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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction

verfasst von : Jonathan D. Rosen, Hanna Samir Kassab

Erschienen in: Drugs, Gangs, and Violence

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

How can we understand the nature of gangs and transnational organized crime, and how have these organizations contributed to crime and violence? The introduction outlines the scope of the book and submits the following argument: states plagued by high levels of corruption, impunity, and lack of transparency serve as incubators for crime and violence. Governments must address the underlying socioeconomic challenges that create the appropriate conditions making youth vulnerable to being recruited by gangs and other organized crime groups. As a result, this work seeks to understand how institutional weakness can help foster these organizations, which in turn leads to violence.

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Nächstes Kapitel History of Crime and Violence

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Global Study on Homicide: 2013 (Vienna: UNODC, 2013).

Jonathan Watts, “One murder every hour: how El Salvador became the homicide capital of the world,” The Guardian, August 22, 2015, p. 1.

Associated Press, “A day without murder: no one is killed in El Salvador for first time in two years,” The Guardian, January 12, 2017.

Héctor Silva Ávalos, “El Salvador Violence Rising Despite ‘Extraordinary’ Anti-Gang Measures,” InSight Crime, October 3, 2017, https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/violence-el-salvador-rise-despite-extraordinary-anti-gang-measures/, accessed December 2017.

For more, see: “Mafia of the Poor: Gang Violence and Extortion in Central America,” International Crisis Group, April 6, 2017, https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/central-america/62-mafia-poor-gang-violence-and-extortion-central-america, accessed January 2018; Deborah T. Levenson, Adiós Niño: The Gangs of Guatemala City and the Politics of Death (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013); Steven Dudley, “Homicides in Guatemala: Analyzing the Data,” InSight Crime, April 20, 2017, https://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/homicides-in-guatemala-analyzing-the-data/, accessed January 2018; Anastasia Moloney, “Hundreds flee gang warfare in Honduras’ murder city,” Reuters, May 15, 2017.

For more on this topic, see: Michael Lohmuller and Steven Dudley, “Appraising Violence in Honduras: How Much is ‘Gang-Related’?” InSight Crime, May 18, 2016, https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/appraising-violence-in-honduras-how-much-is-gang-related/, accessed December 2017.

Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, July 2016); Max Fisher and Amanda Taub, “Mexico’s Record Violence Is a Crisis 20 Years in the Making,” The New York Times, October 28, 2017; Azam Ahmed, “Mexico’s Deadliest Town. Mexico’s Deadliest Year,” The New York Times, August 4, 2017.

Andrés Manuel López Obrador quoted in Ronna Rísquez, “Could an Amnesty in Mexico Reduce Violence?” InSight Crime, December 15, 2017, https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/mexico-torn-amnesty-narco-leaders-urgent-need-peace/, accessed December 2017.

Jonathan D. Rosen and Hanna S. Kassab, eds., Fragile States in the Americas (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, December 2016).

“Global Wealth Report 2017: Where Are We Ten Years after the Crisis?” Credit-Suisse, November 14, 2017, https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/articles/news-and-expertise/global-wealth-report-2017-201711.html, accessed December 2017.

This is based on 2013 numbers. See: “Poverty,” The World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview, accessed December 2017.

For more on this topic, see: Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto.

Rafael de Hoyos, Halsey Rogers, and Miguel Székely, Out of School and Out of Work: Risk and Opportunities for Latin America’s Ninis (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016).

For more, see: Jonathan D. Rosen and Hanna S. Kassab, eds., Fragile States in the Americas; Mo Hume, “The myths of violence: gender, conflict, and community in El Salvador,” Latin American Perspectives 35, no. 5 (2008): pp. 59–76; Teresa PR Caldeira and James Holston, “Democracy and violence in Brazil,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 41, no. 4 (1999): pp. 691–729; Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto.

Ted Galen Carpenter, Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington’s Futile War on Drugs in Latin America (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 11.

Bruce M. Bagley, “Drug-Control Policies in the United States: Patterns, Prevalence, and Problems of Drug Use in the United States,” in Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas Today, eds. Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2015), p. 123.

Bruce M. Bagley, “Drug-Control Policies in the United States: Patterns, Prevalence, and Problems of Drug Use in the United States,” pp. 121–136; Marc Mauer, The Changing Racial Dynamics of the War on Drugs (Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project, 2009); Lawrence Mead, ed. The New Paternalism: Supervisory Approaches to Poverty (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1997).

Bruce M. Bagley, “Drug-Control Policies in the United States: Patterns, Prevalence, and Problems of Drug Use in the United States,” pp. 121–136.

Ted Galen Carpenter. Bad Neighbor Policy, p. 15.

For more on this topic, see: Marten W. Brienen and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., New Approaches to Drug Policies: A Time for Change (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015); James E. Hawdon, “The role of presidential rhetoric in the creation of a moral panic: Reagan, Bush, and the war on drugs,” Deviant Behavior 22, no. 5 (2001): pp. 419–445; Keith Humphreys and Julian Rappaport, “From the community mental health movement to the war on drugs: A study in the definition of social problems,” American Psychologist 48, no. 8 (1993): p. 892.

Ted Galen Carpenter. Bad Neighbor Policy, p. 20; Carpenter recommends seeing the comments of Senator Jeremiah Denton (R-AL). See Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, DEAR Oversight and Budget Authorization, Hearing, 95 Cong, 3d session, March 1984, p. 6.

For more, see: Ted Galen Carpenter. Bad Neighbor Policy.

Ted Galen Carpenter. Bad Neighbor Policy, p. 20.

Ted Galen Carpenter. Bad Neighbor Policy, p. 19.

Ted Galen Carpenter, Bad Neighbor Policy, p. 29; see: Keith B. Richburg, “Reagan Order Defines Drug Trade as Security Threat,” Washington Post, June 8, 1986.

For more, see: Ethan A. Nadelmann, “Global prohibition regimes: The evolution of norms in international society,” International Organization 44, no. 4 (1990): pp. 479–526; Bruce Bagley, “The evolution of drug trafficking and organized crime in Latin America,” Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas 71 (2013): pp. 99–123; Marten W. Brienen and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., New Approaches to Drug Policies: A Time for Change (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, August 2015).

“Drug War Statistics,” Drug Policy Alliance, http://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/drug-war-statistics, accessed December 2017.

Bruce M. Bagley, “Introduction. Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in Latin America and the Caribbean in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges to Democracy,” in Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas Today, eds. Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2015), pp. 1–24.

Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas Today (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2015).

“Drug War Statistics,” Drug Policy Alliance.

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2012).

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), The Globalization of Crime (New York: UNODC, 2010); Marten W. Brienen and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., New Approaches to Drug Policies: A Time for Change.

Titel: Introduction
verfasst von: Jonathan D. Rosen
Hanna Samir Kassab
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Drugs, Gangs, and Violence
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94450-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-94451-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94451-7_1