Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Qualitative Sociology
Erschienen in: Qualitative Sociology 4/2018

15.10.2018

Negotiating Symbolic Boundaries in Conflict Resolution: Religion and Ethnicity in Turkey’s Kurdish Conflict

verfasst von: Gülay Türkmen

Erschienen in: Qualitative Sociology | Ausgabe 4/2018

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This article is an inquiry into understanding why supranational religious identity often fails to act as a conflict resolution tool in religiously homogenous ethnic conflicts. Narrowing its focus down to the role of religious elites as potential peacemakers in such conflict zones, it proposes the divergence in their conceptualizations of religious and ethnic identities as an explanatory factor. Building on 62 in-depth interviews conducted in Turkey with Sunni Muslim Kurdish and Turkish religious elites, it identifies a three-fold typology of religious and ethnic identities, as conceptualized by these elites: 1) religio-ethnic; 2) ethno-religious; 3) religious. After exemplifying each category with interview data it demonstrates the role these distinctions play in preventing the successful implementation of “Muslim fraternity” as a solution to the Kurdish conflict in Turkey. With these findings, the article contributes to both the literature on religion in conflict resolution and that on identity formation and boundary making. While it invites the former to turn its gaze from macro-level structural factors to meso- and micro-level cultural factors in analyzing religious elite involvement in conflict resolution, it invites the latter to stop employing “ethnicity” as an all-encompassing term (that covers a vast array of identity markers including religion) and focus, instead, on the gradations between religion and ethnicity as sources of identity.
Vorheriger Artikel Escaping the Interpersonal Power Game: Online Shopping in China
Nächster Artikel More than Subversion: Four Strategies for the Dominated

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Fußnoten
1
This tendency has its roots in mid-twentieth century, when American sociologists (e.g. Glazer and Moynihan 1963; Warner and Lunt 1941) came to use “ethnic group” to refer to “nearly any discernible minority, religious, linguistic or otherwise” (Connor 1994, 101). Such a flexible definition led to the idea that it is futile to try to separate religious and ethnic identity from each other (Enloe 1996). Hence, while Gans talks about “Jewish and Catholic ethnics” (1979, 2-3), Smith (1993) lists the Shiite as an ethnic group, and Jesse and Williams (2011, 11) give Protestants and Catholics as examples of “ethnic groups.”
 
2
Note that the roots of Kurdish dissent go back as early as the nineteenth century when the first Kurdish revolts in the Ottoman Empire, mostly feudal in character, took place. Organized against the centralizing tendencies of the central Ottoman government, these revolts were usually led by tribal leaders. After the foundation of the Turkish Republic three notable Kurdish revolts took place: The Sheikh Said Rebellion of 1925, The Mount Ararat Revolt of 1927-1930, and the Dersim Rebellion of 1937-8. Even though these revolts aimed “to bring back the Islamic character of the state which was destroyed by (…) the abolition of the Sultanate (1923) and the Caliphate (1924)” (Cizre-Sakallıoğlu 1998, 79) most historians concur that these revolts aimed at holding onto traditional Kurdish identity irrespective of its religious or ethnic aspect (Cevik 2012; van Bruinessen 1984). While early Kurdish revolts were all marked by a dominant religious discourse alongside a nationalistic one, the period between 1950 and 1980 was to witness the secularization of the Kurdish movement and the dwindling influence of religion on Kurdish nationalist leaders (but not among the Kurdish population).
 
3
“Kurdish movement,” in this article, refers to the complex set of legal and illegal Kurdish organizations associated with the Kurdish struggle for greater political and cultural rights and political autonomy. It comprises the illegal PKK [Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan/Kurdistan Workers’ Party] and the KCK [Koma Civakên Kurdistan/Kurdistan Communities Union] and the legal HDP [Halkların Demokratik Partisi/Peoples’ Democratic Party], DBP [Demokratik Bölgeler Partisi/Democratic Regions Party], DTK [Demokratik Toplum Kongresi/Democratic Society Congress], and HDK [Halkların Demokratik Kongresi/Peoples’ Democratic Congress].
 
