half precision arithmetic to accelerate dense linear system solvers, in Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Latest Advances in Scalable Algorithms for Large-Scale Systems, ser. ScalA ’17 (ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2017), pp. 10:1–10:8
20.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Backus, Can programming languages be liberated from the von Neumann Style? A functional style and its algebra of programs. Commun. ACM 21, 613–641 (1978)MathSciNetMATH J. Backus, Can programming languages be liberated from the von Neumann Style? A functional style and its algebra of programs. Commun. ACM 21, 613–641 (1978)MathSciNetMATH
23.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Cadareanu, et al., Rebooting our computing models, in Proceedings of the 2019 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE) (IEEE Press, 2019), pp. 1469–1476 P. Cadareanu, et al., Rebooting our computing models, in Proceedings of the 2019 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE) (IEEE Press, 2019), pp. 1469–1476
24.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Williams, A. Waterman, D. Patterson, Roofline: An insightful visual performance model for multicore architectures. Commun. ACM 52(4), 65–76 (2009)CrossRef S. Williams, A. Waterman, D. Patterson, Roofline: An insightful visual performance model for multicore architectures. Commun. ACM 52(4), 65–76 (2009)CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat S.J. van Albada, A.G. Rowley, J. Senk, M. Hopkins, M. Schmidt, A.B. Stokes, D.R. Lester, M. Diesmann, S.B. Furber, Performance comparison of the digital neuromorphic hardware SpiNNaker and the neural network simulation software NEST for a full-scale cortical microcircuit model. Frontiers Neurosci. 12, 291 (2018)CrossRef S.J. van Albada, A.G. Rowley, J. Senk, M. Hopkins, M. Schmidt, A.B. Stokes, D.R. Lester, M. Diesmann, S.B. Furber, Performance comparison of the digital neuromorphic hardware SpiNNaker and the neural network simulation software NEST for a full-scale cortical microcircuit model. Frontiers Neurosci. 12, 291 (2018)CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Akopyan, Design and tool flow of IBM’s TrueNorth: An ultra-low power programmable neurosynaptic chip with 1 million neurons, in Proceedings of the 2016 on International Symposium on Physical Design, ser. ISPD ’16 (ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2016), pp. 59–60. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2872334.2878629 F. Akopyan, Design and tool flow of IBM’s TrueNorth: An ultra-low power programmable neurosynaptic chip with 1 million neurons, in Proceedings of the 2016 on International Symposium on Physical Design, ser. ISPD ’16 (ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2016), pp. 59–60. [Online]. Available: http://​doi.​acm.​org/​10.​1145/​2872334.​2878629
27.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Davies, et al, Loihi: A neuromorphic manycore processor with on-chip learning. IEEE Micro 38, 82–99 (2018)CrossRef M. Davies, et al, Loihi: A neuromorphic manycore processor with on-chip learning. IEEE Micro 38, 82–99 (2018)CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat L. de Macedo Mourelle, N. Nedjah, F.G. Pessanha, Reconfigurable and Adaptive Computing: Theory and Applications, ch. 5: Interprocess Communication via Crossbar for Shared Memory Systems-on-chip (CRC press, 2016) L. de Macedo Mourelle, N. Nedjah, F.G. Pessanha, Reconfigurable and Adaptive Computing: Theory and Applications, ch. 5: Interprocess Communication via Crossbar for Shared Memory Systems-on-chip (CRC press, 2016)
29.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Moradi, R. Manohar, The impact of on-chip communication on memory technologies for neuromorphic systems. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 52(1), 014003 (2018) S. Moradi, R. Manohar, The impact of on-chip communication on memory technologies for neuromorphic systems. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 52(1), 014003 (2018)
30.
Zurück zum Zitat S.B. Furber, D.R. Lester, L.A. Plana, J.D. Garside, E. Painkras, S. Temple, A.D. Brown, Overview of the SpiNNaker system architecture. IEEE Trans. Comput. 62(12), 2454–2467 (2013)MathSciNetCrossRef S.B. Furber, D.R. Lester, L.A. Plana, J.D. Garside, E. Painkras, S. Temple, A.D. Brown, Overview of the SpiNNaker system architecture. IEEE Trans. Comput. 62(12), 2454–2467 (2013)MathSciNetCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Végh, How to extend the Single-Processor Paradigm to the Explicitly Many-Processor Approach, in 2020 CSCE, Fundamentals of Computing Science (IEEE, 2020). Accepted FCS2243, in print. [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.00532 J. Végh, How to extend the Single-Processor Paradigm to the Explicitly Many-Processor Approach, in 2020 CSCE, Fundamentals of Computing Science (IEEE, 2020). Accepted FCS2243, in print. [Online]. Available: https://​arxiv.​org/​abs/​2006.​00532
32.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Hutson, Core progress in AI has stalled in some fields. Science 368, 6494/927 (2020)CrossRef M. Hutson, Core progress in AI has stalled in some fields. Science 368, 6494/927 (2020)CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat V. Weaver, D. Terpstra, S. Moore, Non-determinism and overcount on modern hardware performance counter implementations, in 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS), pp. 215–224 (April 2013) V. Weaver, D. Terpstra, S. Moore, Non-determinism and overcount on modern hardware performance counter implementations, in 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS), pp. 215–224 (April 2013)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Ellen, D. Hendler, N. Shavit, On the inherent sequentiality of concurrent objects. SIAM J. Comput. 43(3), 519–536 (2012)MathSciNetCrossRef F. Ellen, D. Hendler, N. Shavit, On the inherent sequentiality of concurrent objects. SIAM J. Comput. 43(3), 519–536 (2012)MathSciNetCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat G.M. Amdahl, Validity of the single processor approach to achieving large-scale computing capabilities,” in AFIPS Conference Proceedings, vol. 30, pp. 483–485 (1967) G.M. Amdahl, Validity of the single processor approach to achieving large-scale computing capabilities,” in AFIPS Conference Proceedings, vol. 30, pp. 483–485 (1967)
37.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Hwang, N. Jotwani, Advanced Computer Architecture: Parallelism, Scalability, Programmability, 3rd edn. (McGraw Hill, 2016) K. Hwang, N. Jotwani, Advanced Computer Architecture: Parallelism, Scalability, Programmability, 3rd edn. (McGraw Hill, 2016)
38.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Molnár, J. Végh, Measuring performance of processor instructions and operating system services in soft processor based systems, in 18th Internat. Carpathian Control Conf. ICCC, pp. 381–387 (2017) P. Molnár, J. Végh, Measuring performance of processor instructions and operating system services in soft processor based systems, in 18th Internat. Carpathian Control Conf. ICCC, pp. 381–387 (2017)
39.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Buzsáki, X.-J. Wang, Mechanisms of gamma oscillations. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 3(4), 19:1–19:29 (2012) G. Buzsáki, X.-J. Wang, Mechanisms of gamma oscillations. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 3(4), 19:1–19:29 (2012)
40.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Sawada et al., TrueNorth ecosystem for brain-inspired computing: Scalable systems, software, and applications, in SC ’16: Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, pp. 130–141 (2016) J. Sawada et al., TrueNorth ecosystem for brain-inspired computing: Scalable systems, software, and applications, in SC ’16: Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, pp. 130–141 (2016)
Metadaten
Titel
Introducing Temporal Behavior to Computing Science
verfasst von
János Végh
Copyright-Jahr
2021
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70873-3_33

Neuer Inhalt