nach oben

Erschienen in:

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Peacemaking in Somalia: AU and UN Peace Operations

verfasst von : John L. Hirsch

Erschienen in: The Palgrave Handbook of Peacebuilding in Africa

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter discusses the prospects of peace in Somalia, over a quarter century after the fall of Siad Barre’s military regime in 1991, and the concomitant efforts of the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN) to assist the country in restoring viable governance and generating socio-economic recovery. It includes an assessment of the factors that have shaped UN engagement in the country, from peacekeeping missions in the 1990s to support for the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) since 2007. In this respect, the Somali experience, spanning over two decades, provides an opportunity to consider the evolving roles of the AU and the UN in responding to conflicts and crises in Africa. The chapter argues that a mix of opportunities and dual constraints—internal and international—have slowed, but not prevented, continuing efforts aimed at the establishment of democratic governance and the restoration of peace and security in Somalia.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel The 2008 Kenyan Mediation Process: Lessons and Dilemmas for Conflict Prevention in Africa

Nächstes Kapitel A Life in Peacekeeping

United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 2358, UN Doc. S/RES/2358, 21 June 2017.

For further background information, see John L Hirsch and Robert Oakley, Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacekeeping and Peacemaking (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1995); John L Hirsch, “Somalia”, in Sebastian von Einsiedel, David M. Malone, and Bruno Stagno Ugarte (eds.), The UN Security Council in the 21st Century (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2016), pp. 595–614.

See African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), http://amisom-au.org (accessed 24 June 2017).

UN Security Council Resolution 1744, UN Doc. S/RES/1744, 20 February 2007, para. 4.

See, for example, Walter Lotze and Paul Williams, The Surge to Stabilize: Lessons for the UN from the AU’s Experience in Somalia (New York: International Peace Institute [IPI], May 2016).

As of June 2017, those working on Somalia at the UN expected that AMISOM’s Concept of Operations would be revised again that year. At the time of writing, a joint African Union (AU)–UN review of the mission was expected to report to the UN Security Council by July 2017 and include a focus on a conditions-based exit strategy for AMISOM, with a gradual handover of responsibility of security to Somali forces. The timelines of withdrawal were as well expected to shift somewhat, and it looked likely that AMISOM would stay deployed beyond 2018, with projections of a drawdown of the main body of the force by 2022, but with small reaction capability still in place.

Security Council Report, “2017 Chairs of Subsidiary Bodies and Penholders”, 2 February 2017, http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-security-council-working-methods/pen-holders-and-chairs.php (accessed 24 June 2017). Britain is used synonymously with the United Kingdom (UK) in this volume.

UN Security Council Resolution 794, UN Doc. S/RES/794, 3 December 1992.

Baffour Ankomah, “African Union: From Non-Interference to Non-Indifference”, New African no. 460 (March 2007), https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-160922404/african-union-from-non-interference-to-non-indifference (accessed 22 June 2016).

AU, Constitutive Act of the African Union, adopted by the 36th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, 11 July 2000, Lomé, Togo.

No official statistics are available. In 2013, UN Under-Secretary-General Jan Eliasson indicated that up to 3,000 AMISOM troops had been killed in combat, far higher than would be acceptable to any UN Peacekeeping operation. See “Press Conference by Deputy Secretary-General Jan Eliasson at United Nations Headquarters”, UN Doc. DSG/SM/668, 9 May 2013.

Matt Freear and Cedric de Coning, “Lessons from the African Union Mission for Somalia (AMISOM) for Peace Operations in Mali”, Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 2, no. 2 (2013), pp. 1–11.

Pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 2245, adopted 9 November 2015, the United Nations Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia (UNSOA) was renamed the United Nations Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS).

For a detailed account of the events in Somalia from 1992 to 1995, see Hirsch and Oakley, Somalia and Operation Restore Hope, pp. 3–16.

“Stabilizing Somalia: Featuring Augustine Mahiga”, video, IPI Special Representatives of the Secretary-General Series Policy Forum, New York, 20 September 2011, https://vimeo.com/29850921 (accessed 12 June 2016).

Special Representatives of the UN Secretary-General for Somalia since 1995: David Stephen (Britain), 1997–2002; Winston Tubman (Liberia), 2002–2005; Francis Lonsey Fall (Senegal), 2005–2007; Ahmedou Ould Abdullah (Mauritania), 2007–2010; Augustine Mahiga (Tanzania), 2010–2013; Nicholas Kay (Britain), 2013–2015; and Michael Keating (Britain), appointed November 2015.

AU Peace and Security Council, Communiqué of the 69th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council, AU Doc. PSC/PR/COMM (LXIX), 19 January 2007.

UN Security Council Resolution 1744.

AU Peace and Security Council, Communiqué of the 69th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council.

Confidential discussion.

For a detailed account of the AMISOM situation in 2007, see Paul Williams, “Into the Mogadishu Maelstrom: The African Union Mission in Somalia”, International Peacekeeping 16, no. 14 (October 2009), pp. 514–530.

UN Security Council Resolution 1744.

Paul D. Williams, “AMISOM’s Five Challenges”, commentary (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 15 November 2009), https://www.csis.org/analysis/amisom’s-five-challenges (accessed 10 June 2016).

Williams, “AMISOM’s Five Challenges”.

Ken Menkhaus, “Somalia: A Country in Peril, a Policy Nightmare”, strategy paper (Washington, DC: Enough Project, September 2008), pp. 7, 10.

UN, “Press Conference by Deputy Secretary-General Jan Eliasson at United Nations Headquarters”.

The United States (US) is the leading provider of financing, airlift, and pre-deployment training for AMISOM. Assessed contributions are delivered to the mission through the UN Support Office in Somalia. In addition, the European Union (EU), through its Peace Support Fund, voluntarily contributes an estimated $200 million a year for salaries and other requirements. See Adam C. Smith, “United States of America”, in Alex J. Bellamy and Paul Williams (eds.), Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges, and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672820.001.0001/acprof-9780199672820-chapter-4 (accessed 13 June 2016).

UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the African Union–United Nations Panel on Modalities for Support to African Union Peacekeeping Operations, UN Doc. A/63/666-S/2008/813, 31 December 2008.

See Lotze and Williams, The Surge to Stabilize.

Abdullahi Mohamed Farmajo was State Commissioner of Education in Buffalo, New York, from 2002 to 2010, before his return to Somalia.

Joint United Nations-African Union Framework for Enhanced Partnership in Peace and Security, 19 April 2017, https://unoau.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/signed_joint_framework.pdf (accessed 24 June 2017).

Titel: Peacemaking in Somalia: AU and UN Peace Operations
verfasst von: John L. Hirsch
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Palgrave Handbook of Peacebuilding in Africa
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62201-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-62202-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62202-6_8