4
See Aktürk 2018 for a compilation of speeches by Erdoğan in which he promotes Islam as “the tie” that binds Kurds and Turks.
 
5
HDP was established alongside the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), the descendant of the Democratic Society Party (DTP) that was banned by the Constitutional Court in 2009. At the 2014 municipal elections BDP ran in Turkey’s Kurdish-dominated southeast while the HDP competed in the rest of the country. On 28 April 2014, the entire parliamentary caucus of BDP joined HDP, whereas BDP was assigned exclusively to representatives on the local administration level. At the 3rd Congress of the BDP on 11 July 2014, the name was changed to the Democratic Regions Party (DBP) and a new structure restricting the activities on the local/regional government level was adopted.
 
6
The Kurdish Hizbullah engaged in armed conflict with the PKK throughout the 90s. Made up of Sunni Kurds, it is not connected to the Lebanese Hizbullah, which is a Shiite organization. In the year 2000, its leader, Hüseyin Velioğlu, was killed in a police raid in Istanbul and hundreds of Hizbullah members were detained. In 2013 the remaining members founded a political party with the name of Hür Dava Partisi (Free Cause Party). For a detailed account, please check Mehmet Kurt’s Kurdish Hizbullah in Turkey: Islamism, Violence and the State (2017).
 
7
Because the peace talks between the government and the PKK took place in secret it is not possible to know how active a role these meles were given in the peace process
 
8
 
10
Medreses are school complexes where Islamic theology is taught. Although they were widespread during the Ottoman period, they have been banned in Turkey since 1924 (but they have still been functioning underground). Most of the biggest medreses were in the Kurdish region, and they were considered a double threat by the founders of the Turkish Republic as potential sources of Islamism and Kurdish nationalism.
 
11
The NGOs I got in touch with are DIAYDER, Diyanet-Sen, Ay-Der, Özgür-Der, Azadi, Mazlum-Der, and Nubihar/Med-Zehra Vakfi. The religious orders whose members I interviewed are the Menzil, the Mevlevis, the Gülenists, and the Kadiris.
 
12
This is not to single out Kurdish meles as the only religious elites reluctant to embrace Sunni Islam as a conflict resolution tool. To the contrary, as I discuss in the Findings, my interviews with Turkish religious elites have revealed that “Turkishness” is yet another obstacle in the establishment of “Sunni Muslim unity.”
 
13
Please see van Bruinessen 1997 and Leezenberg 2003 for a more detailed discussion on the ethnic identity of the Kurdish Alevis, and their ambiguous relationship with the Kurdish movement.
 
14
All given names are changed to protect the identity of the respondents.
 
15
Because my sample of Turkish Muslims was small, I have not spotted this approach among them. There might indeed be fewer Turkish Muslims endorsing this approach, as the Turkish-Islamic synthesis of the state has a strong impact in these circles (Cizre-Sakallıoğlu 1998), or it might be that Turkish Muslims, as part of the majority ethnic group, don’t feel the need to escape stigmatization (unlike Kurdish Muslims). In any case, it would be misleading to claim Turkish Muslims refute this approach completely.
 
