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Technological Encounters: Locating Experts in the History of Globalisation Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

12. Engineers and Scientists as Commercial Agents of the Spanish Nuclear Programme

verfasst von : Joseba De la Torre, M. d. Mar Rubio-Varas, Gloria Sanz Lafuente

Erschienen in: Technology and Globalisation

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The unique nature of the technological, financial and managerial decisions of the civil uses of nuclear power granted a leading role to engineers and scientists employed by the state and private companies in the USA, West Germany and the UK. But in less-developed countries too, such as Spain, the nuclear programme was started and influenced by a small group of engineers and scientists who operated as agents of economic modernization in the decision-making framework of a dictatorship. Making use of new archival sources, this chapter identifies three of these actors: two Spanish industrial engineers and executive directors, Jaime MacVeigh and Manuel Gutiérrez-Cortines, and the German scientist Karl Wirtz as facilitator. These three players performed strategic roles in the Spanish nuclear programme.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Dutch Irrigation Engineers and Their (Post-) Colonial Irrigation Networks
Nächstes Kapitel Engineers’ Diplomacy: The South American Petroleum Institute, 1941–1950s
Fußnoten
1
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2
De la Torre, J. and Rubio-Varas, M. d. M.: ‘Nuclear Power for a Dictatorship: State and Business involvement in the Spanish Atomic Program, 1950–85’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 51. No.2 (2016) 385–411.
 
3
Presas, Albert: Science on the periphery. The Spanish reception of nuclear energy: An attempt at modernity? Minerva, No. 43, Iss. 2 (2005), p. 197–218.
 
4
Camprubí, L.: Engineers and the making of the Francoist regime. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014.
 
5
Through this chapter we make use of materials from the following archives: Archivo Histórico de la Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales [ASEPI] (Madrid, Spain); Archivo Histórico del Banco de Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria [AHBBVA] (Bilbao, Spain); Export-Import Bank Archives [EXIM] (College Park, Maryland, USA); Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe [GLA] (Karlsruhe, Germany); Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts [PA AA] (Berlin, Germany); The National Archives of United Kingdom [TNA] (Kew, United Kingdom).
 
6
Rubio-Varas, M. d. M. and De la Torre, J.: ‘How did Spain become the major U.S. nuclear client?’, In Rubio-Varas, M. d. M. and J. De la Torre, (eds.), The Economic History of Nuclear Energy in Spain: Governance, Business and Finance. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, pp. 116–54.
 
7
Eisenhower, Dwight: ‘Atoms for Peace Speech’, 1953. Available at: https://​www.​iaea.​org/​about/​history/​atoms-for-peace-speech. See also Drogan, Mara: ‘The Nuclear Imperative: Atoms for Peace and the Development of U.S. Policy on Exporting Nuclear Power, 1953–1955’, Diplomatic History, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2016), pp. 948–74.
 
8
United States, General Accounting Office, Comptroller General Report to the Congress, ‘U.S. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Policy: Impact on Exports and Nuclear Industry Could Not Be Determined’, Washington D.C: US Government Printing Office, 1980, pp. 8–9.
 
9
Rubio-Varas, M. d. M. and De la Torre, J.: ‘Spain—Eximbank’s Billion Dollar Client: The Role of the US Financing the Spanish Nuclear Program’, in Beltran A., Laborie L., Lanthier, P. and Le Gallic, S. (Eds.), Electric Worlds / Mondes électriques: Creations, Circulations, Tensions, Transitions (19th–21st C). London: Peter Lang, 2016, pp. 245–70.
 
10
Burness, H. Stuart, Montgomery, W. David and Quirk, James P.: ‘The Turnkey Era in Nuclear Power’, Land Economics, Vol. 56, No. 2 (1980), pp. 188–202.
 
11
Cohn, S.: Too Cheap to Meter: An Economic and Philosophical Analysis of the Nuclear Dream, New York: State University of New York Press, 1997, p. 127.
 
12
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Nuclear Power Reactors in the World, Vienna: IAEA, 2016, p. 79.
 
13
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): Nuclear Power and the Demand for Uranium Enrichment Services, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974. Table 1., p. 4. [CIA Document Number CIA- RDP85T00875R001900030].
 
14
Rubio-Varas and De la Torre, ‘Spain—Eximbank’s Billion Dollar Client’, p. 239.
 
15
Ibidem.
 
16
Gutiérrez Cortines, Manuel: ‘Las centrales atómicas en los programas de construcción de las empresas eléctricas’, Conferencia Pronunciada al Círculo de La Unión Mercantil e Industrial de Madrid. Madrid: Círculo de la Unión Mercantil e Industrial de Madrid, 1958.
 
