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Labor Forces and Landscape Management

Japanese Case Studies

  • 2017
  • Buch
Herausgegeben von
Hiroyuki Shimizu
Chika Takatori
Nobuko Kawaguchi
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Enthalten in
Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"
Springer Professional "Technik"
Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

The purpose of this book is to present a new proposal for landscape management labor accounts. Many matured countries are now confronting an aging society and a shrinking population. Land degradation in those countries is basically caused by a lack of local labor forces. It is very important, therefore, to consider and develop methods to provide appropriate labor forces for the sustainable management of landscapes or to reduce or shrink landscape management areas sustainably with available labor forces. Landscape management labor accounts provide a foundation for such development.This book consists of four main parts. The first part is concerned with forming concepts, definitions, and overviews. Change in land management policies, research topics, and issues on landscape management are dealt with in the second part. The third part consists of case studies on landscape management labor accounts. Major landscape types chosen for case studies include urban areas, flatland farmlands, Satoyama, and coastal neighborhoods. In the last part of this section, integration methods to develop landscape management labor accounts on different scales are considered. The fourth part of the book is a detailed exposition of contemporary trials to solve issues of land management for the future in the field of urban, rural, forest, river, and coastal planning. Also discussed is the connection of ecosystem service studies and perspectives on the development of landscape management labor accounts with world landscape management research.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introduction

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Many mature countries, including Japan, are confronting population decline and aging societies. Such a radical decrease of the population could adversely affect the sustainability of landscape management, as the issue is exacerbated by the lack of skilled local labor forces in landscape management. It is important, therefore, to develop methods for providing or re-providing appropriate labor for the sustainable management of landscapes, and how to sustainably reduce or shrink landscape management areas according to the available labor. In this chapter, an original concept of landscape management labor accounts is proposed, and the background, fundamentals, and perspective is explained.
Hiroyuki Shimizu
Chapter 2. Japanese Basic Landscape Types, and Change in Population and Urban Land Use
Abstract
This chapter illustrates typical landscape types extracted by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. It also discusses the distribution patterns and characteristics of these landscape types and examines the relationship between land use and population changes. The following seven landscape types were extracted: urban landscape, urban paddy field mixed landscape, paddy field landscape, other field landscape, paddy field satoyama landscape, other field satoyama landscape, and nature landscape. Then, through the combination analysis of land use and population changes in recent years, shrinking, compacting, stability, scattering, and expanding tendencies are observed. Not only in Nagoya but also in the periphery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, a mosaicked structure of the above tendencies was clearly observed, with satoyama landscape types most dramatically confronting the crisis of disappearance.
Hiroyuki Shimizu

What is Happening in Typical Landscapes in Japan?