Literatur
Abu-Nimer, Mohammed. 2001. Conflict resolution and religion: Toward a training model of interreligious peacebuilding. Journal of Peace Research 38 (6): 685–704.
Abu-Nimer, Mohammed, and Ayşe Kadayıfçı-Orellana. 2008. Muslim peace-building actors in Africa and the Balkan context: Challenges and needs. Peace & Change 33 (4): 549–581.
Aktürk, Şener. 2018. One nation under Allah? Islamic multiculturalism, Muslim nationalism and Turkey’s reforms for Kurds, Alevis, and non-Muslims. Turkish Studies 19 (4): 523–551.
Alba, Richard. 1990. Ethnic identity: The transformation of white America. New Haven: Yale University.
Alger, Chadwick. 2002. Religion as a peace tool. Global Review of Ethnopolitics 1 (4): 94–109.
Appleby, Scott. 2000. The ambivalence of the sacred: Religion, violence and reconciliation. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Aspinall, Edward. 2007. From Islamism to nationalism in Aceh, Indonesia. Nations and Nationalism 13 (2): 245–263.
Aspinall, Edward. 2009. Islam and nation: Separatist rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Atacan, Fulya. 2001. A Kurdish Islamist movement in modern Turkey: Shifting identities. Middle Eastern Studies 37 (3): 111–144.
Azak, Umut. 2010. Islam and secularism in Turkey: Kemalism, religion and the nation state. London: I.B. Tauris.
Bail, Christopher. 2008. The configuration of symbolic boundaries against immigrants in Europe. American Sociological Review 73 (1): 37–59.
Barth, Fredrik. 1969. Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social organization of culture difference. Boston: Little, Brown and Co..
Basedau, Matthias, Georg Strüver, Johannes Vullers, and Tim Wegenast. 2011. Do religious factors impact armed conflict? Empirical evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Terrorism and Political Violence 23 (5): 752–779.
Bauböck, Rainer, and John Rundell. 1998. Blurred boundaries: Migration, ethnicity, citizenship. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Bayar, Yeşim. 2014. Formation of the Turkish nation-state, 1920-1938. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Becker, Elisabeth. 2014. Little of Italy? Assumed ethnicity in a New York City neighbourhood. Ethnic and Racial Studies 38 (1): 109–124.
Bercovitch, Jacob, and Ayşe Kadayıfçı-Orellana. 2009. Religion and mediation: The role of faith-based actors in international conflict resolution. International Negotiation 14: 175–204.
Bernauer, Eva. 2016. Identities in civil conflict: How ethnicity, religion and ideology jointly affect rebellion. Mannheim: Springer VS.
Bernstein, Mary. 2005. Identity politics. Annual Review of Sociology 31: 1–39.
Bock, Joseph. 2001. Sharpening conflict management: Religious leadership and the double-edged sword. Westport: Praeger.
Brass, Paul. 1991. Ethnicity and nationalism: Theory and comparison. London: Sage Publications.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2002. Ethnicity without groups. European Journal of Sociology 43 (2): 163–189.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2013. Language, religion, and the politics of difference. Nations and Nationalism 19 (1): 1–20.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2015. Religious dimensions of political conflict and violence. Sociological Theory 33 (1): 1–19.
van Bruinessen, Martin. 1984. Popular Islam, Kurdish nationalism and rural revolt: The rebellion of Shaikh said in Turkey (1925). In Religion and revolt, ed. Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Banecke, 281–295. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
van Bruinessen, Martin. 1992. Agha, shaikh and state: The social and political structure of Kurdistan. London: Zed Books.
van Bruinessen, Martin. 2000. Mullahs, Sufis and heretics: The role of religion in Kurdish society: Collected articles. İstanbul: Isis Press.
van Butselaar, Jan. 2005. The promise of the kingdom and the reality of sin: Christian religion, conflict and vision for peace. In Bridge or barrier: Religion, violence, and visions for peace, ed. Gerrie ter Haar and James J. Busuttil, 121–152. Leiden: Brill.
Byrnes, Timothy. 2001. Transnational Catholicism in postcommunist Europe. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Cadge, Wendy, and Elaine Howard Ecklund. 2007. Immigration and religion. Annual Review of Sociology 33: 359–379.
Casanova, Jose. 1994. Public religions in the modern world. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Casanova, Jose. 2005. Catholic and Muslim politics in comparative perspective. Taiwan Journal of Democracy 1 (2): 89–108.
Çevik, Yusuf. 2012. The reflections of Kurdish Islamism and everchanging discourse of Kurdish nationalists toward Islam in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Politics 3 (1): 85–99.
