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2018 | Buch

Japanese Advance into the Pacific Ocean

The Albatross and the Great Bird Rush

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This book asserts that the albatross was the reason for the advance of the Japanese into the isolated islands in the Pacific after the abolition of the Japanese “closed-door” policy that had been in effect from the seventeenth century to the latter part of the nineteenth century. The birds’ plumage was of high quality and sold at quite a good price in Europe. The Japanese realized the advantage of this global trade, and their desire to capture albatross motivated them to advance into the Pacific. The exploration of the uninhabited islands had become a fast-moving trend, defined by the author as the “Bird Rush”. As a consequence, the advance into the Pacific by the Japanese resulted in the expansion of Japanese territory. The author has interpreted this Japanese movement into the Pacific by making use of the framework of three distinct shifts: in the aim of their actions from birds to guano / phosphate ore, in the agents of action from individual speculators to commercial capital and then to monopolistic capital, and from the sea near Japan to the wider Pacific. This concept can be termed “a view of history centered on the albatross”.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. The Albatross and the Territorial Expansion of the Japanese Empire
Abstract
This chapter focuses on revealing the connection between Japanese territorial expansion and the bird trapping business of the Meiji era. After the abolition of their country’s policy of isolationism, many Japanese ventured to remote islands in the Pacific. Evidence shows, unexpectedly, that it was the albatross that drove advancement of the Japanese in the Pacific. These birds, inhabiting deserted islands, were not afraid of humans, making the albatross an easy prey. Their plumage was of high quality, fetching attractive prices. Han-emon Tamaoki, a carpenter from Hachijo Island, Tokyo Prefecture, and aware of the value of the birds, launched a bird trapping business on Torishima (Bird Island). He quickly profited, becoming a leading figure in the business world. Others, inspired by his success, advanced into the Pacific successively, leading to a boom in the exploration of the deserted islands. One consequence of this was that a number of these islands were claimed as Japanese territory, with the advancement into the Pacific resulting in the expansion of the Japanese Empire.
Akitoshi Hiraoka
Chapter 2. From the Decrease of Bird Resources to the Advance into Uninhabited Islands
Abstract
The export of plumage from Japan to foreign countries started surprisingly early, soon after the opening of the Yokohama port in 1859. From 1880 to 1920, the country was a world leader in the export of both plumage and mounted birds used for ladies’ hats and head decorations. Millions of birds were exported to Europe every year. However, a decrease in the number of birds resulting from overhunting sparked fierce competition among speculators searching for new uninhabited islands. One such speculator, Han-emon Tamaoki, who had been involved with bird trapping on Torishima (Bird Island), attempted to embark on a search for other deserted islands in the Pacific. He reached Minami-Daito Island, east of Okinawa in 1900. However, owing to an unexpectedly small number of albatrosses on the island, Tamaoki switched from bird trapping to sugarcane cultivation. The jungle-covered deserted island was transformed into an island of sugar production.
Akitoshi Hiraoka
Chapter 3. The “Bird Rush” and Japanese Advance into the Pacific Ocean
Abstract
The Japanese advance into the Pacific continued to extend its scope reaching as far as the North-western Hawaiian Islands around 1897. The author characterizes the rapid Japanese advance into the Pacific as a “Bird Rush” in contradistinction to J. M. Skaggs’ “Guano Rush.” Japanese fishing boats converged around the North-western Hawaiian Islands where there was a treasure trove of birds, and continued to capture them. The USA feared that the Japanese living on uninhabited islands in the region could be construed as a prior occupation under international law, possibly leading to territorial issues. Following a caution from the USA, the Japanese government issued a warning to Japanese fishing companies to keep out of the region. Nonetheless, bird poaching by the Japanese continued. To prevent the Japanese from entering US territory, US President Theodore Roosevelt promulgated a Bird Protection Act and established the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation in 1909.
Akitoshi Hiraoka
Chapter 4. From Advance into Islands in the South Sea to Invasion: From the Albatross to Guano/Phosphate Ore Mining
Abstract
This chapter examines how guano (accumulated bird droppings)/phosphate ore was added to the aims of the Japanese, along with the bird trapping, from around 1905. The area in which hunting such birds as albatross had expanded as far as the Pacific. However, bird resources including the albatross, which was initially Japan’s reason for advancing into the Pacific, were being depleted rapidly. Guano/phosphate ore became another reason for their activities. Unlike plumage, which is light and easy to transport, the extraction of guano/phosphate ore required a multitude of laborers for mining and various types of machinery, along with an infrastructure for transportation and large steamships for shipping. Here the agents of these activities shifted from speculators to commercial capital and then to monopolistic capital. As for phosphate ore, an increase in its importance for military purposes led to advancement by the Japanese military into the South Sea Islands. Eventually many companies were involved in heated competition for access to mining right on those islands.
Akitoshi Hiraoka
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Japanese Advance into the Pacific Ocean
verfasst von
Akitoshi Hiraoka
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-10-5140-1
Print ISBN
978-981-10-5139-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5140-1