nach oben

2018 | Buch

Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Corporate Social Responsibility in the Maritime Industry

herausgegeben von: Ph.D. Lisa Loloma Froholdt

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : WMU Studies in Maritime Affairs

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Über dieses Buch

This book addresses the environmental, legal, social, and economic aspects of corporate social responsibility in the maritime industry. It discusses the voluntary aspects of the CSR concept and how the lines between informal and formal rules are merging and becoming fuzzy. Further, it shows how regulation is enhancing responsibility and sustainability in the maritime industry.The book gathers the experiences of the WMU, IMO, UN and public and private actors in developing and developed countries in the maritime industry.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introduction

Abstract

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the field of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and notes the relevance of this field for the maritime industry, which has been called a laggard when compared to other industries. This book then brings to light some of the developments within the field of CSR that have and are taking place in the maritime industry. The chapter also delivers an overview of the 15 chapters included in this book, that in total cover discussions and presentations of the definition and origin of CSR, developments, industry responses to and beyond regulation and research. The chapters address the three pillars of CSR, namely the environmental, the social and the economic responsibility of business operations. The book is relevant to World Maritime University’s own post-graduate education and course offering in CSR, and is also relevant for other maritime educational institutions.

Lisa Loloma Froholdt

The Perception of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Maritime Industry

Abstract

This chapter presents and discusses the development of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). A broad overview of the literature and the history of CSR is provided and it discusses how CSR is understood in the maritime industry, using perception surveys and other studies conducted in the maritime sector. The chapter recognizes that the perception of CSR is ever changing, and the divisions between public and private organisations are becoming somewhat blurred.

Lisa Loloma Froholdt

The Growth of CSR and Its Acceptance in the Maritime Industry

Abstract

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an increasingly expected role of business. It has become a regular subject of study in most business schools, libraries are adding books on this topic to their collections, the UN is promoting CSR through its Global Compact, national and regional governments increasingly require public companies to report on their social and environmental programs. Leading companies proudly promote their CSR practices in their marketing efforts.

Devinder Grewal

Governance of Maritime Activities: Legal, Policy and Institutional Aspects

Abstract

This chapter considers legal, institutional and policy aspects concerning maritime activities. Following the Introduction, the chapter considers the legal and institutional framework established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Then, it discusses the activities of the United Nations relating to maritime activities, in particular the work of the General Assembly, which is at the centre of policy-making relating to any activities in the oceans and seas, and the outcome of summits and conferences on sustainable development. This is followed by the discussion of other legal instruments and institutions related to the governance of maritime activities, as well as cooperation and coordination between relevant institutions. The chapter concludes with brief concluding remarks.

Yoshinobu Takei

Methods to Promote Improved Governance in Maritime Administrations of Developing Nations

Abstract

Shipping has for a long time been acknowledged as one of the strong catalysts of socio-economic development. The facilitation of international trade is one of the central aims of the shipping industry and has become an increasingly important part of a global economy. The concept “governance” has become the topic of much debate within the context of international trade and was also recently highlighted due to the fact that shipping is trans-boundary and that the shipping industry has an impact on the environment. At the same time, it has rightly been observed that there is no uniform definition of the concept “governance”, and definitions that do exist, only point to an uncertainty of the concept (Roe 2012). It is noteworthy that the term “governance” is used extensively in a number of academic disciplines, e.g. business administration, political science, management, economics and law (Yliskylä-Peuralahti and Gritsenko 2014). As such, the term “governance” is mainly defined on the basis of the focus of each individual discipline. For example, in the field of economics, governance is said to comprise of the processes that support economic actions and transactions by protecting property rights, enforcing contracts and taking collective action to provide appropriate physical and organisational infrastructure (Dixit 2008). In economic governance, the aforementioned processes are carried out within institutions, both formal and informal (Dixit 2008). The definition of governance as observed in the economic-discipline can be contrasted from the way it is understood in the field of law. Governance, in the law discipline, is concerned inter alia, with the functions of the government organs, i.e. the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judiciary branch. To ensure good governance, it is acknowledged that each of these three organs should be separate and be given independent powers so that powers, and roles and responsibilities are not in conflict with each other (Vile 1967). Again, in the field of business administration, the definition of the term “governance” is mainly company or corporation oriented whereby the fundamental principle is similar to that of the economic discipline. Fidrmuc et al. (2006) have offered an insightful definition of corporate governance that refers to a “combination of mechanisms which ensure that the management (the agent) runs the firm for the benefit of one or several stakeholders (principals)” (Fidrmuc et al. 2006). In short, governance in the corporate field revolves mainly around the conflict of interests and the prevention or mitigation of those conflicts between the providers of finance and the managers; the shareholders and the stakeholders; and the different types of shareholders (Goergen et al. 2012).

Patrick Donner, George Theocharidis, Tafsir Johansson

Arctic Governance and Gender: Climate Change or Social Change?