17
The Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN, Nuclear Energy Board) created by the Spanish government in 1951 (springing from preexisting units for atom investigation) generated similar institutional structures for the development of nuclear civil uses as those of other Western governments at the time.
 
18
TNA. Foreign and Commonwealth Office [FCO). H.R. Jonson, Technical Policy Branch, Notes 7th January 1957).
 
19
TNA. Foreign and Commonwealth Office [FCO). H.R. Jonson, Technical Policy Branch, Notes 7th January 1957).
 
20
Romero de Pablo, A. and Sánchez-Ron, J.M.: Energía nuclear en España. De la JEN al CIEMAT. CIEMAT, Madrid: Ediciones Doce Calles, 2001.
 
21
Valbuena, Pablo: Historia de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de Madrid desde 1901 hasta 1972. Proyecto fin de carrera (1996). De la Torre, J: ‘Who was Who in the Making of Spanish Nuclear Programme, c.1950–1985’, In Rubio-Varas, M. d. M. and J. De la Torre, (eds.), The Economic History of Nuclear Energy in Spain: Governance, Business and Finance. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, pp. 33–65.
 
22
Alzugaray, J.J.: Reflexiones de un ingeniero, Madrid: Eds. Encuentro. 1999, pp. 73–4.
 
23
This was natural since the financier who promoted the TALGO first and the nuclear bet for Hidroeléctrica Española later was Jose María Oriol y Urquijo. For more on this see Ballestero, Alfonso: José Mª de Oriol y Urquijo. Madrid: Lid, 2014.
 
24
De la Torre, J., and Rubio-Varas, M. d. M.: La financiación exterior del desarrollo industrial español a través del IEME (1950–1982), Banco de España, Madrid, 2015, pp. 99–105.
 
25
Álvaro, Adoración: ´The Globalization of Knowledge-Based Services: Engineering Consulting in Spain, 1953–1975′, Business History Review 88 (2014), pp. 681–707.
 
26
Gutiérrez Cortines, Manuel: ‘Nuclear Industry in Spain’, Nuclear Engineering International 17, no. 188 (1972), pp. 31–32.
 
27
De la Torre and Rubio-Varas: ‘Nuclear Power for a Dictatorship’; Otero Navascués, José Mª: Nuclear Energy in Spain, Nuclear Engineering International 17, no. 188 (1972), pp. 25–28.
 
28
MacVeigh, J.: Ensayo sobre un Programa de energía Nuclear en España, Madrid: Banco Urquijo, 1957; Puig, N. and Torres, E.: Banco Urquijo. Un banco con historia, Madrid: Turner, 2008.
 
29
According to the hypotheses of the essay, nuclear power installed in 1970 should be 0.35 GW, peaking by the year 2000 between a minimum of 21 GW and a maximum of 39 GW of nuclear power generation; the equivalent of a minimum of 106 to a maximum of 194 nuclear reactors of 200 MW operating in the year 2000. MacVeigh, Ensayo sobre un Programa de energía Nuclear en España, p. 13.
 
30
De la Torre and Rubio-Varas, ‘Nuclear Power for a Dictatorship’.
 
31
ABC, 11 April 1956, p. 41.
 
32
MacVeigh, Ensayo sobre un Programa de energía Nuclear en España.
 
33
TNA, AB 61105, Notes visit, January 1957.
 
34
De la Torre, ‘Who was who’.
 
35
De la Torre and Rubio-Varas, La financiación exterior del desarrollo industrial español a través del IEME, pp. 109–110.
 
36
TNA. FO. AB 61105. Visit of Señor MacVeigh to Atomic Construction Limited (14/8/1959); and AB 6591. British Embassy Report (23/11/1962).
 
37
Catalan, J.: ‘La ruptura de la posguerra y la industrialización, 1939–1975’, in Nadal, J. (Dir.) Atlas de la industrialización de España, Barcelona: Crítica, 2003, pp. 233–88.
 
38
MacVeigh, J.: ‘Posibilidades de la industria española en la construcción de centrales nucleares’, in Conferencia Mundial de la Energía. Madrid, 5–9 June 1960.
 
39
For instance, in 1964 he participated in the annual meeting of the Atomic Industrial Forum in San Francisco, ‘in which he acted as spokesman for European opinions on the new North American legislation regarding the private ownership of nuclear fuels and the enrichment of uranium under canon’. AHBBVA, Nuclenor Activity Report, 1965.
 
40
De la Torre, Joseba and Rubio-Varas, M.del Mar, ‘Learning by doing: the first Spanish nuclear plant, Business History Review. 92, issue 1 (Spring 2018).
 
