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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Jesuit Contribution to the Mapping of the Philippine Islands: A Case of the 1734 Pedro Murillo Velarde’s Chart

verfasst von : Mirela Altić

Erschienen in: Mapping Asia: Cartographic Encounters Between East and West

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Drawn in the Portolan style by Spanish Jesuit Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696–1753), and published in Manila in 1734, the chart of the Philippine archipelago is considered as the first scientifically based map of the Philippines. In this paper we will discuss how this chart was compiled, which sources and methods were used, and how the Pedro Murillo Velarde’s chart of 1734 influenced the dissemination of geographic knowledge on the Philippines throughout the entire eighteenth century, especially the appearance of the Philippines on the VOC’s charts as well as British nautical charts of the Philippines produced by Alexander Dalrymple.

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Vorheriges Kapitel A Collage of Many Things: Rethinking the Making of the Selden Map

Nächstes Kapitel Naming and Re-naming on Formosa: The Toponymic Legacies of the VOC Cartographies on the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Western Maps

For general insight into the colonial history of the Philippines cf. Cushner (1971).

Spanish cartographers produced a surprisingly small number of maps that included the Philippines. Carlos Quirino, who published a chronological list of the maps of the Philippines for the period between 1600 and 1730, identified only two Spanish maps that showed the whole or most of the Philippines (Manuel Orozco’s map of 1659 and Enrique Hérman’s map of 1730). In the same period, dozens of maps came out of Dutch, French, and English cartographic workshops showing the Philippines within their maps of Southeast Asia.

Descripcion de las Yndias del Ocidentales. Madrid: En la Emplenta Real, 1601. Engraving; 28 × 37 cm. Based on Velasco’s manuscript map Demarcacion y diuision de las Yndias, [Madrid, 1575].

The Spanish endeavours to present the Philippines as the most western part of their realm were especially boosted by the publication of the so-called Spanish-Portuguese demarcation along the antimeridian, established in the early sixteenth century, and still a matter of dispute. The Portuguese ran it through the Indonesian island of Giolo (present-day Halmahera), while Spanish cartographers placed it almost forty degrees west, in Bengal. Based on observations of lunar eclipses, Velasco placed the antemeridian at the longitude of Malacca, claiming for Spain a significant portion of South and East Asia, including the Spice Islands, China and Japan (Padrón 2011: 44).

However, it should be noted that the appearance of Velarde’s map did not definitely end the Spanish tradition of presentation of the Philippines as part of the Americas. This idea would be revived with the map of Vicente de Memije, the Aspecto geográfico del mundo Hispánico (Manila, 1761).

The Jesuits had established numerous reductions, of which there are no physical remnants because the indigenous people lived in dwellings of wood, bamboo and thatch more suitable for an archipelago in the Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’. However, the reductions did leave massive churches, three of which were damaged in 2013, in the earthquake of 15 October, and by Typhoon Haiyan on 8 November.

His most important books are Historia de la Provincia de Filipinas de la Compañia de Jesús, Manila (1749) and Geographia historica in 10 volumes (Madrid, 1752).

For more on that issue, cf. Selga (1934).

Mapamundi arreglado a las mejores relaciones por el Padre Murillo de la Comp. de IHS.

During the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the Spanish cartography of the Philippines fell into stagnation. In that time, only a few town maps and fortification plans appeared: military engineer Juan de Sicarra drew a plan of the fortifications of Manila (1714) and Zamboaga (1719), while chief pilot Juan Luis de Acosta compiled a map of the Cagayan River in northern Luzon (Quirino 2010: 55).

Topographia de la ciudad de Manila, capital de las yslas Philipinas. Fundada en la de Luzon, Nuevo Reyno de Castilla: decicada al rey nuestro señor d. Felipe V … Delineada de orden desu mag.d por d. Antonio Fernandez de Roxas y esculpida por fr Hipolito Ximenez dl Orden dla hospit.d dl glor.o S. Juan d Dios. Madrid, ca 1730.

Mapa de las islas de los Dolores ó Garbanzos (Carolinas), que dedica al muy ilustre Señor brigadier D. Fernando Valdés Tamón …

Nuevo de Rotero para los galeones de la carrera que ha presentado Enrique Herman, piloto mayor de ella, governando ….

E.g., the Jesuits took a maritime expedition along the Patagonian coast in 1745/1746, which resulted in one of the best maritime charts of Patagonia produced by Spanish Jesuit and former naval officer José Quiroga. Cf. Altić (2017).

Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas Dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallo del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn. Hecha pr. el Pe. Pedro Murillo Velarde dla. Compa d. Ihs. Cathco. d. De Canones sobre los Mapas y Relaciones mejores que han salido, y observaciones del Author; delineavit Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay Indio [Tagalo en Manl. Año 1734]. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress, G8060 1734.M8.

Velarde repeats the same calculation on the longitude of Manila in his Geographica Historica, Vol. VIII, p. 5.

Choosing an unusual meridian was not so rare in early eighteenth-century Spanish maps. A testimony to that is Enrique Hérman’s chart of the Philippines of 1730, which refers to a prime meridian close to the eastern edge of the Philippine archipelago, placing Manila at 356°E.

As a response to Bellin’s critique, Velarde tried to explain his calculation in the Prologo to his Geographica Historica, saying that he used the most punctual information from the pilots of the Philippines, and from the famous Fernando Magellan.

Carta Chorographica del Archipielago de las Islas Philipinas, delineada por el Almirante Don Francisco Diaz Romero, y Sargento Mayor d. Antonio d. Ghandia … J. á Palom. sculp. Mti anno 1727. Scale 1: 2 900 000. British Library, Maps 184.f.3.

On 10 August 1519, Ferdinand Magellan left Seville, arrived in Cebu on 7 April 1521, and was killed on Mactan. Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in 1565, and on 24 June 1571 began founding Manila, the capital of the Philippines, named after Señor Felipe II. These islands are numerous and rich: they have gold, wax, sugar, honey, tobacco, ginger, indigo, sibucao or Brazil-wood in a variety of colours, siguey, balate, cotton, cacao, civet, shell, ima, sulphur, pitch, rice, salt, wheat, maize, lemons, oranges, bananas and many fruits and edible roots, palo Maria, tamarind, cassia trees, Catbalogan seeds, dragon’s blood, lignum vitae trees, coconuts, bamboo, rattan and many kinds of palms, mahogany, tindalo and excellent timber for ships; horses, carabaos or buffaloes, cows, pigs, deer, chicken, and many fish.

In Mindanao, cinnamon and pepper grow wild; in some places there are pearls, amber, pinchbeck and iron. The land is very productive if it were cultivated.

They have an archbishopric and three bishoprics, one chancellor, three governments, twenty-one provinces or jurisdictions, eighteen presidios, an artillery foundry, factory of gunpowder, printing houses, etc.

The secular clergy have four dioceses totalling 142 towns and 131,279 souls. The Dominicans have fifty-one towns and 98,780 souls among the Tagalos, in Pangasinan and Cagayan. The Franciscans have sixty-three towns and 120,000 among the Tagalos and in Camarines. The Augustinians administer to Tagalos, Pampangos, Ylocos and Panay in 115 towns with 252,973 souls. The Jesuits administer to Tagalos, Bisayans and in Mindanao in eighty-eight towns and 160,199 souls. The Recollects have Mindoro, Caraga, Bisayas and Calamianes with 105 towns and 53,384 souls.

Remarkable is the growth and cultivation of these new Christians; they are ministered to in the Spanish language, in Tagalo, Sangley or Chinese, Pampango, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Cagayano, Bisaya, Camarines, etc.

The natives or Indios are well built, good featured, brown in colour, and much inclined to religion; to the Spaniards they are capable and turn out to be good writers, painters, sculptors, engravers, silversmiths, embroiderers, sailors, etc. [translation according Quirino (2010: 57–58)].

For the full description of the illustrations, cf. Garcia (1734).

Mapa de las yslas Philipinas hecho por el P. Murillo Velarde de la Compañia de Jesus. Map is folded in book, preceding the inner title page. The Research Library in Olomouc Czech Republic, V 51.797.

Juan de la Concepción, Historia general de Philipinas: conquistas espirituales y temporales de estos españoles dominios, establecimientos progresos y decadencias … por el P. Fr. Juan de la Concepción, Recoleto Agustino Descalzo. Manila Impr. del Seminar, Conciliar, y Real de S. Carlos, por Agustín de la Rosa y Balagtas. 1788 y 1792. The map is folded at the end of the first volume.

An inventory of the Jesuit press that was made at the time of the suppression identified that seven copies of the Velarde’s maps remained for sale, one large edition (1734) and six copies of the small one (1744), priced at two and one and half reales (Quirino 2010: 68).

