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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction

verfasst von : Annegret Engel

Erschienen in: The Choice of Legal Basis for Acts of the European Union

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Legal bases are treaty provisions which confer powers to the legislative organs of the European Union in order to pass legislation. Every legislative/non-legislative act has to be based on at least one legal basis. The choice of the correct legal basis may sometimes create tensions between the different institutions due to their competing interests and the inevitable competence overlaps inherited in the legal bases. Such competence conflicts often reach the European courts in the form of legal basis litigation. The courts have had to develop general principles to solve these kinds of judicial review cases in order to provide guidance for future case law. This section will provide a brief overview of the main aspects to bear in mind as regards legal bases and legal basis litigation before looking at the outline of the book.

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Nächstes Kapitel Conflicts Between the Union’s Different Types of Competences

“[A] competence is the material field within which an authority is entitled to exercise power.” Definition in Schütze (2009), p. 65.

This is called the “supply-side” factor, Jupille (2006), p. 17.

See Cullen and Charlesworth (1999).

This is called the “demand-side” factor, Jupille (2006), pp. 17 and 18.

Case C-370/07, Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European Union, EU:C:2009:590, para 52. This judgment was criticised on the grounds that the threshold was placed too high for the requirement to indicate a legal basis and that the Court failed to explain under which circumstances an exceptional non-statement of the legal basis in a measure would be allowed; Heliskoski (2011), pp. 566 and 567.

Opinion 2/00, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, EU:C:2001:664, para 5.

As has been observed, e.g., in Wuemeling (2004) p. 219.

See e.g. BVerfG, 1 BvR 636/02 vom 9.6.2004, concerning shop opening hours on Sundays and public holidays.

For an extensive study on the Maastricht Treaty, see O’Keeffe (1994).

It goes without saying that such differences could not only occur between the three pillars but also within the pillars themselves, i.e. inter- as well as intra-pillar differences.

Former Treaty establishing the European Communities (EC).

Area of common foreign and security policy (CFSP).

Area of justice and home affairs under the Maastricht Treaty and area of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters under the Amsterdam Treaty.

For a detailed analysis of the intergovernmental pillars, see Denza (2002).

This sometimes created confusion and many authors pleaded for a simplification of the treaties and the underlying pillar structure. As an example, see De Witte (2002).

For an interesting discussion on the changes introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam, see O’Keeffe and Twomey (1999).

Further discussion on the changes introduced by the Treaty of Nice can be found in Andenas and Usher (2003).

Compare Von Bogdandy (1999), De Witte (1998) and Pechstein and Koenig (2000).

Wessel has argued that “the Union’s pillars are still separate, but inseparable”, Wessel (2009), p. 305.

Andenas M, Usher JA (eds) (2003) The treaty of nice and beyond: enlargement and constitutional reform. Hart, Oxford

Cullen H, Charlesworth A (1999) Diplomacy by other means: the use of legal basis litigation as a political strategy by the European Parliament and Member States. Common Mark Law Rev 36(6):1243–1270CrossRef

De Witte B (1998) The pillar structure and the nature of the European Union: Greek Temple or French Gothic Cathedral? In: Heukels T, Blokker N et al (eds) The European Union after Amsterdam: a legal analysis. Kluwer Law International, The Hague

De Witte B (2002) Simplification and reorganization of the European treaties. Common Mark Law Rev 39(6):1255–1287

Denza E (2002) The intergovernmental pillars of the European Union. Oxford University Press, OxfordCrossRef

Heliskoski J (2011) Court of Justice: Case C-370/07, Commission v. Council, Judgment of the European Court of Justice (Second Chamber) of 1 October 2009, nyr. Common Mark Law Rev 48(3):555–567

Jupille J (2006) The legal basis game and European Governance. Swed Inst Eur Policy Stud 12:1–70

O’Keeffe D (1994) Legal issues of the Maastricht treaty. Chancery Law Publishing Ltd, London

O’Keeffe D, Twomey P (eds) (1999) Legal issues of the Amsterdam treaty. Hart, Oxford

Pechstein M, Koenig C (2000) Die Europäische Union. J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen

Schütze R (2009) The European Community’s federal order of competences - a retrospective analysis. In: Dougan M, Currie S (eds) 50 Years of the European treaties: looking back and thinking forward. Hart, Oxford, pp 63–92

Von Bogdandy A (1999) The legal case for unity: the European Union as a single organization with a single legal system. Common Mark Law Rev 36(5):887–910CrossRef

Wessel RA (2009) The constitutional unity of the European Union: the increasing irrelevance of the pillar structure? In: Wouters J, Verhey L et al (eds) European constitutionalism beyond Lisbon. Intersentia, Antwerp, pp 283–306

Wuemeling J (2004) Kalamität Kompetenz: Zur Abgrenzung der Zuständigkeiten in dem Verfassungsentwurf des EU-Konvents. Europarecht 39(2):216–229

Titel: Introduction
verfasst von: Annegret Engel
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Choice of Legal Basis for Acts of the European Union
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00273-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-00274-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00274-9_1