nach oben

Erschienen in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

39. Ionosphere Monitoring

verfasst von : Norbert Jakowski

Erschienen in: Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Zusammenfassung

Global navigation satellite system (GSSS)-based monitoring of the ionosphere is important in a twofold manner. Firstly, GNSS measurements provide valuable ionospheric information for correcting and mitigating ionospheric range errors or to warn users in particular in precise and safety of life (SoL) applications. Secondly, spatial and temporal resolution of ground- and space-based measurements is high enough to explore the dynamics of ionospheric processes such as the origin and propagation of ionospheric storms.

It is discussed how ground- and space-based GNSS measurements are used to create global maps of total electron content (TEC) and to reconstruct the highly variable three-dimensional (3-D) electron density distribution on global scale under perturbed conditions. Thus, the monitoring results can be used for correcting ionospheric errors in single-frequency applications as well as for studying the driving forces of space weather-induced perturbation features at a broad range of temporal and spatial scales. Whereas large- and medium-scale perturbations affect accuracy and reliability of GNSS measurements, small-scale plasma irregularities and plasma bubbles have a direct impact on the continuity of GNSS availability by causing strong and rapid fluctuations of the signal strength, known as radio scintillations.

It is discussed how better understanding of space weather-related phenomena may help to model and forecast ionospheric behavior even under perturbed conditions. Hence, ionospheric monitoring contributes to the successful mitigation of range errors or performance degradation associated with the ionospheric impact on a broad spectrum of GNSS applications.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Monitoring of the Neutral Atmosphere

Nächstes Kapitel Reflectometry

39.1

B.D. Wilson, A.J. Mannucci: Instrumental biases in ionospheric measurements derived from GPS data, Proc. Inst. Nav. 93(2), 1343–1351 (1993)

39.2

E. Sardón, A. Rius, N. Zarraoa: Estimation of the receiver differential biases and the ionospheric total electron content from global positioning system observations, Radio Sci. 29, 577–586 (1994)CrossRef

39.3

L. Ciraolo, P. Spalla, P. Beni: An analysis of consistency of TEC evaluated using pseudo-range GPS observations, Proc. Int. Beacon Satell. Symp., Aberystwyth, ed. by L. Kersley (Univ. Wales, Aberystwyth 1994) pp. 21–24

39.4

M. Hernandéz-Pajares, J.M. Juan, J. Sanz: New approaches in global ionospheric determination using ground GPS data, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 61(16), 1237–1247 (1999)CrossRef

39.5

N. Jakowski: TEC Monitoring by Using Satellite Positioning Systems, ed. by H. Kohl, R. Rüster, K. Schlegel (European Geophysical Society, Katlenburg-Lindau 1996) pp. 371–390

39.6

N. Jakowski, C. Mayer, M.M. Hoque, V. Wilken: Total electron content models and their use in ionosphere monitoring, Radio Sci. 46(RS0D18), 1–11 (2011)

39.7

N. Jakowski, M.M. Hoque, C. Mayer: A new global TEC model for estimating transionospheric radio wave propagation errors, J. Geod. 85(12), 965–974 (2011)CrossRef

39.8

N. Jakowski, C. Mayer, K.-D. Missling, H. Barkmann, C. Borries, H. Maas, T. Noack, M. Tegler, V. Wilken: Products and services provided by the Space Weather Application Center – Ionosphere (SWACI), Proc. Space Weather Work., Boulder (NOAA, Washington DC 2010) pp. 1–23

39.9

J.M. Dow, R.E. Neilan, C. Rizos: The international GNSS service in a changing landscape of global navigation satellite systems, J. Geod. 83(3-4), 191–198 (2009)CrossRef

39.10

M. Luo, S. Pullen, H. Dennis, J. Konno, G. Xie, T. Walter, P. Enge, S. Datta-Barua, T. Dehel: LAAS ionosphere spatial gradient threat model and impact of LGF and airborne monitoring, Proc. ION GPS (2003) pp. 2255–2274