Abstract

Under the philosophy of corporate social responsibility (CSR), organisation’s social responsibility is often also seen as extending beyond the organisational boundaries, both by the organisation itself and its surroundings. Companies may be seen as holding a certain amount of responsibility for its local community by way of providing stable employment, by way of contributing financially and otherwise to local institutions and cultural organisations and by way of becoming a political actor when vital local issues are felt to be at stake. This chapter argues how industry as well as government actors in our opinion have a responsibility for the social inclusion of women in their dealings on all levels. As an illustration, we have chosen to examine gender issues in the Arctic region on a broad level. The reason why the Arctic is chosen as an illustration is that the region is of particular significance to the maritime industry due to the increasing interest of shipping companies to expand business opportunities here (e.g., new shipping routes, new tourism opportunities, etc.). Also, the Arctic region is highly environmentally sensitive. Lastly, the Arctic region includes countries that like to look upon themselves as “gender equal”. Thus, our example will illuminate economic as well as environmental and social aspects within a CSR mode of thought, although our emphasis will be on the extended social responsibility concerning gender issues.

Momoko Kitada, Lise Synnøve Neeraas Langåker

Effective and Efficient Maritime Administration and Corporate Social Responsibility

Abstract

Shipping commonly refers to maritime transportation conducted by a ship, and irrespective of size or flag, a ship does not operate in isolation and its main purpose is to transport goods and cargos from one part of the world to another (Farthing and Brownrigg 1997). In this context, maritime transport is deemed as an indispensable part of international logistics and accounts for 80% of the volume of global trade (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2013, p. 5). What can be gathered from the 2013 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report is that the shipping industry has played a key role in transforming the global economy in the last few decades (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2013, p. 5). Transportation being the catalyst of maritime explorations, shipping, to that extent, has not only made cross-border trade possible, it has also brought innumerable opportunities since it’s inception. From export-import of raw materials, consumer products, natural resources, oil and gas and chemicals to job opportunities on board ships, in the port or even in the government office—shipping in short, can be considered as a strong pillar of a nation’s economy. As a forerunner of globalization, shipping has changed the way one views trade and development. While shipping can be praised by a number of positive adjectives, mostly with regard to the way it contributes to the advancement of a nations economic growth, the advantages, nevertheless, come with a number of negative externalities. Quite often, these negative externalities begin to surface in the aftermath of a maritime incident and may pose a detrimental effect on the marine environment, the coastal community, the marine biodiversity, the seafarers working on board the ships etc.

Neil Bellefontaine, Tafsir Johannson

Energy Management in the Maritime Industry

Abstract

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and energy management are highly interrelated with each other. Energy management serves and contributes to the targets set by a CSR policy of a shipping company or a port authority. Managers of some of these organizations have responsibilities for the effective implementation of energy efficient measures both in ship operations and in port activities under the fulfilment of their CSR (Kitada and Ölçer 2015).

Aykut I. Ölçer, Fabio Ballini

Sulphur Directive, Short Sea Shipping and Corporate Social Responsibility in a EU Context

Abstract

When considering the beneficial aspects and dynamics of shipping, it is stated as being, statistically, the least environmentally damaging mode of transport (IMO Marine Environment Policy 2008; Mitropoulos 2007). Whilst this acknowledgment is derived from quantitative research analysis (Whitelegg 1993; Hecht 1997; IMO Marine Environment Policy 2008, p. 1), maritime transport is not completely free from negative externalities and may pose a threat to fragile marine ecosystems and to those who value and depend on the sea (Lindén et al. 2007). Although regulation of maritime transport continues to progress with a proactive approach from IMO and sometimes driven by initiatives from the European Union, it is observed that since the early 1960s the focus has shifted to air pollution, more specifically to air emissions. At the request of the Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly, the Council of Ministers held a conference in 1965 and set up a Committee of Experts to examine the possibilities to “convene a European Convention on Air pollution” (Gillespie 2005, p. 191). This led to the 1968 Declaration of Principles of Air Pollution (Gillespie 2005) adopted by the Ministers’ Deputies on the 8th of March 1968 (Resolution (68) 4). Subsequently, the Council of Europe adopted resolution 70 (11) in 1970 and declared that a restriction is desirable to limit altogether the concentration of sources of emissions of air pollutants, irrespective of their source (Gillespie 2005). Parallel to regional efforts, the international effort to control air pollution commenced in 1968 when the World Meteorological Organization provided the framework for a global network to monitor atmospheric chemical components related to climate change and environmental issues (Kiss and Shelton 2007). Although air pollution is not considered a major environmental consequence of shipping, emissions from ocean-going vessels while in port can nevertheless, be of great concern due to the fact that they are more likely to affect the population of adjacent coastal areas (Hecht 1997). These ocean-going vessels are said to contribute significantly to global emissions of inter alia SO₂, and it is projected that by 2020, the contributions of ship emissions to the European Union NOx and SOx inventories will exceed all other emission sources in the European Union nations (Friedrich et al. 2007, p. 31, Commission of the European Communities 2005). It is, therefore, important to analyse pertinent European Union legislation on SO₂ emission against the backdrop of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and examine how the voluntary aspect of CSR functions under emission reduction strategies that are “strict compliance” in nature.