Frontmatter
Chapter 3. Urban Landscape: Urban Planning Policies and Institutional Framework
Abstract
This chapter reviews the urban landscape policies and institutional frameworks related to the urban landscape in Japan, introduces an example of a “green” urban planning scheme for Nagoya City and presents the issues of urban landscape in other Japanese cities. The need for a regional and spatial scheme is emphasized, where the calculation of conservation cost plays an important role, as well as the need for green infrastructure development in urban areas, including urban centers, inner-city areas, and the suburbs through interventions of private lands due to scarce public financial resources.
Akito Murayama
Chapter 4. Urban Periphery Landscape: Dichotomization of Urban and Rural Dimensions
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the urban periphery landscape—urban fringe and suburban rural areas—in which both urban development and rural conservation should be considered. In Asian countries, urban periphery areas are often threatened by urban sprawl, land abandonment, or disordered land uses. In Japan specifically, the Area Division Scheme, a land use policy that divides urban and rural areas, was established in 1968 under the New City Planning Act. Even currently, however, a great deal of urban–rural disordered land mixture remains in urban periphery due to loose land use regulations. Farmlands are protected on some level through the easement of land taxes, but most have served to induce urban sprawl. Remaining forests, former coppiced woodlands, are attracting public attention as Satoyama (a term that combines village and forest), but conducting appropriate management is a challenge. Urban periphery faces a host of challenges and will need to be re-designed in an effort to respond to depopulation and city shrinkage.
Toru Terada
Chapter 5. Agricultural Landscape: Farmland Abandonment and Direct Payments
Abstract
This chapter shows the historical shift in Japanese land improvement projects and the borrowing and lending of farmland since World War II, referring to recent trends in agricultural land abandonment and extensification in Japan. This chapter also reviews causes of agricultural land abandonment, focusing on socio-economic causes and biophysical causes. In addition, comparative research on the direct payment system between Japan and the EU is reviewed, as is the history of direct payment schemes in agricultural and rural development policies in Japan. In a review of existing studies, this chapter identifies the characteristics of agricultural landscape management in Japan.
Kazuaki Tsuchiya, Kazu Hagihara
Chapter 6. Plantation Forest Landscape: The Paradigm Shift in Forestry, a Belowground Ecosystem for Sustainability Land Use
Abstract
Due to high demand for wood materials during and after World War II, expansive afforestation was promoted in Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. The area of plantation forests is currently 40 % of the total forest area in Japan. As economic growth in Japan continues, so has higher wood demand, but imported woods have been used due to their lower prices. Forestry has declined with increasing imported wood and decreasing population in the forest–rural area. Much of the forest area has been kept but the accumulation of forest volume has increased by three times during the past 50 years. Recently, to achieve the promise of the Kyoto Protocol, forest management has been accelerated, along with higher governmental subsidies. Soil degradation can occur after harvesting wood and even after re-planting the forest trees. Forest soils support an ecosystem that serves as carbon storage, nutrient cycling, biodiversity, and controlling water quality, but it can be degraded without sustainable forest management.
Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Yasuhiro Hirano
Chapter 7. Inland Water Landscape: Structural and Functional Changes in the Ecosystem
Abstract
This chapter introduces the structural and ecologically functional changes of riverscapes, including waterbodies in agricultural landscapes, within the context of Japan’s socioeconomic backgrounds. Riverscapes, which are characterized by hydro-geomorphic processes of rivers in each geomorphic division, dramatically change along the longitudinal axis of the river from mountain to sea. The longitudinal diversity of riverscapes and their components provide essential habitats for riverine organisms and support freshwater biodiversity. Old agricultural systems, constructed in former floodplains, also contribute to biodiversity by providing substitute habitats for floodplain-dependent organisms. Intensive alteration of freshwater habitats, however, began during the Meiji Era for rivers and the early Showa Era for agricultural lands within the context of socio-economic growth, due to innovations in civil engineering technology. This chapter also provides an overview of the present state of freshwater habitats in Japan.
Shigeya Nagayama, Takashi Tashiro, Jyun-ichi Kitamura
Chapter 8. Coastal Area Landscape: Environmental Changes and the Characteristics of Labor Activities
Abstract
In this section, we look at the definition of a coastal area, environmental changes observed in coastal areas in recent years, and the characteristics of labor activities in coastal areas, as well as the challenges of calculating them. Taking labor accounts in coastal areas is not as straight forward as one might hope, and there are still many obstacles and barriers in understanding coastal management activities as a whole, institutionally, geographically, periodically, and mentally. This exercise on calculating labor to maintain and restore coastal biodiversities hopefully provides a small starting point in linking numerous activities together.
Hiromi Yamashita, Taito Yasufuku