39.11

C. Mayer, B. Belabbas, N. Jakowski, M. Meurer, W. Dunkel: Ionosphere Threat Space Model Assessment for GBAS, Proc. ION GNSS, Savannah (2009) pp. 1091–1099

39.12

G.A. Hajj, L.J. Romans: Ionospheric electron density profiles obtained with the Global Positioning System: Results from the GPS/MET experiment, Radio Sci. 33(1), 175–190 (1998)CrossRef

39.13

N. Jakowski, A. Wehrenpfennig, S. Heise, C. Reigber, H. Lühr, L. Grunwaldt, T.K. Meehan: GPS radio occultation measurements of the ionosphere from CHAMP: Early results, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(10), 95-1–95-4 (2002)CrossRef

39.14

N. Jakowski: Ionospheric GPS radio occultation measurements on board CHAMP, GPS Solutions 9(2), 88–95 (2005)CrossRef

39.15

S. Heise, N. Jakowski, A. Wehrenpfennig, C. Reigber, H. Lühr: Sounding of the topside ionosphere/plasmasphere based on GPS measurements from CHAMP: Initial results, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(14), 44.1–44.4 (2002)CrossRef

39.16

C. Rocken, Y.-H. Kuo, W. Schreiner, D. Hunt, S. Sokolovskiy, C.M. Cormick: COSMIC system description, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. (Special issue) 11(1), 21–52 (2000)CrossRef

39.17

T.P. Yunck, F. Lindal, C.H. Liu: The role of GPS in precise Earth observation, Proc. IEEE PLANS, Orlando (1988) pp. 251–258, doi: 10.110g/PLANS.1988.195491

39.18

G.A. Fjeldbo, J. Kliore, V.R. Eshleman: The neutral atmosphere of Venus as studied with the Mariner V radio occultation experiments, Astron. J. 76(2), 123–140 (1971)CrossRef

39.19

J. Wickert, C. Reigber, G. Beyerle, R. König, C. Marquardt, T. Schmidt, L. Grunwaldt, R. Galas, T.K. Meehan, W.G. Melbourne, K. Hocke: Atmosphere sounding by GPS radio occultation: First results from CHAMP, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(17), 3263–3266 (2001)CrossRef

39.20

M.M. Hoque, N. Jakowski: Higher order ionospheric propagation effects on GPS radio occultation signals, Adv. Space Res. 46(2), 162–173 (2010)CrossRef

39.21

M.M. Hoque, N. Jakowski: Ionospheric bending correction for GNSS radio occultation signals, Radio Sci. 46(RS0D06), 1–9 (2011)

39.22

M.M. Hoque, N. Jakowski: A new global empirical NmF2 model for operational use in radio systems, Radio Sci. 46(RS6015), 1–13 (2011)

39.23

M.M. Hoque, N. Jakowski: A new global model for the ionospheric F2 peak height for radio wave propagation, Ann. Geophys. 30(5), 797–809 (2012)CrossRef

39.24

K. Davies: Ionospheric Radio (Peter Peregrinus, London 1990)CrossRef

39.25

D.B. Mularew: Alouette-ISIS radio wave studies of the cleft, the auroral zone, and the main trough and of their associated irregularities, Radio Sci. 18(6), 1140–1150 (1983)CrossRef

39.26

P.L. Timleck, G.L. Nelms: Electron densities less than 100 electron cm\({}^{-3}\) in the topside ionosphere, Proc. IEEE 57, 1164–1171 (1969)CrossRef

39.27

R.E. Daniell, L.D. Brown, D.N. Anderson, M.W. Fox, P.H. Doherty, D.T. Decker, J.J. Sojka, R.W. Schunk: Parameterized ionospheric model: A global ionospheric parameterization based on first principles models, Radio Sci. 30(5), 1499–1510 (1995)CrossRef

39.28

J.R. Austen, S.J. Franke, C.H. Liu: Ionospheric imaging using computerized tomography, Radio Sci. 23(3), 299–307 (1988)CrossRef

