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2018 | Buch

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Middle Powers in Global Governance

The Rise of Turkey

herausgegeben von: Dr. Emel Parlar Dal

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This volume summarizes, synthesizes, updates, and contextualizes Turkey’s multiple roles in global governance. As a result of various political, economic, cultural and technological changes occurring in the international system, the need for an effective and appropriate global governance is unfolding. In such an environment, Turkey’s and other rising/middle powers’ initiatives appear to be indispensable for rendering the existing global governance mechanisms more functional and effective. The authors contribute to the assessment of changing global governance practices of secondary and/or middle power states with a special focus on Turkey’s multiple roles and issue-based global governance policies.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Profiling Middle Powers in Global Governance and the Turkish Case: An Introduction

Abstract

This study aims to investigate first whether Turkey fits into a middle power status and second the tools and mechanisms it uses to pursue its middle power diplomacy at both regional and global levels. In doing so, it first focuses on the existing literature on middle powers. Then, it tries to understand Turkey’s institutional, material, and behavioral patterns that are connected to middle power concepts. In the final analysis, the present study underlines that Turkey seems eager to pursue middle power diplomacy despite its weak middle power identity, its limited middle power means, and the recent deterioration in its relations with its traditional allies, the United States and the EU. In fact, its evolving middle power identity and consciousness about its capacity to enact a middle power role may open new horizons for its developing middle powermanship. However, while constructing its middle power identity, Turkey must also craft its new international role based on its developing material power as well as its ideational and democratic power. Turkey’s strong attachment to universal values and democracy would certainly contribute positively to its middle power identity in-the-making and transform it into a complete middle power state, capable of establishing a delicate balance between its regional and global responsibilities.

Emel Parlar Dal

Making Sense of Turkey’s Middle Power at the Junction of the Global–Regional

Frontmatter

Chapter 2. Through a Glass Darkly: The Past, Present, and Future of Turkish Foreign Policy

Abstract

As the world order has been passing through major changes, Turkey tries to find a compass that will fulfill its foreign policy goals in a manner commensurate with its emergent stature as an important sovereign state with major engagements in the Middle East, Europe, and increasingly, with the rest of the world. The electoral dominance of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) since 2002 has supported the expansion of Turkish foreign policy ambitions and provided a continuity of leadership. This chapter will first consider three major developments, namely increasing fluidity of alignments, personalist leaderships and ambitious foreign policy agendas, and changing structural order at the global level, as well as briefly assess specific dimensions of Turkey’s evolving relationship with the United States, Europe, Russia, China, and the Middle East.

Richard Falk

Chapter 3. From Mogadishu to Buenos Aires: The Global South in the Turkish Foreign Policy in the Late JDP Period (2011–2017)

Abstract

As regards the southern dimension of the Turkish foreign policy, this chapter aims to analyze the Turkish agenda for the Global South. First, it presents a historical and conceptual scheme about the role of the Global South in the foreign policy, explaining the late humanitarian and developmental involvement. Next, it presents the main tenets of this new dimension of the foreign policy through the analysis of two case studies: sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. The aim of the work is to introduce the Turkish policy toward the Global South, focusing on how the southern dimension can contribute to Turkey’s ambition of becoming a global actor in the context of the shifting global governance.

Federico Donelli, Ariel Gonzalez Levaggi

Chapter 4. Turkey’s Multistakeholder Diplomacy: From a Middle Power Angle

Abstract

Turkish diplomacy fits into middle power approaches. As a good international citizen, it performs as a “go-between” for international coalition-building and creates regional bridging alignments with similar-minded powers. It also utilizes international organizations to amplify its influence. Multistakeholder diplomacy puts an extra layer to this modus operandi. Turkey as a middle power has been performing multistakeholder diplomacy in four major “neighboring” areas: Africa, the Middle East, Balkans, and south Caucasus. This chapter analyzes how multistakeholder diplomacy could be a complementary extra layer to middle power diplomacy. Turkey’s efforts in the last decade give a clear example of what types of complex agendas have been dealt with by multistakeholder diplomacy. It also elaborates the tools Turkey has been utilizing and theoretically relabels Turkish diplomatic efforts within multistakeholder diplomacy.

Gürol Baba

Turkey’s Middle-Power Multilateralism

Frontmatter

Chapter 5. Turkey, Global Governance, and the UN

Abstract

Turkey—a NATO member and long-time European Union (EU) aspirant—also is usually classified as a “rising” or “emerging power.” However, all groupings of developing and industrialized countries should be interrogated and not merely applied and assumed to make analytical sense. This chapter teases out why as well as probes two other topics, global governance and the United Nations, which mean many things to many people. This chapter urges readers to question several convenient and related but erroneous narratives: that the Global South has had little impact on universal normative developments; that it was largely absent from the founding of the United Nations whose values came only from the West; that “rising powers” is a meaningful analytical category; and that “global governance” is a synonym for international organization and law with some non-state actors now in the mix. Finally, the conclusion challenges readers to move beyond the ahistorical character of much contemporary social science.

Thomas G. Weiss

Chapter 6. Turkey in the UN Funding System: A Comparative Analysis with the BRICS Countries (2010–2013)

Abstract

This chapter seeks to locate Turkey in the UN funding system in comparison with its BRICS peers so as to investigate to which UN agencies and funds most specifically it has been contributing voluntary aid between 2010 and 2013. Drawing largely on UN data, this study tests Turkey’s financial contribution to the UN system as compared to its BRICS peers with the help of an integrated methodology using Global Governance Contribution Index (GGCI) and Voluntary Financial Contribution Data. One of the main findings of the chapter is that given Turkey’s funding behaviours in the UN system, Turkey cannot be considered an effective multilateral funding actor among the rising powers. Turkey is ranked as the lowest contributing country in terms of financial contribution compared to the five BRICS countries. Turkey shows a relatively better performance in the categories of global health and poverty and humanitarian relief, which have emerged as niche diplomacy areas during the last decade. In the final analysis, the chapter concludes that a more comprehensive policy and academic understanding are needed, and more efforts should be devoted to providing a detailed picture of the role of rising actors, including Turkey, in the UN funding system.

