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Erschienen in:
2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel
4. Iran and the European Union: Challenges and Opportunities
verfasst von : Farhad Rezaei
Erschienen in: Iran’s Foreign Policy After the Nuclear Agreement
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
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Abstract
For most of its history, the EU has enjoyed robust relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran, an association bolstered by extensive trade ties. The ruinous war with Iraq made help from the EU even more urgent. By the time of the cease-fire in 1989, Iran’s industry was operating at only 20–30 percent of capacity. Direct economic damage (i.e. physical destruction) inflicted on Iran amounted to a yearly average of 23.35 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) estimates that the cost of this damage, excluding military damage and loss of human life, amounted to $97.3 billion. By using a different exchange rate, the Iranian government puts the figure much higher, at over $300 billion. Military damage was estimated at $50 billion. Some observers estimate that the total cost of damage is close to $1000 billion.