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Erschienen in:
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2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction

verfasst von : Raquel Tardin

Erschienen in: System of Open Spaces

Verlag: Springer New York

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Abstract

This book proposes an interdisciplinary method of urbanistic intervention through the planning of the system of open spaces and demonstrates possible concrete project strategies for the restructuring of urban territories. Open spaces are considered to play a valued role in spatial planning on the basis that they are a system, with its own values, and the planning of the system of open spaces may have the potential to restructure the territory in terms of providing a new structure for urban occupation whether existing or yet to come.

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Fußnoten
1
The concept of a sustainable city recognizes that cities must respond to certain social, environmental, political, cultural, as well as, physical and economic objectives. It is a dynamic organism as complex as society itself and sensitive enough to react properly to changes. The sustainable city is a city with many facets and can be described as
  • a fair city, where justice, food, shelter, education, health, and opportunities are distributed ­properly and where all people feel represented by their government;
  • a beautiful city, where art, architecture, and landscape foster imagination and renew the spirit;
  • a creative city, where open-mindedness and experimentation mobilize the full potential of its human resources and enable more rapid responsiveness to changes;
  • a green city that minimize its environmental impact, where the relationship between built-up space and landscape is balanced and where infrastructure use resources efficiently and securely;
  • a city that encourages contact, which brings public space into community life and assists the mobility of its inhabitants and where information is exchanged both personally and electronically;
  • a compact and polycentric city, protecting the surrounding countryside, integrating communities, and optimizing their proximity;
  • a diverse city, in which the degree of diversity of overlapping activities encourages, inspires, and promotes a vital and dynamic human community. (Rogers 2000, p. 168, translated from Spanish)
 
2
In this sense, authors have made important theoretical and practical contributions in the field of landscape urbanism that are strong references; e.g., Charles Waldheim, James Corner, Alex Wall, Stan Allen, Chris Reed, Christopher Gray, and Peter Connolly.
 
3
Latin American cities share many characteristics in their urban setting, despite the inherent differences in the place or type of influence they have; e.g., the irreversibility of the rural exodus, the presence of large rural and urban properties, changes in economic rhythms, the presence of areas of urban decay such as slums, high rates of poverty, and inequality in the income distribution and, pressures on urban growth and sprawl. (Santos 1982, translated from the original)
 
4
Examples of urban interventions can be found in the projects of Favela-Bairro, Rio-Cidade, and Rio-Orla.
 
5
The values were high (H), medium-high (MH), medium (M), medium-low (ML), and low (L).
 
6
The cartography was developed from the following sources.
  • City Hall of Rio de Janeiro:
    • Digital maps with original size of 1:10,000 for 1999 (via the Internet).
    • Digital maps with original size of 1:2,000 for 1997.
    • Information derived from the compact disc Atlas Rio (1998), mainly references to slums and irregular settlements in the study area, and an update according to a printed map with scale of 1:80,000 for 2001 produced by the Secretary of Housing of the City Hall of Rio de Janeiro (Secretaria de Habitação da Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro).
    • Printed map of the city of Rio de Janeiro on a scale of 1:50,000 for 1999 and 2003.
    • Information derived from the compact disc Zoneamento Urbano 99 relating to the classification of the existing territory.
    • Maps in PDF form derived from Secretary of Urbanism and Environment of the City Hall of Rio de Janeiro (Secretaria de Urbanismo e Meio Ambiente da Prefeitura da cidade do Rio de Janeiro (SMAC) (1998). Estudo de impacto ambiental para o projeto de recuperação ambiental da Macrobacia de Jacarepaguá. Rio de Janeiro: Secretaria de Urbanismo e Meio Ambiente da Prefeitura da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.)
  • Center for Information and Data (Fundação CIDE), State of Rio de Janeiro:
    • Digital maps with original scale of 1:50,000 corresponding to pages 2,744-4 and 2,745-3 (Santa Cruz and Vila Militar, respectively) relating to the land use and vegetation, urban dynamics, and physical and environmental constraints.
    • Digital maps of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro relating to the land use and vegetation on a scale of 1:200,000 for 1994.
  • National Center for Soil Research of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária; EMBRAPA):
    • Compact disc concerning the study and characterization of soils in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 2001.
 
7
The sources of photographic documentation (not taken by the author) are the following.
  • Aerial photographs taken by the architect Rodrigo Rinaldi in 2001.
  • Instituto Pereira Passos (IPP), City Hall of Rio de Janeiro:
    • Orthophotos with scale of 1:30,000, ENGEFOTO, flight 7/12/99.
    • Orthophotos with scale of 1:8,000 for 2000.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Introduction
verfasst von
Raquel Tardin
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4352-0_1