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2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Investigating Deep Lithospheric Structures

verfasst von : Lev Eppelbaum, Izzy Kutasov, Arkady Pilchin

Erschienen in: Applied Geothermics

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

During the formation of the Earth as a planet heat energy released by accretion and certain other processes was sufficient to heat the entire Earth beyond the melting point of composing it rocks. This definitely led to formation of hundreds kilometers deep magma-ocean or melting the entire planet. That molten stage could have existed for quite some time. Such processes as possible collision of Earth with Mars-size body (Moon forming event) and bombardment of surface by huge cosmic objects [e.g., “late heavy bombardment” at about 3.85–3.9 Ga] could have significantly slowed down process of solidification of magma-ocean and/or create local magma-oceans. Following solidification of magma-ocean led to formation of the lithosphere through complex processes formation and recycling rocks and minerals, interaction surface rocks with the atmosphere, formation crust, formation water-ocean, and many others. All these processes took place during general process of Earth cooling. In this Chapter such processes as the formation and evolution of magma-ocean, evolution of early Earth’s atmosphere, the formation of water-ocean, thermal regime during early lithosphere formation, dynamic interactions of the asthenosphere and the lithosphere and many other problems are discussed.

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Zurück zum Zitat Galetsky LS, Derenyuk NE, Bogach DI, Yaroschuk MA, Lebedev YuS, Vaylo AB (1985) Iron-silica rocks of Froonzovskikh magnetic anomalies of the Ukrainean shield. Geophys J 45(5):1–12 (in Russian) Galetsky LS, Derenyuk NE, Bogach DI, Yaroschuk MA, Lebedev YuS, Vaylo AB (1985) Iron-silica rocks of Froonzovskikh magnetic anomalies of the Ukrainean shield. Geophys J 45(5):1–12 (in Russian)
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Zurück zum Zitat Gao J, Klemd R (2003) Formation of HP–LT rocks and their tectonic implications in the western Tianshan Orogen, NW China: geochemical and age constraints. Lithos 66:1–22 Gao J, Klemd R (2003) Formation of HP–LT rocks and their tectonic implications in the western Tianshan Orogen, NW China: geochemical and age constraints. Lithos 66:1–22
Zurück zum Zitat Gao J, Zhang L, Liu Sh (2000) The 40Ar/39Ar age record of formation and uplift of the blueschists and eclogites in the western Tianshan Mountains. Chinese Sci Bull 45(11):1047–1051 Gao J, Zhang L, Liu Sh (2000) The 40Ar/39Ar age record of formation and uplift of the blueschists and eclogites in the western Tianshan Mountains. Chinese Sci Bull 45(11):1047–1051
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Zurück zum Zitat Gates-Anderson DD, Laue CA, Fitch TE (2004) Dissolution treatment of depleted uranium waste. The US Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, UCRL-TR-202275 Gates-Anderson DD, Laue CA, Fitch TE (2004) Dissolution treatment of depleted uranium waste. The US Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, UCRL-TR-202275
Zurück zum Zitat Geurts FWAH, Sacco A Jr (1992) The relative rates of the boudouard reaction and hydrogenation of CO over Fe and Co foils. Carbon 30(3):415–418 Geurts FWAH, Sacco A Jr (1992) The relative rates of the boudouard reaction and hydrogenation of CO over Fe and Co foils. Carbon 30(3):415–418
Zurück zum Zitat Ghiorso M (2004) An equation of state for silicate melts. Parts I, III, IV. Am J Sci 304:637–678, 752–810, 811–838 Ghiorso M (2004) An equation of state for silicate melts. Parts I, III, IV. Am J Sci 304:637–678, 752–810, 811–838
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Zurück zum Zitat Grønvold F, Stølen S, Tolmach P, Westrum EF Jr (1993) Heat capacities of the wüstite Fe0.9379O and Fe0.9254O) at temperatures T from 5 K to 350 K. Thermodynamics of the reaction:xFe(s) + (1/4)Fe3O4(s) = Fe0.7500 + xO(s) = Fe1-yO(s) at ≈850 K, and properties of Fe1-yO(s) to T = 1000 K. Thermodynamics of formation of wüstite. J Chem Thermodyn 25:1089–1117 Grønvold F, Stølen S, Tolmach P, Westrum EF Jr (1993) Heat capacities of the wüstite Fe0.9379O and Fe0.9254O) at temperatures T from 5 K to 350 K. Thermodynamics of the reaction:xFe(s) + (1/4)Fe3O4(s) = Fe0.7500 + xO(s) = Fe1-yO(s) at ≈850 K, and properties of Fe1-yO(s) to T = 1000 K. Thermodynamics of formation of wüstite. J Chem Thermodyn 25:1089–1117
