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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

India’s Participatory Role in the Database Debate at WIPO

verfasst von : Indranath Gupta

Erschienen in: Locating India in the Contemporary International Legal Order

Verlag: Springer India

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Abstract

The year 1996 at WIPO marked the beginning of a prolonged debate surrounding the proposal of an International Treaty protecting non-original databases. After a space of eight years, there was no consensus amongst the Member Countries of the WIPO and the proposal was finally removed from the agenda of the Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights. This proposal, which was largely based on the framework of the European Database Directive (96/9/EC), received severe opposition from countries who were not convinced with the requirement of a special protection for non-original databases. The opposition included countries like India who raised voice against the proposed International Treaty. In relation to the proposed International Treaty on non-original databases, this chapter intends to revisit the history of events that happened at the WIPO and the overall role that India played in the debates that lasted for almost nine years.

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Fußnoten
1
Council Directive of 1996/9/EC of 27 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases [1996] OJ L 77 (hereinafter Council Directive (96/9/EC)).
 
2
Samuelson (1997), p. 369; Diplomatic Conference on Certain Copyright and Neighboring Rights Questions: Basic Proposal For the Substantive Provisions of the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Databases to be considered by the Diplomatic Conference (1996). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​diplconf/​en/​crnr_​dc/​crnr_​dc_​6.​doc. Accessed 14 April 2015 (hereinafter CRNR/DC/6(1996).
 
3
CRNR/DC/6 (1996).
 
4
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: Report November (2005). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​13/​sccr_​13_​6.​doc. Accessed 16 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/13/6).
 
5
There has been a suggestion that the database treaty was in a limbo, Gervais (2007), pp. 1109–1139.
 
6
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 2.
 
7
Ibid.
 
8
Art. 7, Council Directive (96/9/EC).
 
9
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 3.
 
10
Committee of Experts on a Possible Protocol to the Berne Convention: Proposal Submitted by the European Community and its Member States (1996). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​mdocsarchives/​BCP_​CE_​VI_​1996/​BCP_​CE_​VI_​13_​E.​pdf. Accessed 13 April 2015.
 
11
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 4.
 
12
Ibid., para 6.
 
13
Ibid., para 5.
 
14
Ibid., para 1.11.
 
15
Ibid., para 10.
 
16
Information Meeting on Intellectual Property in Databases: Existing National and Regional Legislation Concerning Intellectual Property in Databases (1997). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​mdocs/​en/​db_​im/​db_​im_​2.​pdf. Accessed 14 April 2015, para 1 (hereinafter DB/IM/2). Due to paucity of time the treaty was not discussed, Reinbothe (1997), p. 175; Reinbothe and Lewinski (2002), p. 207; It was suggested that the opposition against the International Treaty did not allow the discussion to happen, Davison (2003), p. 226.
 
17
DB/IM/2.
 
18
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.11.
 
19
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.08; Davison (2003), p. 232; This act has been referred as the internationalization of the Database Directive, Oriola (2005), p. 201.
 
20
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.10; Reinbothe (1997), p. 175.
 
21
Commission, ‘Copyright and the Challenge of Technology (Green Paper)’ COM(88) 172 final.
 
22
Commission, ‘Proposal for a Council Directive on the legal protection of databases’ COM(92) 24 final, paras 1.1–2.1.24. (hereinafter COM(92) 24 final).
 
23
Ibid.
 
24
The Commission compared the performance of the European market in comparison with the other leading producers of databases in the world.
 
25
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.02.
 
26
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.03.
 
27
Ibid., para 1.03.
 
28
Herr (2008), p. 46.
 
29
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.04.
 
30
Ibid.
 
31
Council Directive (96/9/EC).
 
32
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.04.
 
33
Ibid.
 
34
COM(92) 24 final, paras 2.2.3–2.2.11.
 
35
Ibid.
 
36
Ibid.
 
37
Art. 3, Council Directive (96/9/EC).
 
38
DB/IM/2, para 3.
 
39
Ibid.
 
40
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.04.
 
41
Ibid.
 
42
COM(92) 24 final, paras 4.2.6–4.2.7.
 
43
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.04.
 
44
DG Internal market and services working paper: First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC on the legal protection of databases (2004). http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​dgs/​internal_​market/​evaluation/​evaluationdataba​sesdirective.​pdf. Accessed 20 October 2008. (hereinafter First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC).
 
45
Ibid., para 1.1.
 
46
Ibid.
 
47
See generally First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC.
 
48
Ibid.
 
49
Ibid., para, 1.4.
 
50
This is in relation to the number of stakeholders that participated in the survey to assess the economic impact of the Database Directive. The questionnaire was sent to 500 respondents out of which only 100 responded to the questions asked as a part of the report. Therefore the sample size was questionable; Derclaye (2008), p. 272.
 
51
First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC, para, 1.5.
 
52
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.06.
 
