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Public Organization Review

Erschienen in:

11.10.2021

Iran and COVID-19: A Bottom-up, Faith-Driven, Citizen-Supported Response

verfasst von: Ali Marvi, Seyyed Mojtaba Shahraini, Najmoddin Yazdi, Ali Maleki

Erschienen in: Public Organization Review | Ausgabe 4/2021

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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic cast doubts on governments' traditional crisis responses and sparked a surge in citizen-led, participatory, bottom-up responses. Iran's experience is worth investigating because it relied significantly on citizen groups to manage the crisis despite long-term sanctions and extremely restricted resources. The authors undertook an exploratory case study using the grounded theory (GT) method and an online survey to explore Iran's confrontation. The central notion discovered was referred to as 'faith-driven civic engagement.’ The response was characterized by adaptability, promptness, and comprehensiveness. The causes and strategic orientations included intrinsic motives, capability building, and leadership.

Vorheriger Artikel The Social Policy Response to COVID-19 – The Failure to Help Vulnerable Children and Elderly People

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The terms 'Jihad' (the noun) and 'Jihadi' (the adjective) are frequently used in Western media to refer to terrorism and suicide bombing. However, when its etymological origins are explored more closely, it is interpreted in Iran and Islamic teachings as voluntarily peaceful (often community-based) actions and movements on behalf of God. The jihadi spirit is characterized by honesty, self-sacrifice, trust, indefatigability, a lack of attachment to the world, consistency, and uniformity in speech and behavior (Ahmadi, 2014).

“Hawzah is an Arabic word. It is technically applied to the traditional religious institution in the Shi’a world (Islamic seminary). The Hawzah seeks to attain two major missions: (1) training the clerics to preach the principles and practices of Islam; and (2) training the experts in religious sciences, ones who can deduce Islamic rules from the related sources. This institution works in Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, India, and Lebanon.” (“Hawzah,” 2021) However, as this article demonstrated, Hawzah has also taken on new social and civic duties in Iran.

“Heyat or Hey'at is essentially a self-funded social movement in each area. Each group of friends, relatives, neighbors, or neighborhood residents, young and old, establishes its own Tekyeh for processions and ceremonies during the month of Muharram [the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar year], literally a venue where mourners gather for the event (Rida, 2018), often standing close together, conversing, listening to religious songs, drinking free tea, water, juice, or milk, and occasionally eating traditional foods.

“For the Shiʿa, the first ten days of Muharram are a time to commemorate the martyrdom of the third Imam, Husayn ibn ʿAli, …. who was killed at the battle of Karbala, Iraq, in 680 CE. These days of mourning (ayyam-e ʿaza) are a time for the Shiʿa to remember and mourn Imam Husayn's sacrifice and martyrdom collectively and publicly affirm their loyalty to the family of the Prophet Muhammad (ahl al-bayt) and Islam… During Muharram, the Shiʿa attend mourning assemblies (majles), where they listen to discourses (rowzeh khwani) extolling the idealized qualities (faza’el) and tragic suffering (masa’eb) of Imam Husayn and his family.” (Ruffle, 2011).

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Titel: Iran and COVID-19: A Bottom-up, Faith-Driven, Citizen-Supported Response
verfasst von: Ali Marvi
Seyyed Mojtaba Shahraini
Najmoddin Yazdi
Ali Maleki
Publikationsdatum: 11.10.2021
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Public Organization Review / Ausgabe 4/2021
Print ISSN: 1566-7170
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7098
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-021-00567-9

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