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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

A Multipurpose Marine Cadastre to Manage Conflict Use with Marine Renewable Energy

verfasst von : Séverine Michalak

Erschienen in: Trends and Challenges in Maritime Energy Management

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Notwithstanding their potential benefit as a non-carbon-emitting energy source, the number and the size of marine renewable energy (MRE) farms increases conflict uses, creating a kind of private occupation of the sea space. The multipurpose marine cadastre (MMC) seems to be an efficient tool to determine a better way to allocate exclusive rights to ocean energy developers, in accordance with other users rights. The United-States are the pioneers with their marinecadastre.gov website, which has been set clearly to promote offshore renewable energy, and many others countries are studying this concept, as a complement to marine spatial planning.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Commercial Wind Propulsion Solutions: Putting the ‘Sail’ Back into Sailing

Nächstes Kapitel Ocean Energy: Seeking the Balance Between States’ Exclusive Rights of Exploitation and Marine Biodiversity Conservation

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Canada has the longest coastline (7.1 millions of km²). More than 60% of the territory under the jurisdiction of AATC (Association des Arpenteurs des Terres du Canada) is on water. Canada has created 5 LOMA (Large Ocean Management Area) to help marine planning (Ng’ang’a et al. 2001).

American marine cadastre can be seen on www.marinecadastre.gov. The USA are among the precursors thanks to their OPIS (Ocean Planning Information System) (Fulmer 2007; Fowler and Treml 2001, pp. 493–507).

Australia has set up the Australian Marine Spatial Information System (AMSIS), a system of interactive cartography helping the decision making. It contains more than 80 information layers about marine boundaries, bathymetry, physical and environmental data, legal interests, fishing and navigation. (https://www.ga.gov.au/amsis/index.jsp) (Binns et al. 2005).

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Article 714 Civil Code.

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The Crown Estate uses this tool as part of seabed leases granting.

The Round 3 includes nine development zones located around the United Kingdom. Seven of them are located in the English and Welsh waters.

UK had declared a Renewable Energy Zone (REZ) before declaring a EEZ. The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013 acknowledging the EEZ in UK has come into effect on 31 March 2014, abrogating in article 1(2) the REZ Order Act.

The Crown’s ownership of the seabed, and every title granted on its basis, shall respect public rights, such as fishing or sailing (Todd 2012, pp. 667–672: public rights shall be respected also in EEZ by MRE developers) (A-G for British Columbia v A-G for the Dominion of Canada, 1914, AC 153,173).

Safety zone statement; Pursuant to regulation 6(1), b(ii) of the Infrastructure Planning (Applications: Prescribed forms and Procedure) Regulations 2009, Dogger Bank Creyke Beck August 2013, Forewind. The Electricity (Offshore Generating Stations) (Safety Zones) (Application Procedures and Control of Access) Regulations 2007 (SI No 2007/1948).

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Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on 23rd January 2003 and received Royal Assent on 25th February 2003.

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(BSH M5) 01/16.

Section 3 article 8 § 1 and 2.

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Law n°57/207 of 31 August 2007.

Cf. supra.

Decree n°2004-112 of 6 February 2004 related to the organization of State Action at Sea (JORF n°32 of 7 February 2004, p. 2616), article 1.

Decree n°86-606 of 14 March 1986 (JO 19 March 1986) modified by the decree n°88-199 of 29 February 1988 (JO 2 March 1988).

Rezenthel (2007), p. 684; Rezenthel (2012), p. 736.

Great Nautical Commission (2015).

Regulation about fishing isn’t yet established.

High sea legal regime won’t be studied here, given the hypothetical MRE projects.

UNCLOS Article 24.

Esmaeli (2001), pp. 72–73.

Address of the secretary-General (2012) at the Opening of the Fifty-Eighth Session of the Sub-Committee on Safety of navigation. www.imo.org/MediaCentre/SecretaryGeneral/Secretary-GeneralsSpeeches/Meetings/Pages/Sub-Committee-on-Safety-of-Navigation-(NAV)-58^th-session.aspx. Accessed 2 July 2012.

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Decree n°2013-611 of 10 July 2013 related to regulation applied to artificial islands, installations, devices in the exclusive economic zone, on the continental shelf in the economic zone and in the ecological protection zone, and to the drawing of submarine cables and pipelines.

Adopted on 13 November 1972 and come into force on 30 August 1975.

This is equivalent to about 460 millions euros, related to mostly offshore wind at work, in building or authorized as part of Round 1 and 2. Estimation based on the hypothesis of the set-up of 7.2 GW by 2020 as part of Round 2 (Climate Change Capital, Offshore Renewable Energy Installation Decommissioning Study Final Report, 17 November 2010).

Nielsen and Davenport (2014), p. 371 onwards.

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The Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure includes seabed topography, geology, marine infrastructure, resources utilization, administrative and legal boundaries, areas of conservation, marine habitats and oceanography (International Hydrographic Organization 2011). https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/CB/C-17_e1.1.0_2011_EN.pdf

Cf. Supreme Court of India Civil appeal n°1132/2011 of 28 January 2011: the small lake in the District of Patiala that offered varied functions has been qualified by the Supreme Court of “collective good”, judging that the real estate company who wanted to monopolize it was guilty of the “Crime of enclosure” (Parance and de Saint Victor 2014, p. 13).

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Titel: A Multipurpose Marine Cadastre to Manage Conflict Use with Marine Renewable Energy
verfasst von: Séverine Michalak
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Trends and Challenges in Maritime Energy Management
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74575-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-74576-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74576-3_31