41
TNA, AB. 38,185. (27/09/1968). From 1962 to 1968 several meetings were held between the UKAEA and Tecnatom on business reprocessing. Ibidem. AB 38280.
 
42
ASEPI, Report about Tecnatom (8/3/1971). Tecnatom (2007).
 
43
It is well known that neither the competitive market nor technical practicality led to the dominance of American-made light-water reactors in electricity, isotope and plutonium production. Radkau, Joachim: ‘Kernenergie-Entwicklung in der Bundesrepublik: ein Lernprozess. Die ungeplante Durchsetzung des Leichwasserreaktors und die Krise der gesellschaftlichen Kontrolle über die Atomwirtschaft, GG 4 (1978), pp. 195–222. Winnacker, Karl and Wirtz, Karl: Das unverstandene Wunder, Düsseldorf: Econ Verlag, 1975, pp. 192–193.
 
44
Wirtz’s international activity in the 1960s and 1970s was intense. For example, in 1963, Wirtz participated in the Japan Atomic Industrial Forum and visited the Tokai nuclear research centre. That same year, he took part in the meeting of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC), GE and the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe; KfK), which were held in Arkansas. In 1966 and 1967, he attended the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) and the European Atomic Energy Society conferences in Sweden and Portugal. In 1969–1970, he spent a sabbatical at the University of Washington (Seattle). He regularly participated in the meetings of the American Nuclear Society, and in 1974 he was the coeditor of three specialized American journals. In 1975, he delivered a lecture in Mexico City and visited the Mexican National Institute of Nuclear Energy (Instituto Mexicano de Energía Nuclear). In addition, he maintained contact with experts in Brazil, Chile, Argentina and Venezuela. In 1976, he was preparing for a trip to Iran. Hermann, Armin: Karl Wirtz- Leben und Werk, Stuttgart: Schattauer, 2006, pp. 137–138,149,168–169. GLA Abt. 69/Kfk INR Nr. 52. Letter from Carlos Sánchez del Río to Karl Wirtz, 03.05.1967. GLA 69 KfK-INR Nr.168. Letter from K. Wirtz to Hans Frewer 13.07.1976.
 
45
GLA Abt. KfK, GF-1 Nr. 184. Brief z. Hdn. Karl Wirtz. Staatssekretär (Haunschlid). Bundesministerium für Bildung und Wissenschaft 17.08.1972. Brief (Kopie). z. Hdn. Staatssekretär (Haunschlid). KfK Karl Wirtz. 01.09.1972. Müller, Wolfgang D.: Geschichte der Kernenergie in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Stuttgart: Schäfer-Poeschel,1996, II. p. 127. GLA 69 KfK- GF1-Nr. 339,1. Letter from the President of the Nuclear Energy Board, Jesús Olivares, to Horst Böhm. 20.02.1979. GLA 69 KfK- GF1-Nr. 339,1. Dr. Nentwich. Internationale Beziehungen. Betr.: Besuch der JEN in der Zeit vom 4. bis 6. April 1979. 12.04.1979.GLA Abt.69 KfK-GF-1 Nr. 184. Letter from J.M. Otero to Hans-Hilger Haunschild. 18.09.1972. GLA Abt 69 KfK- GF 1 Nr. 184. Notiz an Herrn Dr. Greifeld (Prof. Dr. K. Wirtz), 10.04.1972. Hermann, Karl Wirtz, pp. 33–42.
 
46
Hermann, Karl Wirtz, pp. 11,23, 65, 69.
 
47
Stam, Thomas: Staat und Selbstverwaltung. Die Deutsche Forschung im Wiederaufbau 1945–1965, Köln: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Politik, 1981, p. 85. Keβler, G.: ‘Zum Gedenken an Karl Wirtz’, Physikalische Blätter 50. No. 9, (1994), p. 867. Hermann, Karl Wirtz, p. 77. Radkau, Joachim: Aufstieg und Krise der deutschen Atomwirtschaft 1945–1975, Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1983, p. 37.
 
48
Wirtz, Karl: Im Umkreis der Physik, Karlsruhe: KfK, 1988, p. 89. Hermann, Karl Wirtz, p. 137.
 
49
Law 25 of 29 April 1946 and Law 22 of 2 March 1950. Müller, Müller, Wolfgang D.:Geschichte der Kernenergie in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Stuttgart: Schäfer-Poeschel,1990, I. p. 43–54.
 
50
Radkau, Aufstieg und Fall, pp. 46. Winnacker and Wirtz, Das unverstandene, p. 90. Hermann, Karl Wirtz, p. 92.
 
51
Oetzel, Günther: Forschungspolitik in der Bundesrepubilk Deutschland. Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Institution der Groβforschung am Modell des Kernforschungszentrums Karlsruhe KfK, 1956–1963, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1996, pp. 11.12/24/84.
 