Case Studies

Frontmatter
Chapter 9. Methodology
Abstract
In this chapter, the methodology for adapting landscape management labor accounts in Japan is developed. As a first step, definition of landscape elements, landscape units, and neighborhood landscape complex units will be set and the relationships among them will be clarified. Secondly, a methodology to calculate landscape labor accounts is shown. The classification of landscape units in Japan is also described, as are several definitions of landscape labor accounts. Lastly, methodologies toward connectivity of small neighborhood scales to the large regional scales is proposed.
Hiroyuki Shimizu, Chika Takatori, Nobuko Kawaguchi
Chapter 10. Case Studies in a Variety of Urban Greenspaces: Nagoya City
Abstract
This Chapter illustrates the management of a variety of the urban greenspaces in Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture. In recent years, maintenance costs for public greenspaces have been reduced due to it being done by public hands. In contrast, urban greenspace maintenance costs are growing, which results in the need for more landscape management labor. This chapter considers the landscape management labor accounts of administrative officer and volunteer groups who participate in the management of urban public greenspaces. In the case of private hands, in the urban center and its periphery residential areas, the amount of vacant spaces is increasing. Aging land owners are finding it hard to maintain their rich greenspaces due to the burden of care. The sustainable management of a variety of private greenspace sites is also considered in this chapter. The concept of landscape management labor accounts across different greenspace types is expected to contribute to creating a basis for the evaluation and combination of different greenspaces from the same point of view.
Nobuko Kawaguchi
Chapter 11. Urban Landscape Case Study in a Middle City: Matsusaka Chuo District
Abstract
This chapter considers landscape management labor accounts of a variety of the urban greenspaces in a middle city within an urban landscape: Matsusaka Chuo District, Matsusaka City, Mie Prefecture. Matsusaka Chuo District flourished as a castle town, and in the district, there are many tourist spots such as Matsusaka Castle, small historical towns with traditional wooden houses and wide residential sites with rich green spaces in the western part. The eastern part of the district consists of central shopping streets with a railway station and residential areas. In this chapter, the management of private gardens within historical heritage housing sites, green areas of temples, and the management of small rivers that flow throughout the district are considered.
Nobuko Kawaguchi
Chapter 12. Case Studies in Urban Forest Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Fujimaki Town
Abstract
This chapter examines the management of a park and green sites in Fujimaki Town, Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture, as one example of urban neighborhood landscape complex units with rich green sites. Fujimaki Town is located in the eastern hill of Nagoya, which has rich secondary forests primarily comprised of Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata. These are the most common vegetation types in the secondary forests of Satoyama landscapes located in the central part of Japan. This town is designated as a park area in urban planning, but is not well-established due to financial difficulties of Nagoya City. In recent years, more than 400 people and 200 households live in Fujimaki Town. In this chapter, the landscape management of secondary forests by municipalities, volunteers, and residents is clarified and a future sustainable management scenario will be considered from the viewpoint of labor accounts of secondary forests.
Nozomi Fujiwara, Chika Takatori
Chapter 13. Case Studies in Flatland Farmland Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Asami District
Abstract
This chapter discusses the case study of Asami District, located in the eastern part of Matsusaka City in Mie Prefecture between the Kushida River in the east and the Kongo River in the west, as a flatland farmland neighborhood landscape complex unit. Asami District was developed during the 8th century, and in some parts still uses Jori-sei, a traditional land allotting system, that encourages and maintains rich biodiversity in the area. However, as traditional paddy field allotting based on Jori-sei imposes a stronger level of labor to aged farmers, the modern agricultural land improvement project is progressing rapidly in this area. The loss of these undeveloped fields with ecological, historical, and cultural value could negatively impact the area; as such, a well-considered improvement method for sustainable land management of the area is required. As a consequence, the relationship between biodiversity and landscape management labor accounts is clarified and future scenarios that are balancing them are considered.