Zurück zum Zitat Groves DI, Phillips GN, Falconer LJ, Houstoun SM, Ho SE, Browning P, Dahl N, Mcnaughton MJ (1987) Evidence for an epigenetic origin for BIF-hosted gold deposits in the greenstone belts of the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia. In: Ho SE, Groves DI (eds) Recent advances in understanding precambrian gold deposits. University of Western Australia, Perth, Publ. 2, pp 167–179 Groves DI, Phillips GN, Falconer LJ, Houstoun SM, Ho SE, Browning P, Dahl N, Mcnaughton MJ (1987) Evidence for an epigenetic origin for BIF-hosted gold deposits in the greenstone belts of the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia. In: Ho SE, Groves DI (eds) Recent advances in understanding precambrian gold deposits. University of Western Australia, Perth, Publ. 2, pp 167–179
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Zurück zum Zitat Harper G, Saleeby J, Heizler M (1994) Formation and emplacement of the Josephine ophiolite and the Nevadan orogeny in the Klamath Mountains, California-Oregon: U/Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. J Geophys Res 99(B3):4293–4321 Harper G, Saleeby J, Heizler M (1994) Formation and emplacement of the Josephine ophiolite and the Nevadan orogeny in the Klamath Mountains, California-Oregon: U/Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. J Geophys Res 99(B3):4293–4321
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Zurück zum Zitat Palmqvist AEC, Zwinkels MFM, Zang Y, Järås SG, Muhammed M (1997) Reduction of sulfur dioxide by carbon monoxide over doped nanophase cerium oxides. Nanostruct Naterials 8(7):801–813 Palmqvist AEC, Zwinkels MFM, Zang Y, Järås SG, Muhammed M (1997) Reduction of sulfur dioxide by carbon monoxide over doped nanophase cerium oxides. Nanostruct Naterials 8(7):801–813
Zurück zum Zitat Papineau D, DeGregorio BT, Cody GD, Fries MD, Mojzsis SJ, Steele A, Stroud RM, Fogel ML (2010) Ancient graphite in the Eoarchean quartz-pyroxene rock from Akilia in southwest Greenland I: petrographic and spectroscopic characterization. Geochim et Cosmochim Acta 74:5862–5883 Papineau D, DeGregorio BT, Cody GD, Fries MD, Mojzsis SJ, Steele A, Stroud RM, Fogel ML (2010) Ancient graphite in the Eoarchean quartz-pyroxene rock from Akilia in southwest Greenland I: petrographic and spectroscopic characterization. Geochim et Cosmochim Acta 74:5862–5883
Zurück zum Zitat Passier HF, de Lange GJ, Dekkers MJ (2001) Magnetic properties and geochemistry of the active oxidation front and the youngest sapropel in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Geophys J Int 145(3):604–614 Passier HF, de Lange GJ, Dekkers MJ (2001) Magnetic properties and geochemistry of the active oxidation front and the youngest sapropel in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Geophys J Int 145(3):604–614
Zurück zum Zitat Patrick BE, Evans BW (1989) Metamorphic evolution of the Seward Peninsula Blueschist terrane. J Petrol 30(3):531–555 Patrick BE, Evans BW (1989) Metamorphic evolution of the Seward Peninsula Blueschist terrane. J Petrol 30(3):531–555
Zurück zum Zitat Pavese A, Diella V, Pischedda V, Merli M, Bocchio R, Mezouar M (2001) Pressure-volume-temperature equation of state of andradite and grossular, by high-pressure and -temperature powder diffraction. Phys Chem Miner 28(4):242–248 Pavese A, Diella V, Pischedda V, Merli M, Bocchio R, Mezouar M (2001) Pressure-volume-temperature equation of state of andradite and grossular, by high-pressure and -temperature powder diffraction. Phys Chem Miner 28(4):242–248
Zurück zum Zitat Pavlenkova GA, Pavlenkova NI (2003) 3-D velocity model of the upper mantle in the northern Eurasia. In: Proceedings of the European geophysical society, geophysical research abstract, vol 5, No. 02666 Pavlenkova GA, Pavlenkova NI (2003) 3-D velocity model of the upper mantle in the northern Eurasia. In: Proceedings of the European geophysical society, geophysical research abstract, vol 5, No. 02666
Zurück zum Zitat Pavlenkova GA, Priestley K, Cipar J (2002) 2D model of the crust and uppermost mantle along rift profile, Siberian craton. Tectonophysics 355(1–4):171–186 Pavlenkova GA, Priestley K, Cipar J (2002) 2D model of the crust and uppermost mantle along rift profile, Siberian craton. Tectonophysics 355(1–4):171–186
Zurück zum Zitat Pavlenkova NI (1995) On a regional seismic boundary in the uppermost mantle. Izv Russ Acad Sci Phys Solid Earth 31(12):58–71 Pavlenkova NI (1995) On a regional seismic boundary in the uppermost mantle. Izv Russ Acad Sci Phys Solid Earth 31(12):58–71
