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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Laws, Regularities and Principles of Control

verfasst von : D. A. Novikov

Erschienen in: Cybernetics

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Among important subjects studied by Cybernetics, we mention laws, regularities and principles of complex systems functioning and control.

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Fußnoten
1
The following opinion is also cultivated in scientific community. Being a language, mathematics has no inherent laws (e.g., in contrast to natural sciences); similarly, control theory as a general descriptive language of control processes operates no inherent laws till a class of controlled objects is specified.
 
2
A quantitative characteristic of a system determined as the number of admissible states or the logarithm of this quantity.
 
3
The law of requisite variety should be given a more precise definition: the variety of a controller must be adequate to the variety of a CONTROLLED SUBJECT reflecting the goal aspects of a controlled object. Indeed, one would hardly imagine a “controller” with greater variety than a human being.
 
4
Optimization consists in seeking for best alternatives among a set of admissible ones under given constraints (optimal alternatives). In this phrase each word is important. “Best” means the presence of a criterion (or several criteria) and a way (several ways) to compare alternatives. It is crucial to take into account existing conditions and constraints: their variation possibly leads to a situation when other alternatives appear best under a same criterion (same criteria). The notion of optimality has received a rigorous and exact representation in different mathematical sciences, has firmly entrenched in practical design and exploitation of technical systems, has played a prominent role in formation of modern systems ideas. Moreover, this notion is widespread in administrative and public practice and is known to almost everyone. Obviously, aspiration for increasing the efficiency of any purposeful activity has found its expression, a clear and intelligible form in the idea of optimization.
 
5
20 % of people drink 80 % of beer.
 
6
Interestingly, the overwhelming majority of these principles were formulated in the 1940–1960s.
 
7
The first course of lectures entitled “Theory of direct-action regulators” by D. Chizhov appeared in Russia in 1838.
 
8
Of course, ideally all principles should not be stated as requirements to control systems (“it must be that…”, “it is necessary that…” and so on), which can satisfied or not satisfied. Instead, the general approach should be, whenever a certain principle fails, a control system appears unable to work properly. Unfortunately, such “hard” principles do not exist (perhaps, except the feasibility of control).
 
Metadaten
Titel
Laws, Regularities and Principles of Control
verfasst von
D. A. Novikov
Copyright-Jahr
2016
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27397-6_3