39.29

L. Kersley, S.E. Pryse: Development of experimental ionospheric tomography, Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol. 5(2), 141–147 (1994)CrossRef

39.30

L. Kersley, S.E. Pryse, M.H. Denton, G. Bust, E. Fremouw, J. Secan, N. Jakowski, G.J. Bailey: Radio tomographic imaging of the northern high-latitude ionosphere on a wide geographic scale, Radio Sci. 40(RS5003), 1–9 (2005)

39.31

G.S. Bust, D. Coco, J.J. Makela: Combined ionospheric campaign 1: Ionospheric tomography and GPS total electron count (TEC) depletions, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27(18), 2849–2852 (2000)CrossRef

39.32

G.S. Bust, T.W. Garner, T.L. Gaussiran: Ionospheric data assimilation three-dimensional (IDA3D): A global, multisensor, electron density specification algorithm, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 109(A11), 1–14 (2004)CrossRef

39.33

R.W. Schunk, L. Scherliess, J.J. Sojka, D.C. Thompson, D.N. Anderson, M. Codrescu, C. Minter, T.J. Fuller-Rowell, R.A. Heelis, M. Hairston, B.M. Howe: Global assimilation of ionospheric measurements (GAIM), Radio Sci. 39(RS1S02), 1–11 (2004)

39.34

C.N. Mitchell, P.S.J. Spencer: A three-dimensional time-dependent algorithm for ionospheric imaging using GPS, Ann. Geophys. 46(4), 687–696 (2003)

39.35

M.J. Angling, P.S. Cannon: Assimilation of radio occultation measurements into background ionospheric models, Radio Sci. 39(RS1S0), 1–11 (2004)

39.36

L. Mandrake, B. Wilson, C. Wang, G. Hajj, A. Mannucci, X. Pi: A performance evaluation of the operational jet propulsion laboratory/University of southern California global assimilation ionospheric model (JPL/USC GAIM), J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 110(A12306), 1–10 (2005)

39.37

G.S. Bust, C.N. Mitchell: History, current state, and future directions of ionospheric imaging, Rev. Geophys. 46(1), 1–23 (2008)CrossRef

39.38

D. Bilitza, B.W. Reinisch: International reference ionosphere 2007: Improvements and new parameters, Adv. Space Res. 42(4), 599–609 (2008)CrossRef

39.39

P.M. Kintner, B.M. Ledvina: The ionosphere, radio navigation, and global navigation satellite systems, Adv. Space Res. 35(5), 788–811 (2005)CrossRef

39.40

J. Aarons, C. Gurgiolo, A.S. Rodger: The effects of magnetic storm phases on F layer irregularities below the auroral oval, Radio Sci. 23(3), 309–319 (1988)CrossRef

39.41

S. Basu, E. Kudeki, S. Basu, C.E. Valladares, E.J. Weber, H.P. Zengingonul, S. Bhattacharyya, R. Sheehan, J.W. Meriwether, M.A. Biondi, H. Kuenzler, J. Espinoza: Scintillations, plasma drifts, and neutral winds in the equatorial ionosphere after sunset, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 101(A12), 26795–26809 (1996)CrossRef

39.42

L. Alfonsi, L. Spogli, J.R. Tong, G. De-Franceschi, V. Romano, A. Bourdillon, M. Le Huy, C.N. Mitchell: GPS scintillation and TEC gradients at equatorial latitudes in April 2006, Adv. Space Res. 47(10), 1750–1757 (2011)CrossRef

39.43

N. Jakowski, Y. Béniguel, G. De-Franceschi, M. Hernandéz-Pajares, K.S. Jacobsen, I. Stanislawska, L. Tomasik, R. Warnant, G. Wautelet: Monitoring, tracking and forecasting ionospheric perturbations using GNSS techniques, J. Space Weather Space Clim. 2(A22), 1–14 (2012)