Yuki Murase, Jyun-Ichi Kitamura, Nobuko Kawaguchi, Hiroyuki Shimizu, Chika Takatori
Chapter 14. Case Studies in Paddy Field Satoyama Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Nyu District
Abstract
This chapter discusses the case study of Nyu District, Taki Town, Mie Prefecture, as a Satoyama neighborhood complex unit type. Nyu District is located in Satochi-Satoyama and occupied by 55 forest and 18 % farmland. The current population is about 1,000 people. It is located in the watershed of the Kushida River, a primary river, though there are branch rivers and the Tachibai water channel that introduce water from Kushida River to the area. The villagers have a high interest in the landscape and ecology of the site and a strong network of the local community, whose locally organized volunteer group actively manages the environment. In recent years, however, this village has been dealing with an increase in abandoned farmland and dilapidation of forests. As a consequence, this chapter discusses a method for managing the Satochi-Satoyama environment in context of depopulation and aging from the viewpoint of landscape management labor accounts.
Chika Takatori, Chiaki Nakatsuji, Hiroyuki Shimizu
Chapter 15. Case Study of Other Field Satoyama Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Kayumi District
Abstract
This chapter examines the case study of Kayumi District, Matsusaka City, Mie Prefecture, as landscape management labor accounts of an other field Satoyama type. Kayumi District is located in the mountainous countryside that can be commuted to easily from urban areas by car. The district shows a typical aged society in Japan, and systematized farmland and forest managements have been developed; for example, the corporate contracted farming system. Kayumi District has rich forest and farmland landscapes and a relatively large population; however, there are few people who manage the forests and farmlands. The development of further human resources to maintain the forest and agricultural land is required. This chapter describes the differences between the amount of landscape labor accounts of aging workers and corporative farming workers. The landscape management labor accounts are suggested to be used as base data for community discussions.
Nobuko Kawaguchi, Hiroyuki Shimizu
Chapter 16. Case Studies in Coastal Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Saki-Shima Peninsula
Abstract
This chapter shows the case study of Saki-Shima Peninsula, Shima City, Mie Prefecture, as a coastal neighborhood landscape complex unit type. Saki-Shima includes five districts—Katada, Fuseda, Wagu, Koshiga, and Goza—which have a total population of 12,000, with 10 % of the population living in fishing villages and employed as fishermen. Because of the low international economic competitiveness of marine products and changes in the natural environment, the decrease in number and aging of fishermen has progressed in this district. The demographic, industrial, and social changes over the past 50 years in Saki-Shima Peninsula are analyzed in this chapter. Then, three scenarios are assumed according to different future land uses, and the sustainability of land management and employment is considered.
Taito Yasufuku, Hiroyuki Shimizu
Chapter 17. Integration of Landscape Management Labor Accounts
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the results of the case studies in previous chapters and then classifies the working style types by analyzing the working time and working area of all neighborhood landscape complex units. Then, the total labor accounts of neighborhood landscape complex units are compared to one another. In addition, the integration of landscape labor accounts from small scale to large scale is considered. On a city scale, the targeted area is Nagoya City, the total labor accounts of which are calculated and future prospects for sustainable landscape management are proposed. On a regional scale, the targeted area is Chubu Metropolitan District, the total labor accounts of which are calculated in 1 km mesh and the future situations, particularly the shortage of landscape management plans, are examined through comparing the current and forecasted populations.
Hiroyuki Shimizu, Chika Takatori, Nobuko Kawaguchi, Keidai Minamoto