Zurück zum Zitat Pavlenkova NI (1996) General features of the uppermost mantle stratification from long-range seismic profiles. Tectonophysics 264(1–4):261–278 Pavlenkova NI (1996) General features of the uppermost mantle stratification from long-range seismic profiles. Tectonophysics 264(1–4):261–278
Zurück zum Zitat Pavlenkova NI (2006) Long-range profile data on the upper-mantle structure in the Siberian Platform. Russ Geol Geophys 47(5):626–641 Pavlenkova NI (2006) Long-range profile data on the upper-mantle structure in the Siberian Platform. Russ Geol Geophys 47(5):626–641
Zurück zum Zitat Pavlenkova NI (2009). Continental and oceanic lithosphere structure from the long-range seismic profiling. In: Anderson JE, Coates RW (eds) The lithosphere: geochemistry, geology and geophysics. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 69–122 Pavlenkova NI (2009). Continental and oceanic lithosphere structure from the long-range seismic profiling. In: Anderson JE, Coates RW (eds) The lithosphere: geochemistry, geology and geophysics. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 69–122
Zurück zum Zitat Pearson DG, Canil D, Shirey SB (2003) Mantle samples included in volcanic rocks: xenoliths and diamonds. In: Carlson RW (ed) Treatise on geochemistry, vol 2, the Mantle. Elsevier, New York, pp 171–277 Pearson DG, Canil D, Shirey SB (2003) Mantle samples included in volcanic rocks: xenoliths and diamonds. In: Carlson RW (ed) Treatise on geochemistry, vol 2, the Mantle. Elsevier, New York, pp 171–277
Zurück zum Zitat Pechersky DM, Bagin VI, Brodskaya SYu, Sharonov ZV (1975) Magnetism and conditions of generation for igneous mountainous rocks. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian) Pechersky DM, Bagin VI, Brodskaya SYu, Sharonov ZV (1975) Magnetism and conditions of generation for igneous mountainous rocks. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Zurück zum Zitat Peltonen P, Kontinen A, Huhma H (1996) Petrology and geochemistry of metabasalts from the 1.95 Ga Jormua ophiolite, northeastern Finland. J Petrol 376:1359–1383 Peltonen P, Kontinen A, Huhma H (1996) Petrology and geochemistry of metabasalts from the 1.95 Ga Jormua ophiolite, northeastern Finland. J Petrol 376:1359–1383
Zurück zum Zitat Perchuk A, Philippot P, Erdmer Ph, Fialin M (1999) Rates of thermal equilibration at the onset of subduction deduced from diffusion modeling of eclogitic garnets, Yukon-Tanana terrane, Canada. Geology 27:531–534 Perchuk A, Philippot P, Erdmer Ph, Fialin M (1999) Rates of thermal equilibration at the onset of subduction deduced from diffusion modeling of eclogitic garnets, Yukon-Tanana terrane, Canada. Geology 27:531–534
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins D III (1983) The stability of Mg-rich garnet in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 at 1000–1300 °C and high pressure. Am Mineral 68:355–364 Perkins D III (1983) The stability of Mg-rich garnet in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 at 1000–1300 °C and high pressure. Am Mineral 68:355–364
Zurück zum Zitat Perry GJ, Gray A, Mackay GH (1985) Carbonate formation during hydrogenation of Victorian brown coal. Fuel Process Technol 10(3):285–297 Perry GJ, Gray A, Mackay GH (1985) Carbonate formation during hydrogenation of Victorian brown coal. Fuel Process Technol 10(3):285–297
Zurück zum Zitat Philippot P, Blichert-Toft J, Perchuk A, Costa S, Gerasimov V (2001) Lu–Hf and Ar–Ar chronometry supports extreme rate of subduction zone metamorphism deduced from geospeedometry. Tectonophysics 342(1–2):23–38 Philippot P, Blichert-Toft J, Perchuk A, Costa S, Gerasimov V (2001) Lu–Hf and Ar–Ar chronometry supports extreme rate of subduction zone metamorphism deduced from geospeedometry. Tectonophysics 342(1–2):23–38
Zurück zum Zitat Phillips GN, Groves DI, Martyn JE (1984) An epigenetic origin for Archaean banded iron-formation-hosted gold deposits. Econ Geol 79:162–171 Phillips GN, Groves DI, Martyn JE (1984) An epigenetic origin for Archaean banded iron-formation-hosted gold deposits. Econ Geol 79:162–171