Patrick Donner, Tafsir Johansson

Green Ports and Economic Opportunities

Abstract

Environmental policy instruments could be of great help to the regional economy if they are implemented in conjunction with proper economic policy options. In other words, the environment could also be an economic opportunity in a more fundamental way, using the several main drivers that could be identified to create economic value from ports. For example, the domain of port industrial development and maritime clusters could be the area in which the environment presents new economic opportunities. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the usefulness of implementing these policy instruments with the conceptual model that is based upon the system dynamics (SD) technique. With this model, a good business case resulting in greening ports will be examined.

D. S. H. Moon, J. K. Woo, T. G. Kim

Energy-Efficient Ship Operation: The Concept of Green Manoeuvring

Abstract

Energy-efficient operation of ships focusses on economical use of fuel. Consumption of fuel in shipping causes costs and pollutes the environment. ‘Green Manoeuvring’ refers to ship handling in an environmentally friendly manner, meaning, using the settings for controlling a ship’s movement in a way that emissions of nitric and sulphur oxides (NO_x SO_x) and particles are as low as reasonably possible and, as a side effect, also save fuel. Positive effects of efficient manoeuvring can be supported by comprehensive pre-planning of complex manoeuvres as e.g. when entering ports and approaching the berth. This chapter introduces new technology and how it might be used for ‘Green Manoeuvring’.

Michael Baldauf, Knud Benedict, Matthias Kirchhoff, Michèle Schaub, Michael Gluch, Sandro Fischer

A Financial Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility

Abstract

The shipping industry facilitates substantially the operation of a global supply network and plays a pivotal role in the global transport of products. Shipping positively affects the lives of billions of people, with 90% of the world’s international trade travelling by sea. The challenges of the sector are multiple due to the cyclical nature of the industry, the global political and economic instability, the bulk volume of environmental laws and the volatility of bunker fuel and freight rates. The international nature of the industry possesses significant challenges because regulations are usually taken in a global level and enforced on the local level in which there are various environmental and national peculiarities.

Ioannis Oikonomou, Aspasia Pastra, Ilias Visvikis

Impacts of CSR on Women in the Maritime Sector

Abstract

This chapter offers a comprehensive view of the development of women’s integration in the maritime sector and examines the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives by shipping companies on gender equality and equity in shipping. CSR often includes gender equality within their diversity policies in line with other CSR elements. However, this paper argues that the inclusion of gender issues within a wider norm of diversities might have weakened the voice of women. The impact of CSR also seems to be limited to large shipping companies only, because medium and small firms are unlikely to be motivated due to their smaller business scales for the promotion of women. The paper recognises the need of combined efforts from both legal and social initiatives to promote women in the maritime industry. A cooperation between public and private sectors will create a synergy effect to promote maritime women from international to national levels.

Momoko Kitada, Pamela Tansey

Safety and Risk Management Considerations for CSR

Abstract

Safety has for centuries been a concept that has been relevant to human existence. Maslow’s (1943) seminal work in motivation is still acknowledged to be significantly valid, although there has subsequently been significant development in motivation theories in general. His theory recognizes the primary role that safety (in a broad sense) plays in human motivation, indicating that in a hierarchical arrangement of motivation drivers, the need for safety is primary. In more contemporary times there have been wide-ranging discussions on risk, its role in society and increased discourse on its assessment and management (Beck 1992, 2009; Bernstein 1998) and the responsibilities those who assess and manage risk have to the wider society (Giddens 1999). This general increase in the awareness of risk has been in tandem with (perhaps because of) the growth of high-risk industries/organizations/corporate entities including in the maritime industry (Perrow 1999; Freudenburg 1993; Kasperson et al. 2003; Kristiansen 2005; Manuele and Main 2002; Rasmussen and Svedung 2000; Reason 1997; Renn 1992; Selmer-Olsen 2005).

Michael Ekow Manuel

Response to Institutional Processes: A Study of Corporate Social Responsibility in Danish Shipping Companies

Abstract

Shipping is a very traditional and conservative industry. Several of the old shipping companies are originally family-owned and many still have a family foundation as a controlling shareholder. For many years, they have lived a life with very little transparency. Today, shipping carries 90% of the world trade and is therefore a significant contributor to the increasing pollution of the atmosphere and the marine environment. However, transporting cargo by ship emits less CO₂ and other harmful particles into the atmosphere than other modes of transport when comparing weight of cargo transported per mile. To mitigate the negative impact from companies on the climate, environment, and local society, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has emerged.

Jan Skovgaard

Titel: Corporate Social Responsibility in the Maritime Industry
herausgegeben von: Ph.D. Lisa Loloma Froholdt
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-69143-5
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69142-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69143-5