39.44

S. Basu, E. MacKenzie, S. Basu: Ionospheric constraints on VHF/UHF communications links during solar maximum and minimum periods, Radio Sci. 23(3), 363–378 (1988)CrossRef

39.45

B. Arbesser-Rastburg, N. Jakowski: Effects on satellite navigation. In: Space Weather: Physics and Effects, ed. by V. Bothmer, I.A. Daglis (Springer, Heidelberg 2007) pp. 383–402CrossRef

39.46

J.J. Valette, P. Lassudrie-Duchesne, N. Jakowski, Y. Béniguel, V. Wilken, M. Cueto, A. Bourdillon, C. Pollara-Brevart, P. Yaya, J.P. Adam, R. Fleury: Observations of ionospheric perturbations on GPS signals at \(50\,\text{Hz}\), \(1\,\text{Hz}\) and \(0.03\,\text{Hz}\) in South America and Indonesia, Proc. 4th Eur. Space Weather Week, Brussels (Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels 2007)

39.47

F.M. Dújanga, P. Baki, J.O. Olwendo, B.F. Twinamasiko: Total electron content of the ionosphere at two stations in East Africa during the 24–25 October 2011 geomagnetic storm, Adv. Space Res. 51(5), 712–721 (2013)CrossRef

39.48

M. Nishioka, A. Saito, T. Tsugawa: Occurrence characteristics of plasma bubble derived from global ground-based GPS receiver networks, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 113(A05301), 1–12 (2008)

39.49

T.L. Beach, P.M. Kintner: Simultaneous global positioning system observations of equatorial scintillations and total electron content fluctuations, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 104(A10), 22553–22565 (1999)CrossRef

39.50

A. Bhattacharyya, T.L. Beach, S. Basu, P.M. Kintner: Nighttime equatorial ionosphere: GPS scintillations and differential carrier phase fluctuations, Radio Sci. 35(1), 209–224 (2000)CrossRef

39.51

C.S. Carrano, K. Groves: The GPS segment of the AFRL-SCINDA global network and the challenges of real-time TEC estimation in the equatorial ionosphere, Proc. ION ITM, Monterey (2006) pp. 1036–1047

39.52

Y. Béniguel, J.-P. Adam, N. Jakowski, T. Noack, V. Wilken, J.-J. Valette, M. Cueto, A. Bourdillon, P. Lassudrie-Duchesne, B. Arbesser-Rastburg: Analysis of scintillation recorded during the PRIS measurement campaign, Radio Sci. 44(RS0A3), 1–11 (2009)

39.53

R. Prieto-Cerdeira, Y. Béniguel: The MONITOR project: Architecture, data and products, Proc. Ionos. Eff. Symp., Alexandria (2011) pp. 1–6

39.54

O. de La Beaujardière: C/NOFS: A mission to forecast scintillations, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 66(17), 1573–1591 (2004)CrossRef

39.55

G. Franceschi, L. Alfonsi, V. Romano: ISACCO: An Italian project to monitor the high latitudes ionosphere by means of GPS receivers, GPS Solutions 10(4), 263–267 (2006)CrossRef

39.56

C.E. Valladares, P.H. Doherty: The low-latitude ionosphere sensor network (LISN), Proc. ION ITM (2009) pp. 16–24

39.57

J.A. Secan, R.M. Bussey, E.J. Fremouw, S. Basu: High-latitude upgrade to the wideband ionospheric scintillation model, Radio Sci. 32(4), 1567–1574 (1997)CrossRef

39.58

Y. Béniguel, P. Hamel: A global ionosphere scintillation propagation model for equatorial regions, J. Space Weather Space Clim. 1(1), A04 (2011)CrossRef

39.59

J.L. Lean, T.N. Woods: Solar spectral irradiance: Measurements and models. In: Heliophysics: Evolving Solar Activity and the Climates of Space and Earth, ed. by C.J. Schrijver, G.L. Siscoe (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 2010) pp. 269–298CrossRef