52
CSIC. International Conference on scientific research and energy problems. Madrid, 14–18 October 1974. Participant CV (Karl Wirtz). The conflicts were with engineers and scientists who served on corporate boards, such as Wolfgang Finkelnburg (Siemens), Rudolf Schulten (BBC/Krupp, later BBK) and Alfred Schuller (AEG). Oetzel, Forschungspolitik, p. 139. Müller, Geschichte, II. p. 342. Eckert, Michael Osietzki, Maria: Wissenschaft für Macht und Markt. Kernforschung und Mikroelektronik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, München: C.H. Beck, 1989, p. 84.
 
53
Sánchez Ron, José María: ‘International Relations in Spanish Physics from 1900 to the Cold War’, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 33/1, (2002), pp. 3–31. Hermann, Karl Wirtz, p. 76–77–82.
 
54
Romero, Ana: ‘Un viaje de José María Otero Navascués. Los inicios de la energía nuclear en España’, Arbor, 659–660, (2000), pp. 509–526. Presas, Albert, ‘La correspondencia entre José M. Otero Navascués y Karl Wirtz, un episodio de las relaciones internacionales de la Junta de Energía Nuclear’ Arbor, 659–660, (2000), pp. 527–602. Romero de Pablos and Sanchez-Ron, De la JEN al CIEMAT, pp. 34–40,69,114. Hermann, Karl Wirtz, p. 81–82.
 
55
The National Institute of Industry (INI), founded in 1941, was the holding of public companies where the state acted as an entrepreneur.
 
56
Aschmann, Birgit: ‘Treue Freunde…’? Westdeutschand und Spanien 1945–1963, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999, pp. 334–35. On the activities of the Spanish National Institute of Industry in Berlin during the Second World War, San Román, Elena: Ejército e industria: el nacimiento del INI, Barcelona: Crítica, 1999, pp. 200–204. On continuity and changes, Viñas, Ángel: Franco, Hitler y el estallido de la guerra civil, Madrid: Alianza, 2001, p. 517.
 
57
GLA Abt 69 KfK-INR. Nr. 52. High Council for Scientific Research. Alfonso X El Sabio Trust. Daza de Valdez Optics Institute. Applied Nuclear Physics Course. November 1950-July 1951. Madrid. Wirtz, Im Umkreis, pp. 87–88.
 
58
Wirtz, Im Umkreis, p. 87–88. Hermann, Karl Wirtz, p. 124. Aschmann, ‘Treue Freunde…’? pp. 231–233.
 
59
Overbeck, Helmut: Der Schnelle Brüter in Kalkar. Planung, Bau, vornukleare Inbetriebnahme, Stilllegung, Düsseldorf: 1992, p. 48ff. Industrial partners in 1968 were Belgonucléaire, Neratom and Interatom who together created the INB company. Electric power industries (RWE, SEP and Synatom) formed the SBK company. Over the course of the 1960s, the French corporation EDF, the Italian public enterprise ENEL and the British CEGB became part of the project. Oetzel, Forschungspolitik, p. 242.Oetzel Günther: Die geplante Zukunft, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, p. 99ff.
 
60
PAA B35 Band 77. Auswärtiges Amt. An den Bundesminister für wissenschaftliche Forschung. Betr: Zusammenarbeit mit Spanien auf dem Gebiet der Kernforschung und Kerntechnik, 12.12.1966.
 
61
GLA Abt. 69/Kfk INR Nr. 52. Letter from Carlos Sánchez del Río to Karl Wirtz, 03.05.1967. Consideration of Wirtz as an ‘old friend of Spain’ in communications between López Bravo and Gerhard Stoltenberg in 1966 in Aschmann, Birgit (1999), p. 233, note 222.
 
62
GLA Abt. 69/KfK INR Nr. 104. Besuch bei der Junta de Energía Nuclear in Madrid vom 10. bis 12. Sept. 1968 zwecks Vorbereitung der deutsch/spanischen Zusammenarbeit auf dem Gebiet der schnellen Brüter.
 
63
GLA. Abt. 69 KfK. PSB. Nr. 471. Zusammenstellung der durchgeführten Projekte bzw. laufenden Aktivitäten. Argentinien, Chile, Spanien, Pakistan, Rumänien. 15.03.1972.
 