Zurück zum Zitat Philpotts AR (1990) Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River Philpotts AR (1990) Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin A (1983) Geothermal regime of Earth’s crust of the Kura depression and its influence on pressure distribution in it. PhD thesis, Institute of Geophysics of the Georgia Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi (in Russian) Pilchin A (1983) Geothermal regime of Earth’s crust of the Kura depression and its influence on pressure distribution in it. PhD thesis, Institute of Geophysics of the Georgia Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi (in Russian)
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin A, Eppelbaum L (2012) The early Earth formation and evolution of the lithosphere in the Hadean–Middle Archean. In: Sato F, Nakamura Sh (eds) Encyclopedia of Earth science research, vol 1. pp 1–93 (Chapter 1) Pilchin A, Eppelbaum L (2012) The early Earth formation and evolution of the lithosphere in the Hadean–Middle Archean. In: Sato F, Nakamura Sh (eds) Encyclopedia of Earth science research, vol 1. pp 1–93 (Chapter 1)
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN (1978a) Correction to hydrostatic pressure in the crust of the Middle Kura depression. In: Geophysical researches of the oil, gas and ore deposits in Azerbaijan, Baku, pp 78–80 (in Russian) Pilchin AN (1978a) Correction to hydrostatic pressure in the crust of the Middle Kura depression. In: Geophysical researches of the oil, gas and ore deposits in Azerbaijan, Baku, pp 78–80 (in Russian)
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN (1978b) Estimation of thermodynamic condition of intervals of terrigenous transsection by speead of change of geothermal gradient with depth. Explor Geophys (Razvedochnaya Geofizika) 83:112–116 Pilchin AN (1978b) Estimation of thermodynamic condition of intervals of terrigenous transsection by speead of change of geothermal gradient with depth. Explor Geophys (Razvedochnaya Geofizika) 83:112–116
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN (1985a) Method of the stresses in a mountain massif determination, USSR, Patent No. 1,170,143, Bulletin of inventions, No. 28 (in Russian) Pilchin AN (1985a) Method of the stresses in a mountain massif determination, USSR, Patent No. 1,170,143, Bulletin of inventions, No. 28 (in Russian)
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN (1986) On the role of pressures in tectonic processes. VINITI Press, No. 3723-86, pp 1–23 (in Russian) Pilchin AN (1986) On the role of pressures in tectonic processes. VINITI Press, No. 3723-86, pp 1–23 (in Russian)
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN (1987b) The origin of ultra high pressures generation in the oceans earth crust and upper mantle. In: Transaction of the 1st All-Union meeting on marine geophysics, Baku, p 31 (in Russian) Pilchin AN (1987b) The origin of ultra high pressures generation in the oceans earth crust and upper mantle. In: Transaction of the 1st All-Union meeting on marine geophysics, Baku, p 31 (in Russian)
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN (1996a) Tectonic and petrologic peculiarities of the Grenville province formation. In: Transactions of geological association of Canada and mineral association of Canada annual meeting, vol 21, p A-75 Pilchin AN (1996a) Tectonic and petrologic peculiarities of the Grenville province formation. In: Transactions of geological association of Canada and mineral association of Canada annual meeting, vol 21, p A-75
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN (1996b) Tectonic and petrologic peculiarities of the Precambrian evolution of the Baltic shield. Extended abstracts book, 58th EAGE conference and technical exhibition, Amsterdam, p P-513 Pilchin AN (1996b) Tectonic and petrologic peculiarities of the Precambrian evolution of the Baltic shield. Extended abstracts book, 58th EAGE conference and technical exhibition, Amsterdam, p P-513
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN (2005) The role of serpentinization in exhumation of high- to ultra-high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Earth Plan Sci Lett 237(3–4):815–828 Pilchin AN (2005) The role of serpentinization in exhumation of high- to ultra-high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Earth Plan Sci Lett 237(3–4):815–828
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN (2011) Magnetite: the story of the mineral′s formation and stability. In: Angrove DM (ed) Magnetite: structure, properties and applications. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 1–99 (Chapter 1) Pilchin AN (2011) Magnetite: the story of the mineral′s formation and stability. In: Angrove DM (ed) Magnetite: structure, properties and applications. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 1–99 (Chapter 1)