53
Art. 2(5) of the Berne Convention uses the term “collection”, Berne Convention for the protection of Literary and Artistic Works’ http://​www.​wipo.​int/​treaties/​en/​ip/​berne/​trtdocs_​wo001.​html. Accessed 21 December 2008.
 
54
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.12.
 
55
Ibid., para. 1.14.
 
56
Ibid., para. 2.03.
 
57
Ibid., para. 2.07.
 
58
Ibid.
 
59
Ibid.
 
60
[1916] 2 Ch 601.
 
61
H Blacklock & Co Ltd. v C Aurthur Pearson Ltd [1915] 2 Ch, 376; Football League v Littlewoods Pool [1959] Ch, 637; Ladbroke v William Hill [1964] 1 WLR, 273.
 
62
Ibid.
 
63
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 3.01.
 
64
Ibid., para 3.02.
 
65
First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC, para 4.1.4.
 
66
Fixtures Marketing Ltd v. Oy Veikkaus Ab (2004) C-46/02; The British Horseracing Board Ltd and Others v. William Hill Organisation Ltd (2004) C-203/02; Fixtures Marketing Limited v. AB Svenska Spel (2004) C-338/02 and Fixtures Marketing Ltd v. Organismos prognostikon agonon podosfairou AE -“OPAP” (2004) C-444/02.
 
67
Art. 7, Council Directive 96/9/EC.
 
68
First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC, para 4.1.4.
 
69
First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC, para 4.1.4.
 
70
Cases C-46/02; C-338/02; C-444/02.
 
71
First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC, para 4.1.2.
 
72
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 2.07.
 
73
Ibid., para 5.01.
 
74
Ibid., para 5.03.
 
75
Council Directive 96/9/EC.
 
76
Ibid.
 
77
Ibid.
 
78
Ibid.
 
79
Ibid.
 
80
Ibid.
 
81
Derclaye (2008), pp. 124–126; Vanovermeire (2000), p. 63.
 
82
COM(92) 24 final, para. 1.4.
 
83
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 1.04.
 
84
CRNR/DC/6(1996), para 7.01.
 
85
Council Directive 96/9/EC.
 
86
Commenting on the need of reciprocity to establish dominance, Narayanan (199394), pp. 457, 482; Hamilton (2000).
 
87
SCCR/13/6.
 
88
Davison (2003), p. 231.
 
89
DB/IM/2.
 
90
Ibid.; Information Meeting on Intellectual Property in Databases: Information Received From Member States of WIPO Concerning Intellectual Property in Databases (1997). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​mdocs/​en/​db_​im/​db_​im_​3.​doc. Accessed 15 April 2015 (hereinafter DB/IM/3); Information Meeting on Intellectual Property in Databases: Information Received From Member States of WIPO and From the European Community and its Member States (1997). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​mdocs/​en/​db_​im/​db_​im_​3_​add-annex1.​pdf. Accessed 15 April 2015 (hereinafter DB/IM/3 Add.).
 
91
DB/IM/2.
 
92
DB/IM/3.
 
93
DB/IM/3 Add.
 
94
DB/IM/3 Add, para 11.
 
95
Ibid., para 6.
 
96
Ibid.
 
97
Ibid.
 
98
Information Meeting on Intellectual Property in Databases: Observations – submitted by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (1997). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​mdocs/​en/​db_​im/​db_​im_​4.​pdf. Accessed 15 April 2015 (hereinafter DB/IM/4); Information Meeting on Intellectual Property in Databases: Observations – presented by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (1997). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​mdocs/​en/​db_​im/​db_​im_​5.​pdf. Accessed 15 April 2015 (hereinafter DB/IM/5).
 
99
Davison (2003), pp. 231–232.
 
100
Information Meeting on Intellectual Property in Databases: Analytical Table of Questions Raised (1997). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​mdocs/​en/​db_​im/​db_​im_​7.​doc. Accessed 13 April 2015 (hereinafter DB/IM/7).
 
101
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: November (1998). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​1/​sccr_​1_​9.​pdf. Accessed 13 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/1/9).
 
102
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: A Study on the Impact of Protection of Unoriginal Databases on Developing Countries: Indian Experience May (2002). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​7/​sccr_​7_​5.​doc. Accessed 14 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/7/5).
 
103
SCCR/1/9, para 139.
 
104
For instance the Delegations representing Japan, Egypt, Senegal, SCCR/1/9.
 
105
SCCR/1/9, para 131.
 
106
Cases C-203/02, C-46/02; C-338/02; C-444/02.
 
107
SCCR/1/9, paras 133 & 142.
 
108
SCCR/1/9, para 140.
 
109
Ibid., para 141.
 
110
Ibid., para 146.
 
111
Ibid., para 143.
 
112
Ibid., para 156.
 
113
Ibid., para 150.
 
114
Ibid., para 151.
 
115
SCCR/1/9, para 154.
 
116
Ibid., para 157.
 
117
Ibid., para 144.
 
118
Ibid., para 153.
 
119
Ibid., para 135.
 
120
Ibid., para 134.
 
121
Ibid., para 137.
 
122
Ibid., paras, 138, 147 & 152.
 
123
Davison (2003), p. 232.
 
124
Reinbothe and Lewinski (2002), p. 207.
 
125
SCCR/1/9.
 
126
COM(92) 24 final.
 
127
For instance, this expressed by the Delegation of Australia, SCCR/1/9, para 144.
 
128
There were no issues raised by the industry in Australia. In other countries, they were serious apprehensions in the scientific and research community, ibid.
 