Emel Parlar Dal, Ali Murat Kurşun

Chapter 7. Analyzing “T” in MIKTA: Turkey’s Changing Middle Power Role in the United Nations

Abstract

Although sharing some degree of middle power identification, big disparities exist among MIKTA (Mexico, Indonesia, Korea, Turkey, and Australia) countries with respect to their political and economic systems, domestic priorities and problems, and their regional context, which make it difficult to talk about a common MIKTA identity/role. This study draws on social constructivism to problematize and analyze Turkey’s changing middle power role among MIKTA countries through their debates at the United Nations (UN). To this aim, the chapter will conduct a detailed and comparative discourse analysis of Turkey’s and the other MIKTA countries’ statements at the opening sessions of the UN General Assembly from 2001 to 2017 with respect to their social claims about themselves, including the way they define their (1) roles in global governance, (2) attitude toward international order, and (3) the nexus between their global and regional roles. By doing so, the chapter will theoretically question and empirically analyze whether there exists any meaningful evidence demonstrating Turkey’s adoption of a middle power role that could create the opportunity for converging interests among these countries.

Gonca Oğuz Gök, Radiye Funda Karadeniz

Chapter 8. Assessing Turkey’s New Global Governance Strategies: The G20 Example

Abstract

This chapter attempts to scrutinize Turkey first as a status-seeking country and second as a G20 middle power with different expectations in terms of geopolitics, economics, and foreign policy. Third, this study attempts to examine Turkey’s performance in the G20 as a middle power state in comparison with its peers in the same group by the use of G20 compliance data set from 2008 to 2013 and the final compliance reports of the 2014–2016 summits. Here, the main objective is to grasp the extent to which Turkey has met its commitments and in which areas between 2009 and 2016 compared with its middle power peers. This analysis also engenders an assessment of the main characteristics of Turkey’s changing priorities, preferences, and adjustments in the G20’s institutional sub-system. In the final analysis, the chapter concludes that despite its lack of compliance with G20 summit commitments compared with other G20 middle power members, Turkey’s bridging status between the North and the South grants it a special role as both an institutionally accommodating and challenging actor.

Emel Parlar Dal, Ali Murat Kurşun

Turkey’s Middle-Power Avenues and Means

Frontmatter

Chapter 9. A Heuristic History of Global Development Governance Since the 1960s and Turkey

Abstract

During the 1970s, developed and developing countries entered into a series of negotiations where the latter favoured an interventionist international economic system which would be governed by United Nations resolutions. After a decade of neoliberal dominance in the 1980s, new elements such as environment and individual welfare were introduced into the development debate in the 1990s. The negotiations gradually turned into the pursuit of partnerships among multiple stakeholders. Sustainable Development Goals reintroduced basic concerns such as economic transformation into international development discourse, complementing the overwhelming importance given to individual welfare in the Millennium Development Goals of the 2000s. Turkey seems more comfortable with the cooperative approach than the confrontational one.

Mehmet Emin Arda

Chapter 10. Narrating Turkey’s Story: Communicating Its Nation Brand Through Public Diplomacy

Abstract

Nations strategically communicate their brand and their messages to external audiences in order to purvey positive outcomes. Public diplomacy is a core component of strategic communication in communicating nation brands to foreign audiences. This chapter examines Turkey’s public diplomacy and nation brand, with a focus on foreign aid. Turkey’s state-run agencies are key actors in narrating Turkey’s story of wanting to be heard by both its citizens and people abroad. The chapter provides an analysis of two of the most prominent actors that partake in the act of delivering aid and the ways in which aid is instrumental in crafting Turkey’s nation brand as a benevolent country. This study demonstrates how Turkey utilizes different modes of development communication to share its nation brand with domestic and foreign audiences.

Senem B. Çevik

Chapter 11. A Comparative Analysis of China and Turkey’s Development Aid Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

The main aim of this chapter is to critically assess the motivations, instruments, and geographical distribution of Turkey and China’s development aid policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and to locate them in the broader South–South Cooperation context. To this end, it first investigates the core motivations of Turkish and Chinese development aid policies in SSA. Second, it briefly provides an overview of the main instruments and means used by Turkey and China. Lastly, by looking at the geographical distribution of Turkish and Chinese aid in Africa, it attempts to understand the key recipients of this aid and the rationales behind the priority given to these countries.

Ferit Belder, Samiratou Dipama

Chapter 12. Turkey and India in the Context of Foreign Aid to Africa

Abstract

Foreign aid has become an increasingly essential foreign policy tool among states’ options especially when combined with other soft-power instruments. One of the reasons behind this trend is that rising powers have increased their efforts and activism in this field. Even though the motivation of rising powers to use aid as a policy tool reflects various economic, political, military and humanitarian reasons, foreign aid is now part of a multi-dimensional and multi-layered foreign policy strategy for these new actors. This study makes a comparison between Turkish and Indian aid and development assistance policies and practices in Africa to produce theoretical and practical inferences regarding the foreign aid strategies of rising powers. A secondary aim is to recommend practically applicable and policy-relevant proposals for Turkey.

Hakan Mehmetcik

Titel: Middle Powers in Global Governance
herausgegeben von: Dr. Emel Parlar Dal
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-72365-5
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72364-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72365-5