39.60

N. Jakowski, B. Fichtelmann, A. Jungstand: Solar activity control of ionospheric and thermospheric processes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 53(11/12), 1125–1130 (1991)CrossRef

39.61

K. Davies: Recent progress in satellite radio beacon studies with particular emphasis on the ATS-6 radio beacon experiment, Space Sci. Rev. 25(4), 357–430 (1980)CrossRef

39.62

E.L. Afraimovich, A.T. Altynsev, V.V. Grechnev, L.A. Leonovich: The response of the ionosphere to faint and bright solar flares as deduced from global GPS network data, Ann. Geophys. 45(1), 31–40 (2002)

39.63

A. Garcia-Rigo, M. Hernandéz-Pajares, J.M. Juan, J. Sanz: Solar flare detection system based on global positioning system data: First results, Adv. Space Res. 39(5), 889–895 (2007)CrossRef

39.64

A.P. Cerruti, P.M. Kintner, D.E. Gary, L.J. Lanzerotti, E.R. de Paula, H.B. Vo: Observed solar radio burst effects on GPS/wide area augmentation system carrier-to-noise ratio, Space Weather 4(10), 1–9 (2006)CrossRef

39.65

T.N. Woods, R. Hock, F. Eparvier, A.R. Jones, P.C. Chamberlin, J.A. Klimchuk, L. Didkovsky, D. Judge, J. Mariska, H. Warren, C.J. Schrijver, D.F. Webb, S. Bailey, W.K. Tobiska: New solar extreme-ultraviolet irradiance observations during flares, Astrophys. J. 739(2), 1–13 (2011)CrossRef

39.66

C. Mayer, N. Jakowski: Enhanced E-layer ionization in the auroral zones observed by radio occultation measurements onboard CHAMP and Formosat-3/COSMIC, Ann. Geophys. 27(3), 1207–1212 (2009)CrossRef

39.67

N. Jakowski, C. Borries, V. Wilken: Introducing a disturbance ionosphere index, Radio Sci. 47(RS0L14), 1–9 (2012)

39.68

G.W. Prölss: Ionospheric F-region storms. In: Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, ed. by H. Volland (CRC, Boca Raton 1995) pp. 195–248

39.69

C.M. Ho, A.J. Mannucci, U.J. Lindqwister, X. Pi, B.T. Tsurutani: Global ionosphere perturbations monitored by the worldwide GPS network, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23(22), 3219–3222 (1996)CrossRef

39.70

N. Jakowski, S. Schlüter, E. Sardon: Total electron content of the ionosphere during thegeomagnetic storm on 10 January 1997, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 61(3/4), 299–307 (1999)CrossRef

39.71

M. Förster, N. Jakowski: Geomagnetic storm effects on the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere: A compact tutorial and new results, Surv. Geophys. 21(1), 47–87 (2000)CrossRef

39.72

T. Tsugawa, A. Saito, Y. Otsuka: A statistical study of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using the GPS network in Japan, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 109, A06302 (2004)CrossRef

39.73

C. Borries, N. Jakowski, V. Wilken: Storm induced large scale TIDs observed in GPS derived TEC, Ann. Geophys. 27(4), 1605–1612 (2009)CrossRef

39.74

N. Jakowski, V. Wilken, C. Mayer: Space weather monitoring by GPS measurements on board CHAMP, Space Weather 5, 1–23 (2007)CrossRef

39.75

A. Komjathy, L. Sparks, A.J. Mannucci, A. Coster: The ionospheric impact of the October 2003 storm event on WAAS, Proc. ION GNSS (2004) pp. 1298–1307

39.76

M.V. Codrescu, C. Negrea, M. Fedrizzi, T.J. Fuller-Rowell, A. Dobin, N. Jakowski, H. Khalsa, T. Matsuo, N. Maruyama: A real-time run of the coupled thermosphere ionosphere plasmasphere electrodynamics (CTIPe) model, Space Weather 10(2), 1–10 (2012)CrossRef