Insulae Philippinae ex autographo Maniae. In: Francisco Colin, Beschreibung deren Philippinische Inseln. Allerhand so lehr- als geist-reiche Brief/Schriften und Reis-Beschreibungen. Bd. 4. Tl. 26.

The information which exact charts were captured by Anson is rather contradictory. Anson explicitly mentioned several captured Spanish charts whose reproductions he included in his diary: a manuscript chart of the Pacific that corresponds with the 1710 original that is kept in the Archivo General de Indias, plans of Manila and Cavite, and a chart of the Philippines, which correspond with the 1730 chart by Enrique Hérman (Anson 1748: 236, 240, 286). Speaking about the same event, Murillo Velarde said that Anson captured his maps as well, and brought them to London (Velarde 1752: VIII, 76). However, it is highly possible that Anson actually plundered Velarde’s chart as well but, due to its military importance, he decided to keep it confidential, and published it in a more appropriate place.

Carte réduite des Isles Philippines pour servir aux vaisseaux du Roy: dressée au Dépôt des cartes, plans et journaux de la Marine. Par ordre de M. Rouillé, Ministre et Secrétaire d’Etat ayant le Départment de la Marine. Paris, 1752. The map was published within the Hydrographie française ordered by the Ministry of Marine.

Carte des Isles Philippines, dressée sur la carte espagnole du R.P. Murillo de Velarde: I^te Feuille, and Carte des Isles Philippines dressée sur la carte espagnole du R.P. Murillo de Velarde: 2^e Feuille.

Carte hydrographique & chorographique des isles Philippines (Dediée à Sa Majesté Catholique, par le Brigadier Don Ferdinand Valdes Tamon… Dressée par le R. Pere Pierre Murillo Velarde, de la C. de Gieusu sur les Cartes, les Rélations et les Navigations les plus exactes à Manille 1734. Par ordre de Sa Majesté. Tirée de l’Original, et réduite en cette forme par George Maurice Lowitz, Profess. en Mathem. à Nuremberg l’an 1750. Publiee par les Heritiers de Homann l’an 1760. L’Original est gravé par Nicolas de la Cruz de Bagay, Indien de Tagalos, à Manille l’an 1734.

François Valentijn (1666–1727) was a minister, naturalist and writer who lived in the East Indies for sixteen years. He was first employed by the Dutch V.O.C. at the age of nineteen, where he served as minister to the East Indies. He returned to the East Indies once more in 1705, this time serving as Army chaplain on an expedition in eastern Java. Upon his final return to Europe, he wrote his Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën (1724–26), a massive work of five parts published in eight volumes and containing over one thousand illustrations, including some of the most accurate maps of the Indies of the time.

[Philippine Islands, Lucon of Luconia]. Amsterdam, 1724.

The VOC had their own mapmaking office. During the first 150 years, only secret manuscript charts were used, to minimize the risk of spreading the knowledge to competitors. From 1753 onwards, a printed atlas was used, with printed charts to navigate the waters from South Africa to Japan. The atlas was produced by Johannes (II) van Keulen, official hydrographer to the VOC, and was officially known as Part VI of the Zee-Fakkel (Sea-Torch). The atlas is also known as the secret atlas because it was not sold and only used by VOC ships.

Nieuwe Afteekening van de Philippynse Eylanden geleegen in de Oost-Indische Zee tusschen Formosa en Borneo. Amsterdam, 1753.

In 1762, two British plans of Manila appeared, one by William Nichelson, made in October 1762, and the other by Admiral Cornish and General Draper, taken in November 1762.

Mapa de las Yslas Philipinas = Map of the Philipin Islands hecho por el Pe. Pedro Murillo Velarde de la Compª. de Jesus [London] Publish’d according to Act of Parliament by A. Dalrymple. National Library of Spain, MR/6/I SERIE 53/205.

Captain Robert Carr was a veteran of numerous voyages to the Far East, two of which were in command of the East India Company Ship, Barwell. It is very likely that on one of those voyages, he would have returned with a chart of the Philippines made for his own use and offered it to the publishers of the East India Pilot, who would have included it in their next issue of the work.

