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2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Introduction to Markov Chains

verfasst von : Moshe Haviv

Erschienen in: Queues

Verlag: Springer New York

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Abstract

The topic of Markov processes is huge. A number of volumes can be, and in fact were, written on this topic. We have no intentions to be complete in this area. What is given in this chapter is the minimum required in order to follow what is presented afterwards. In particular, we will refer at times to this chapter when results we present here are called for. For more comprehensive coverage of the topic of Markov chains and stochastic matrices, see [9, 19, 41] or [42].

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Fußnoten
1
A square matrix is called stochastic if all its entries are nonnegative and all its row sums equal one. It is substochastic if its row sums are less than or equal to one.
 
2
This does not rule out the possibility that a state j in one class is reachable from a state i in some other class (but then, of course, i is not reachable from j).
 
3
The rationale behind this terminology is that for n large enough, P ii n  > 0 if and only if n = 0 mod d(i).
 
4
The period is a function only of the graph associated with the Markov chain. In particular, once P ij is positive, its actual value is immaterial from the point of view of deriving the period’s value.
 
5
This proof appears in [16], p. 165.
 
6
The proof is as follows. Of course, P ij is the probability of moving straight to state-j. In the new process there is, however, another option to visit state-j just after state-i; that is, go first to state-n (probability of P in ) and, conditioning on leaving state-n, move immediately to state-j (probability \(P_{nj}/(1 - P_{nn})\)).
 
7
The Perron-Frobinius theorem guarantees that this eigenvalue is real and unique in the case where P JJ is aperiodic and irreducible. See, e.g., [42], p. 9.
 
Literatur
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Billingsley, P. (1995). Probability and measure (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. Billingsley, P. (1995). Probability and measure (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Denardo, E. V. (1982). Dynamic programming: models and applications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Denardo, E. V. (1982). Dynamic programming: models and applications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Feller, W. (1968). An introduction to probability theory and its applications (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. Feller, W. (1968). An introduction to probability theory and its applications (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Kemeny, J. K., & Snell, J. L. (1961). Finite Markov chains. New York: D. Van Nostrand. Kemeny, J. K., & Snell, J. L. (1961). Finite Markov chains. New York: D. Van Nostrand.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Ross, S. M. (1996). Stochastic processes (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Ross, S. M. (1996). Stochastic processes (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Seneta, E. (2006). Non-negative matrices and Markov Chains: revised prinitng. New York: Springer. Seneta, E. (2006). Non-negative matrices and Markov Chains: revised prinitng. New York: Springer.
Metadaten
Titel
Introduction to Markov Chains
verfasst von
Moshe Haviv
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6765-6_3