39.77

J.M. Forbes: Planetary waves in the thermosphere-ionosphere system, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 48, 91–98 (1996)CrossRef

39.78

M.A. Abdu, T.K. Ramkumar, I.S. Batista, C.G.M. Brum, H. Takahashi, B.W. Reinisch, J.H.A. Sobral: Planetary wave signatures in the equatorial atmosphere–ionosphere system, and mesosphere- E- and F-region coupling, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 68(3–5), 509–522 (2006)CrossRef

39.79

P. Mukhtarov, B. Andonov, C. Borries, D. Pancheva, N. Jakowski: Forcing of the ionosphere from above and below during the Arctic winter of 2005/2006, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 72(2/3), 193–205 (2010)CrossRef

39.80

C. Borries, P. Hoffmann: Characteristics of F2-layer planetary wave-type oscillations in northern middle and high latitudes during 2002 to 2008, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 115(A11), 1–9 (2010)CrossRef

39.81

M. Hernandéz-Pajares, J.M. Juan, J. Sanz: Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances affecting GPS measurements: Spatial and temporal analysis, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 111(A7), 1–13 (2006)CrossRef

39.82

K. Tsybulya, N. Jakowski: Medium- and small-scale ionospheric irregularities detected by GPS radio occultation method, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32(A06302), 1–11 (2005)

39.83

E.L. Afraimovich: First GPS-TEC evidence for the wave structure excited by the solar terminator, Earth Planets Space 60, 895–900 (2008)CrossRef

39.84

M. Hernandéz-Pajares, J.M. Juan, J. Sanz, A. Aragon-Angel: Propagation of medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances at different latitudes and solar cycle conditions, Radio Sci. 47(RS0K05), 1–22 (2012)

39.85

S. Lejeune, G. Wautelet, R. Warnant: Ionospheric effects on relative positioning within a dense GPS network, GPS Solutions 16(1), 105–116 (2012)CrossRef

39.86

E. Calais, J.B. Minster: GPS detection of ionospheric perturbations following the January 17, 1994, Northridge Earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22(9), 1045–1048 (1995)CrossRef

39.87

V. Ducic, J. Artru, Ph. Lognonné: Ionospheric remote sensing of the Denali Earthquake Rayleigh surface waves, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(18), 1–4 (2003)CrossRef

39.88

N. Jakowski, V. Wilken, K. Tsybulya, S. Heise: Search of earthquake signatures from ground and space based GPS measurements. In: Observation of the Earth System from Space, ed. by J. Flury, R. Rummel, C. Reigber, M. Rothacher, G. Boedecker, U. Schreiber (Springer, Berlin 2006) pp. 43–53CrossRef

39.89

J. Artru, V. Ducic, H. Kanamori, P. Lognonné, M. Murakami: Ionospheric detection of gravity waves induced by tsunamis, Geophys. J. Int. 160(3), 840–848 (2005)CrossRef

39.90

J.-Y. Liu, Y.-B. Tsai, K.-F. Ma, Y.-I. Chen, H.-F. Tsai, C.-H. Lin, M. Kamogawa, C.-P. Lee: Ionospheric GPS total electron content (TEC) disturbances triggered by the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 111(A05303), 1–4 (2006)

39.91

S. Pulinets, K. Boyarchuk: Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes (Springer, Berlin 2005)

39.92

J.Y. Liu, Y.J. Chuo, S.J. Shan, Y.B. Tsai, Y.I. Chen, S.A. Pulinets, S.B. Yu: Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements, Ann. Geophys. 22(5), 1585–1593 (2004)CrossRef

39.93

T. Dautermann, E. Calais, J. Haase, J. Garrison: Investigation of ionospheric electron content variations before earthquakes in southern California, 2003–2004, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 112(B2), 1–20 (2007)CrossRef

Titel: Ionosphere Monitoring
verfasst von: Norbert Jakowski
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42926-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-42928-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_39

Springer Professional

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"