A Chart of the China Sea and Philippine Islands with the Archipelagos of Felicia and Soloo, Showing the Whole Tract Comprised, Between Canton and Balambangan, With the Soundings, Shoals, rocks, etc. Composed From an Original Drawing, Communicated by Captain Robert Carr, and Compared With the Map of Pedro Murillo de Velarde, Engraved at Manila in 1734, as Well as With the Surveys of Several British Navigators. London: Laurie & Whittle, 1794. National Library of Spain, MR/6/I SERIE 53/206.

Altić M (2017) Jesuits at sea: José Quiroga and José Cardiel–two complementary views of Patagonia (1745–1746). Terra Incognitae J Soc Hist Discoveries 49(2):149–173CrossRef

Anson G (1748) A voyage round the World in the years MDCCXL, By George Anson. Compiled by Richard Walter, M.A. With charts of the southern part of South America, of part of the Pacific Ocean, and of the track of the Centurion round the world. John and Paul Knapton, London

Colin F (1748) Beschreibung deren Philippinische Inseln. [S.n], Vienna

Concepción J (1788, 1792) Historia general de Philipinas: conquistas espirituales y temporales de estos españoles dominios, establecimientos progresos y decadencias … Impr. del Seminar, Conciliar, y Real de S. Carlos, por Agustín de la Rosa y Balagtas, Manila

Cook A (1993) Alexander Dalrymple (1737–1808), hydrographer to the East India Company and to the Admiralty as publisher. Ph.D. thesis, University of St. Andrews

Cushner NP (1971) Spain in the Philippines: from conquest to revolution. Ateneo de Manila University Press, Quezon City

Garcia LM (2015) ‘Mother of Philippine maps’ settles sea dispute with China. Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 15, 2015. http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/196703/mother-of-philippine-maps-settles-sea-dispute-with-china/

González Cabrera BJ (1734) Navegacion especulativa, y practica: con la explicacion de algunos instrumentos, que estan mas en vso en los navegantes, con las reglas necesarias para su verdadero vso; tabla de las declinaciones del sol, computadas al meridiano de San Bernardino; el modo de navegar por la geometria; por las tablas de rumbos; por la arithmetica; por la trigonometria; por el quadrante de reduccion; por los senos logarithmos; y comunes; con las estampas, y figuras pertenecientes à lo dicho, y otros tratados curiosos. En el Convento de Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de la Orden de Nro. Seraphico Padre San Francisco, Manila

Murillo Velarde P (1749) Historia de la Provincia de Philipinas de la Compañia de Jesús. 2nd parte. Nic de la Cruz Bagay, Manila

Murillo Velarde P (1752) Geographía historica donde se describen los reinos, provincias, ciudades, fortalezas, mares, montes, ensenadas, cabos, ríos y puertos, con la mayor exactitud, y se refieren las guerras, las batallas, las paces y sucesos memorables,los frutos, las riquezas, los animales, los comercios, las conquistas, la religión, los concilios, las sectas, los gobiernos, las lenguas, las naciones, su genio y su carácter, y se hace una compendiosa memoria de los varones insignes en virtud, letras, armas y empleos de cada reino, lo que da luz para la inteligencia de la Sagrada Escritura, de la historia antigua y moderna, sacra, eclesiástica, civil y natural, y de las fábulas y los poetas. Oficina de D. Gabriel Ramírez, Madrid

Padrón R (2011) From abstraction to allegory. In: Brückner M (ed) The imperial cartography of Vincente Memije. Early American Cartographies, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill

Pardo de Tavera TH (1894) El mapa de Filipinas del P. Murillo Velarde. Tipo-litografia de Chofre, Manila

Pazuengos B (1756) Carta edificante, sobre la vida, virtudes, y muerte del P. Pedro Murillo Velarde, religioso de la Compañia de Jesus. Nicolas Joseph Villargordo y Alcaraz, Murcia

Quirino C (2010) Philippine Cartography 1320-1899, 3rd edn. Vibal Fondation, Quezon City

Selga M (1934) Los mapas de Filipinas por el P. Pedro Murillo Velarde. S.J. Bureau of Printing, Manila

Villoria Prieto C (2015) La producción cartográfica del jesuita Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696–1753). Llerena, Sociedad Extremeña de Historia XVI:129–146

Titel: Jesuit Contribution to the Mapping of the Philippine Islands: A Case of the 1734 Pedro Murillo Velarde’s Chart
verfasst von: Mirela Altić
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Mapping Asia: Cartographic Encounters Between East and West
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90405-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-90406-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90406-1_5

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