129
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: May (1999). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​2/​sccr_​2_​11.​pdf. Accessed 13 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/2/11).
 
130
SCCR/2/11.
 
131
Ibid., para 105.
 
132
Ibid., para 97.
 
133
Ibid., para 98.
 
134
Ibid., para 99.
 
135
Ibid., para 108.
 
136
Ibid., para 107.
 
137
Ibid., para 101.
 
138
Ibid., para 103.
 
139
Ibid., para 106.
 
140
Ibid., para 111.
 
141
Ibid., para 96; Davison (2003), p. 232.
 
142
SCCR/2/11, para 118.
 
143
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: November (1999). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​3/​sccr_​3_​11.​pdf. Accessed 14 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/3/11); Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: May (2001). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​5/​sccr_​5_​6-main1.​pdf. Accessed 14 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/5/6).
 
144
SCCR/3/11, para 73.
 
145
Ibid.
 
146
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: November (1999). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​3/​sccr_​3_​6.​pdf. Accessed 14 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/3/6).
 
147
Davison (2003), p. 233.
 
148
CRNR/DC/6, Para 5.01.
 
149
Leistner (2002), p. 458; Stamatoudi (1997), p. 50; Reichman and Samuelson (1997), p. 51.
 
150
First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC, para 4.1.4.
 
151
Davison (2003), p. 231.
 
152
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: Report June (2003). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​9/​sccr_​9_​11.​pdf. Accessed 16 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/9/11).
 
153
SCCR/7/5.
 
154
Ibid.
 
155
SCCR/9/11, paras 12 & 20.
 
156
Ibid., paras 13 & 14.
 
157
Ibid., para 15.
 
158
Ibid., para 17.
 
159
Ibid., para 16; Davison (2003), p. 232.
 
160
SCCR/9/11, para 18.
 
161
SCCR/7/5.
 
162
Ibid.
 
163
Ibid., paras 1 & 1A(c).
 
164
Ibid., para 1B.
 
165
Ibid., para 1A(d).
 
166
Ibid., paras IA(e) & IA(f).
 
167
Ibid., para IA(d).
 
168
Ibid., para IIC(a).
 
169
Ibid.
 
170
Ibid., para III(a); 2001 (58) DRJ 103.
 
171
SCCR/7/5, paras III(b)–(e).
 
172
Ibid., p. 5.
 
173
COM(92) 24 final, para 2.3.3; 499 U.S. 340 (1991).
 
174
COM(92) 24 final, para 2.3.3.
 
175
First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC, para 2.4.
 
176
SCCR/7/5, para 1A(d).
 
177
Davison (2003), p. 231.
 
178
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: Report May (2002). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​7/​sccr_​7_​10.​pdf. Accessed 15 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/7/10).
 
179
SCCR/7/10, para 10.
 
180
Ibid., para 16.
 
181
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: The Impact of Protection of Non-original Databases on the Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean November (2002). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​8/​sccr_​8_​6.​pdf. Accessed 15 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/8/6).
 
182
SCCR/7/10, para 12.
 
183
SCCR/7/10, para 17.
 
184
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: Report June (2004). http://​www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​11/​sccr_​11_​4.​doc. Accessed 16 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/11/4).
 
185
SCCR/11/4, para 17.
 
186
Ibid.
 
187
Ibid., para 20.
 
188
Ibid., para 12.
 
189
Ibid., para 23.
 
190
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights: The Legal Protection of Databases November (2002). www.​wipo.​int/​edocs/​mdocs/​copyright/​en/​sccr_​8/​sccr_​8_​8.​doc. Accessed 16 April 2015 (hereinafter SCCR/8/8).
 
191
SCCR/11/4, para 11.
 
192
Ibid., para 10.
 
193
SCCR/13/6.
 
194
Ibid., para 187.
 
195
First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC, para 4.4.
 
196
Ibid.
 
197
SCCR/7/5.
 
198
COM(92) 24 final, para 2.
 
199
First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC.
 
200
First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC, para 4.3.
 
201
Cases C-203/02, C-46/02; C-338/02; C-444/02.
 
202
Winn and Tian (2009), p. 272.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
India’s Participatory Role in the Database Debate at WIPO
verfasst von
Indranath Gupta
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Verlag
Springer India
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3580-4_10