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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Legal Persons in the New Civil Code of Hungary

verfasst von : Zoltán Csehi

Erschienen in: New Civil Codes in Hungary and Romania

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Legal persons are the most ancient legal institutions, rooted in Roman law, providing enhanced security as they protect the owner of the asset against the business risk of the legal person’s activity. The Hungarian legal system, even in the era of socialist law, also regulated several forms of legal persons as full profit and non-profit organisations. Despite the uninterrupted presence of legal persons, it was only in the 90s that business organisations and also the non-profit organisations became widespread due to the modernisation of the Companies Act on and the revival of civil society. The present study commences by introducing the general structure of the Hungarian Civil Code of 1959 and continues with an analysis of the preliminary issues of the codification of the new Civil Code of 2013. Following that, the author provides a detailed presentation of the general rules on legal persons in the new Civil Code, highlighting the new elements in it (i.e. more freedom and the new default rules regime). In this context, the rules on associations, on foundations are analysed in depth.

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Nächstes Kapitel Default Rules on Companies in the New Hungarian Civil Code

Overview of the different concepts on legal person: Wieacker, Franz: Zur Theorie der Juristischen Person des Privatrechts, in: Festschrift für Ernst Rudolf Huber zum 70. Geburtstag. (Hrsg.) Forsthoff, E./Weber, W./Wieacker, F. Verlag Otto Schwartz & Co, Göttingen 1973. 339–383.

Act no. VI. of 1988 on Companies.

Sárközy, Tamás: A jog szerepének átalakulása a gazdaságban. A magyar gazdasági jog fejlődése 1988–2005 között [The change of the role of the rules in the economy. The development of business law 1988–2005], in Jakab András – Takács Péter (ed.): A magyar jogrendszer átalakulása 1985/1990–2005. [The transformation of the Hungarian legal system] I–II. kötet, Budapest, Gondolat 2007, 591–606.

Between 1990 and 1995 19,585 – Nonprofit szervezetek Magyarországon, KSH 2005 [Nonprofit organisations in Hungary, Central Statistical Office 2005] 33.

In 2015 19,917 based on the Central Statistical Office, https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_eves/i_qpg005a.html.

Csehi, Zoltán: A civil társadalom szervezeteinek joga Magyarországon [Nonprofit law in Hungary]. Budapest 2007.

Central Statistics Office 2011, STADAT data – http://poratl.ksh.hu/pls/ksh/docs/hun/xstadat/xsatad_eves/i_qpg005ahtml.

See note 5.

Act no. II of 1989 on Freedom of Association.

Act no. XCII of 1993 modified Sections 57–60 of the Civil Code; the rules on charitable limited companies were in force from January 1 1994 until July 1 2009. The new rules are to be found in Act no. IV of 2006 on business companies. All business companies can be non-profit company also; only Section 4 of the Companies Act must be complied with.

Recently Act no. X of 2006 on Cooperatives; however, the New Civil Code provides a new regime for cooperatives in the third book.

Act no. IV of 1990 on Freedom of Conscience and Religion, and on Churches.

Act no. CCVI of 2011 on Freedom of Conscience and Religion, and on the status of Churches, Religious Bodies and Religious Communities.

Act. no. XCVI of 1993 on Free Mutual Insurance Associations.

Csehi, Zoltán: Nonprofit Organisations in Hungary, in Hopt—von Hippel (ed.): Comparative Corporate Governance of Non-Profit Organizations, Cambridge 2010, 325–378.

Decision of the Governement no. 1050/1998 (IV.24.).

On the history of the codification process, see Csehi, zoltán: Überblick über das neue ungarische BGB von 2009, 51 Jahrbuch für Ostrecht 2010, 255–287.

Act no. IV of 1959—Civil Code, as amended many times from 1960. Stefan Szászy: Das neue Zivilgesetzbuch der Ungarischen Volksrepublik, Rabels 26 (1961), 553–573.

Kecskés László: Az alapítványi jog fejlődéséről [The development of the law of foundations] 35 Magyar jog (1988), 104–116; Csehi Zoltán: A magánjogi alapítvány [The private law foundation], Budapest 2006, Hungarian development, 64 et seq.

Law-decree no. 11 of 1987.