64
ASEPI. Box 4898. Minutes of the board of directors of Unión Eléctrica Madrileña, S.A (UEM) 29.01.1971/26.02.1971/24.10.1971. ASEPI. Box 4898. Note on the meeting of the board of directors of Unión Eléctrica Madrileña, S.A. (UEM), 20.01.1971/26.01.1971 On the visit of Giacomo Bertolotti Batistoni (Tecnatom) in the SBK in Essen ASEPI. Box 5048. Note on the meeting of the board of directors of Unión Eléctrica Madrileña, S.A. (UEM), 14.11.1972. GLA Abt. KfK, GF-1 Nr. 184. Vertrag zwischen der Projektgesellschaft Schneller Brüter GbR (PSB) und der Unión Eléctrica Madrileña, S.A. (UEM), 08.06.1971 (Madrid/Essen/ unsigned).
 
65
GLA Abt. 69 KfK INR Nr. 228. Handwritten agenda for Karl Wirtz’s trip to Madrid 9.9.1968–12.09.1968. GLA Abt. 69 KfK INR Nr. 455. Spanish Government Nuclear Programme Project. Karl Wirtz. Madrid, 17.03.1969. GLA Abt. 69/KfK INR Nr. 57. Copy. Letter from Karl Wirtz to H. Schimmelbusch 16.09.1968.
 
66
GLA Abt. 69/KfK INR Nr. 104. Nuclear Programme and activities prepared for European Atomic Energy Society Meeting, Lugano, April 26–30, 1969, Madrid, April 1969, p. 3–4.
 
67
GLA Abt. 69/KfK INR Nr. 57. Letter from H. Schimmelbusch (NUKEM) to Karl Wirtz (INR), 03.09.1968 (Spanien). GLA Abt. 69/KfK INR Nr. 104. Letter from Manuel Cortines (Chairman of IBERNUCLEAR S.A) to H.E. Schimmelbusch (NUKEM), 1.06.1968.
 
68
PA AA 129507 Brief und Anlage. Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale (Düsseldorf) an das Chefs des Protokolls Auswärtiges Amt (Bonn) 4.2.1981. Lebenslauf (Dr. Ing. Julio Hernández Rubio) und Vorschlagsbegründung. GLA Abt. 69 KfK INR Nr. 57. Letter from Carlos Sánchez del Río to Karl Wirtz, 6.5.1969. GLA Notiz (Wirtz). Zum Besuch der spanichen Delegation, 8. juli.1969. GLA Abt. 69 KfK INR Nr. 455 Notiz (Wirtz) Zum Besuch der spanischen Delegation am Dienstag 8. Juli 1969. GLA Internationales Büro. Dr. Schnurr. Dr. Laue. 4.8.1970. Betr: besuch den Herren Dr. Schnurr und Dr. Laue bei der Junta de Energía Nuclear, Madrid vom 15. bis 17.07.1970.
 
69
GLA Abt 69 KfK-GF 1 Nr. 184. Letter from José María Otero to H.E. Schimmelbusch 16.10.1972. GLA Abt 69 KfK-GF 1 Nr. 184. Bericht über einen Besuch bei der Junta de Energía Nuclear in Madrid, 22-11/24-11-1972. Schimmelbusch (NUKEM), Hildenbrandt (KWU), Warrikow (RGB) and Wirtz (GfK) participated.
 
70
BNN 2.8.1973 Das kurze Interview: Es gibt kein Tabu. Geschäftsführer Dr. Rudolf Greifeld über Kooperation in der Kernforschung. GLA Abt. KfK, GF-1 Nr. 184.Kraftwerk Union Aktiengesellschaft zur GfK mbH z. H. Herrn Prof. Dr. Wirtz. Betreff KWU-Angebot an ENUSA über BE-Zusammenarbeit. Erlangen, 5. März 1973. Hilger, Susanne: ‘Amerikanisierung’ deutscher Unternehmen. Wettbewerbsstrategien und Unternehmenspolitik bei Henkel, Siemens und Daimler-Benz (1945/49–1975), Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, pp. 61ff.
 
71
Sanz Lafuente, Gloria: ‘The Long Road to the Trillo Nuclear Power Plant’ in Rubio-Varas M.d.M. and J. De la Torre (eds.), The Economic History of Nuclear Energy in Spain: Governance, Business and Finance. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, pp. 187–215.
 
72
GLA 69 KfK-INR Nr.168. Letter from K. Wirtz to Hans Frewer 13.07.1976. Letter from Hans Frewer to Karl Wirtz, 18.08.1976.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Engineers and Scientists as Commercial Agents of the Spanish Nuclear Programme
verfasst von
Joseba De la Torre
M. d. Mar Rubio-Varas
Gloria Sanz Lafuente
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Buch
Technology and Globalisation

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75449-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-75450-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75450-5_12