Perspectives

Frontmatter
Chapter 18. Urban Planning: Is a Networked Compact City Vision Realistic?
Abstract
The largest impact on Japanese cities is the arrival of the serious depopulating, hyper-aged society. Only scarce public money is available for landscape management, including the new development of parks and maintenance of existing parks as urban facilities. Urban greening policies must shift toward increasing greenspace along public-owned roads and on private property. Many cities pursue a vision of the networked compact urban society where an increase of population and building density center around public transit stations and decreases in areas under-served by public transit. The increase of greenspace will have significant influence on landscape management labor accounts, especially in de-intensifying urban areas. This leads to the question whether or not a vision of the networked compact city is realistic. The authors conclude that in order to answer this question, further consideration of urban block scale is necessary.
Nobuko Kawaguchi, Akito Murayama
Chapter 19. Urban Periphery Planning: Concept to Link Urban and Rural Communities in the 21st Century
Abstract
Urban-rural mixture, a typical scene of Japanese urban periphery, is often recognized as a failure of modern urban planning, since urban–rural division by zoning is often a goal of city planning during expansion periods. In this chapter, a new planning concept for use during city shrinkage periods, which uses urban–rural mixture as a potential for enhancing landscape sustainability, is discussed. The discussion begins by investigating what would happen if the current trend is followed, without proactive policy intervention (i.e., worst-case scenario). Then, preferable future goals and required measures required to achieve them are discussed as alternatives. The chapter concludes that orchestrating an integration of urban and rural, rather than dichotomizing them, is key for overcoming conventional modern urban planning dilemmas of the 20th century.
Toru Terada
Chapter 20. Rural Planning: Sustainable Management in Collaborative Activities
Abstract
This chapter outlines several illustrative cases for proposed future rural planning based on the landscape labor accounts. At first, the three case-studies for Asami, Nyu, and Kayumi in Part 3 (see Chaps. 13–15) are compared, and characteristics or issues of labor accounts in agricultural areas are described. Second, the general characteristics of community management based on the other cases will be shown; finally, appropriate policies, social systems, and initiatives for sustainable management of agriculture and rural areas are discussed.
Kazu Hagihara, Nobuko Kawaguchi, Noriyuki Kawamura
Chapter 21. Forest Planning: Human Resource Development for Sustainable Forest Planning
Abstract
Due to lower timber prices and high costs for management with small-scale forest owners, the area classified unmanaged plantation forests has increased and could lead to ecosystem disservices such as soil degradation and landslides. Forest planning for the plantation forests depends on government subsidies, and the usage trends of these subsidies have been toward afforestation in the 1950s to weeding and thinning and to wood production to enhance self-sufficiency rates. Ecosystem disservices can be caused by deforestation for use of wood biomass materials and increased populations of Sika deer in the rural area. To conduct sustainable forest planning in the future, human resource development of labor such as “foresters,” who have special knowledge and skills for forest management, will be important on both regional and global scales.
Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Yasuhiro Hirano
Chapter 22. Inland Water System Planning: Management for Ecosystem Rehabilitation
Abstract
This chapter introduces the management of inland water systems where the ecosystem has deteriorated due to serious anthropogenic alterations. Inland water systems were originally composed of rivers, streams, ponds, and floodplains, and now include paddies, canals, and reservoirs for agricultural irrigation, hydropower generation, flood mitigation, and other water uses. These paddies, canals, and reservoirs have functioned to compensate the floodplain-dependent habitats. Related to the natural and social backgrounds there (see Chap. 7), the deterioration processes and measures for sustainable ecosystem management are reviewed in this chapter along with conventional literature that discusses each of the landscapes. This chapter also provides an overview of the management situations in each of the inland water landscapes, with particular reference to ecosystem rehabilitation. It also discusses how to sustainably conserve the ecosystem in some of the landscapes.
Jyun-ichi Kitamura, Takashi Tashiro, Shigeya Nagayama
Chapter 23. Coastal Planning: Biodiversity Restoration and Ownership
Abstract
This section discusses the characteristics of labor accounts in coastal areas, coastal economy and biodiversity restoration, and ownership; and regional management of linked ecosystems. Suggestions for future labor accounts in coastal areas in a shrinking society include: a reduction in general labor accounts and funding for them, in preference of more fundamental labor accounts and projects dealing with core causes of coastal environmental degradation; investing time and effort in initial labor costs for restoration activities; determining which ecosystems should be prioritized for protection; coastal decision making taking regional and watershed zone environments into account; funding coastal ecosystem labor forces through taxes and donations from cities and upstream areas; and maintaining and designing environmental management activities that are fun and interesting for ordinary citizens.
Hiromi Yamashita, Taito Yasufuku
Chapter 24. Connection to the Ecosystem Service Studies
Abstract
This section explains the relationship between landscape management (LM) and ecosystem services (ESs). A proper LM would have two aspects, namely pros and cons, from the perspective of biodiversity and ESs. Improper LM may cause negative impacts on the ESs and ecosystems. On the other once an LM is done properly, several positive benefits can be derived from it. Then the trade-off between the impacts on wildlife habitat and the ES provisions made by the LM also needs to be considered. Currently, LM has been reviewed for many fields. However, information about the priority of the increase of ESs and the decrease of ecosystem disservices in this area is not readily available. This section also describes a simple spatial ES assessment for an urban area, namely Nagoya City, which was conducted using the method for estimating ES potential supply and land use priority, by taking LM into consideration.
Makoto Ooba, Kiichiro Hayashi
Chapter 25. Conclusion: Towards Sustainable Labor Force Management of Landscapes
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the key concepts of this book. In the shrinking and aging societies throughout Japan, the issues of landscape management are serious. In this book, the concept of landscape management labor accounts is proposed toward a comprehensive and integrated understanding of labor force management of the ecological elements and units in different landscapes from a small to large scales. The framework of landscape management labor accounts will provide a good viewpoint for analyzing current problems and determining future solutions that involve the cooperation of various stakeholders. In the future, collaborative development of functional studies on ecological services, structural studies on green infrastructure, and affordability studies on landscape management labor accounts might provide an integrated planning and design process with not only the aspects of ecological values considered but also economic and social values in a sustainable and resilient manner as well.
Hiroyuki Shimizu, Chika Takatori, Nobuko Kawaguchi
Erratum to: Labor Forces and Landscape Management
Hiroyuki Shimizu, Chika Takatori, Nobuko Kawaguchi
Titel
Labor Forces and Landscape Management
Herausgegeben von
Hiroyuki Shimizu
Chika Takatori
Nobuko Kawaguchi
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-10-2278-4
Print ISBN
978-981-10-2277-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2278-4

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