Vékás Lajos: Szükség van-e kereskedelmi magánjogra? [Is a commercial private law needed?]45 Magyar Jog 1998/12. sz., 705–714.

Act. no. IV of 1952 on Marriage, Family and Guardianship.

Karel Van Hulle/Harald Gesell (eds.), European Corporate Law, Baden-Baden 2006; Dornseifer (Hg.), Corporate Business Forms in Europe, München 2005; Act no. XLIX of 2003 European Economic Interest Grouping; Act no. XLV of 2004 Societas Europea; Act no. LXIX of 2006 on SCE.

Csehi Zoltán: A jogi személy a Polgári Törvénykönyvben, [The Legal Person in the Civil Code], in Csehi Z. — Navratyil Z.: A személyek joga a 2013. évi V. törvény alapján. [The Law of Persons under Act no. V of 2013]. Budapest 2013, 55–213.; Csehi Zoltán: A jogi személyek szabályozása az új magyar Polgári Törvénykönyvben és annak tervezeteiben, [Rules on Legal Persons in the New Civil Code of Hungary and its Drafts], in Gondosné dr. Pusztahelyi Réka (ed.): A jogi személyek az új Polgári Törvénykönyvben. Miskolc 2013, 45–86. old.; Sárközy Tamás: Szervezetek státusjoga az új Ptk.-ban [The Rules of Organisations in the New Civil Code]. Budapest 2013; Török Gábor: A gazdasági társaságok közös szabályai, [The Common Rules of Business Associations], Gazdaság és jog, 2013/7–8, 3–9. old.

Kisfaludi András: A jogi személyek szabályozása az Új Polgári Törvénykönyvben, [The rules on legal persons in the new Civil Code] Jogtudományi Közlöny 2014, (július-augusztus), 333–342.

Vékás: Über die Expertenvorlage eines neuen Zivilgesetzbuches für Ungarn, ZEuP 2009, 536 et seq.

See the paper of Prof. Kisfaludi in this volume.

Act no. IV of 2006 on Companies.

Lomnici Zoltán: Az egyesületek. 2. bőv. kiad. [Associations, 2nd. enlarged ed.], Budapest 2006—a collection of case law by topic.; Közigazgatási-Gazdasági Döntvénytár [Cases in Administrative and Business Practice of the Supreme Court], especially issue 8–9 of 1999 on foundations and foundations of public law, and issue 8–9 of 2000 on registered NGOs and civil organisations.

Csehi Zoltán: Az egyesület és az alapítvány az új Polgári Törvénykönyvben, [Association and foundation in the new Civil Code], in Grad-Gyenge Anikó (ed.): Egy új korszak hajnalán. Konferencia-kötet az új Polgári Törvénykönyv tiszteletére. Budapest 2013, 77–95.

Act no. CCVI of 2011 on on Freedom of Conscience and Religion, and on Churches, Religious Bodies and Religious Communities.

Act no. XXXIII of 1989 on Political Parties.

Act no. I of 2004 on Sport.

Act no. LX of 2003 on Assurance and Assurance Activity.

Act no. XCVI of 1993 on Free Mutual Insurance Associations.

Act no. V of 2006 on Companies House and the Registration of companies and Winding-Up proceedings.

Csehi Zoltán: Foundation Law in Hungary, in Chiara Perle (ed.): Developments in Foundation Law in Europe. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London, 2014, 111–135.

See CSEHI note 30.

§ 9/F of Act no. V of 2006 on Companies House (see note 36).

[Charity and donation law in Hungary], Gemeinnützigkeits- und Spendenrecht in Ungarn, in R. Walz—L. von Auer—Th. von Hippen (Hrsg.): Spenden- und Gemeinnützigkeitsrecht in Europa, Tübingen 2007, 511–570.

Act no. CLxxVI of 2011 on freedom of association, charity status, and operation and support of civil organizations.

Lubos Tichy—Rita Sik-Simon: A Cseh Köztársaság új Polgári Törvénykönyve [The new Civil Code of the Czech Republic], Magyar Jog 2013, 748–753.

Titel: Legal Persons in the New Civil Code of Hungary
verfasst von: Zoltán Csehi
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: New Civil Codes in Hungary and Romania
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63326-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-63327-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63327-5_1