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (1997) Determination of the lower edges of magnetized bodies by using geothermal data. Geophys J Int 128:167–174 Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (1997) Determination of the lower edges of magnetized bodies by using geothermal data. Geophys J Int 128:167–174
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2002) Some peculiarities of thermodynamic conditions of the Earth crust and upper mantle. Sci Isr 4(1–2):117–142 Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2002) Some peculiarities of thermodynamic conditions of the Earth crust and upper mantle. Sci Isr 4(1–2):117–142
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2004) On the stability of ferrous and ferric iron oxides and its role in rocks and rock-forming minerals stability. Sci Isr 6(3–4):119–135 Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2004) On the stability of ferrous and ferric iron oxides and its role in rocks and rock-forming minerals stability. Sci Isr 6(3–4):119–135
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2005) On the role of thermodynamic conditions in rocks and minerals stability. Sci Isr 7(1–2):88–105 Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2005) On the role of thermodynamic conditions in rocks and minerals stability. Sci Isr 7(1–2):88–105
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2006) Iron and its unique role in earth evolution, vol 9. Mexican Geophysics Society, pp 1–67 Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2006) Iron and its unique role in earth evolution, vol 9. Mexican Geophysics Society, pp 1–67
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2007) Stability of iron oxides in the Earth and their role in the formation of rock magnetism. Acta Geofisica 55(2):133–153 Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2007) Stability of iron oxides in the Earth and their role in the formation of rock magnetism. Acta Geofisica 55(2):133–153
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2008a) Iron content of magmatic rocks as a marker of mantle heterogeneity. Transactions of the 33rd international geological conference, Oslo, Norway, EID05421P Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2008a) Iron content of magmatic rocks as a marker of mantle heterogeneity. Transactions of the 33rd international geological conference, Oslo, Norway, EID05421P
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2008b) Some causes of initial mantle heterogeneity. In: Transactions of the 33rd international geological conference, Oslo, Norway, EID05422P Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2008b) Some causes of initial mantle heterogeneity. In: Transactions of the 33rd international geological conference, Oslo, Norway, EID05422P
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2009) The early Earth and formation of the lithosphere. In: Anderson JE, Coates RW (eds) The lithosphere: geochemistry, geology and geophysics. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 1–68 (Chapter 1) Pilchin AN, Eppelbaum LV (2009) The early Earth and formation of the lithosphere. In: Anderson JE, Coates RW (eds) The lithosphere: geochemistry, geology and geophysics. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 1–68 (Chapter 1)
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin AN, Khesin BE (1981) On possible nature of the magnitoactive bodies of bottom edges. Explor Geophys (Razvedochnaya Geofizika) 92:123–127 (in Russian) Pilchin AN, Khesin BE (1981) On possible nature of the magnitoactive bodies of bottom edges. Explor Geophys (Razvedochnaya Geofizika) 92:123–127 (in Russian)
Zurück zum Zitat Pilchin MM, Pilchin AN (1996) Petrology and some peculiarities of mineral composition of the early Precambrian rocks of Canadian shield. In: Transaction of geological associationof Canada and mineral. Association of Canada annual meeting, vol 21, p A-75 Pilchin MM, Pilchin AN (1996) Petrology and some peculiarities of mineral composition of the early Precambrian rocks of Canadian shield. In: Transaction of geological associationof Canada and mineral. Association of Canada annual meeting, vol 21, p A-75
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Metadaten
Titel
Investigating Deep Lithospheric Structures
verfasst von
Lev Eppelbaum
Izzy Kutasov
Arkady Pilchin
Copyright-Jahr
2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34023-9_6