Chandra, Kanchan. 2006. What is ethnicity and does it matter? Annual Review of Political Science 9: 397–424.
Çiçek, Cuma. 2013. The pro-Islamic challenge for the Kurdish movement. Dialectical Anthropology 37: 159–163.
Cizre-Sakallıoğlu, Ümit. 1998. Kurdish nationalism from an Islamist perspective: The discourse of Turkish Islamist writers. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 18 (1): 73–89.
Coakley, John. 2002. Religion and nationalism in the first world. In Ethno-nationalism in the contemporary world: Walker Connor and the study of nationalism, ed. Daniele Conversi, 206–223. London and New York: Routledge.
Connor, Walker. 1994. Ethnonationalism: A quest for understanding. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Coward, Harold, and Gordon Smith. 2004. Religion and peacebuilding. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Ellingsen, Tanja. 2005. Toward a revival of religion and religious clashes? Terrorism and Political Violence 17 (3): 305–332.
Enloe, Cynthia. 1996. Religion and ethnicity. In Ethnicity, ed. John Hutchinson and Anthony Smith, 197–202. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Feldman, Saul. 1979. Nested identities. Studies in Symbolic Interaction 2: 399–418.
Fox, Jonathan. 2000. The ethnic-religious nexus: The impact of religion on ethnic conflict. Civil Wars 3 (3): 1–22.
Gans, Herbert. 1979. Symbolic ethnicity: The future of ethnic groups and cultures in America. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2 (1): 1–20.
Gans, Herbert. 1994. Symbolic ethnicity and symbolic religiosity: Towards a comparison of ethnic and religious acculturation. Ethnic and Racial Studies 17 (4): 577–592.
Gezik, Erdal. 2014. Alevi Kürtler: Dinsel, etnik ve politik sorunlar bağlamında. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Glazer, Nathan, and Daniel P. Moynihan. 1963. Beyond the melting pot: The negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians and Irish of new York City. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Goh, Robbie B.H. 2011. Christianity, transnationalism and Indian identities. Journal of Religion and Society 13: 1–20.
Goldberg, Rachel, and Brian Blancke. 2011. God in the process: Is there a place for religion in conflict resolution? Conflict Resolution Quarterly 28 (4): 377–398.
Gopin, Marc. 1997. Religion, violence, and conflict resolution. Peace & Change: A Journal of Peace Research 22 (1): 1–31.
Gopin, Marc. 2000. Between Eden and Armageddon: The future of world religions, violence, and peacemaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gorski, Philip, and Gülay Türkmen-Dervişoğlu. 2013. Religion, nationalism and violence: An integrated approach. Annual Review of Sociology 39: 193–210.
Grosby, Steven. 1991. Religion and nationality in antiquity. European Journal of Sociology 32: 229–265.
Gürses, Mehmet. 2015. Is Islam a cure for ethnic conflict? Evidence from Turkey. Politics and Religion 8: 135–154.
Gürses, Mehmet, and Nicolas Rost. 2017. Religion as a peacemaker? Peace duration after ethnic civil wars. Politics and Religion 10: 339–362.
Hanf, Thedor. 1994. The sacred marker: Religion, communalism and nationalism. Social Compass 41 (1): 9–20.
Harpviken, Kristian Berg, and Hanne Eggen Roislien. 2008. Faithful brokers? Potentials and pitfalls of religion in peacemaking. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 25 (3): 351–373.
Hassner, Ron. 2009. War on sacred grounds. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hastings, Adrian. 1997. The construction of nationhood: Ethnicity, religion and nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Haynes, Jeffrey. 2009. Conflict, conflict resolution and peace-building: The role of religion in Mozambique, Nigeria and Cambodia. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 47 (1): 52–75.
Herb, Guntram, and David Kaplan. 1999. Nested identities: Nationalism, territory and scale. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Horowitz, Donald. 1985. Ethnic groups in conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Houston, Christopher. 2001. Islam, Kurds and the Turkish nation state. Oxford: Berg.
Isaacs, Matthew. 2016. Sacred violence or strategic faith? Disentangling the relationship between religion and violence in armed conflict. Journal of Peace Research 53 (2): 211–225.
Jacobson, Jessica. 1997. Religion and ethnicity: Dual and alternative sources of identity among young British Pakistanis. Ethnic and Racial Studies 20: 238–256.
Jacoby, Tim, and Hüsrev Tabak. 2015. Islam, nationalism, and Kurdish ethnopolitics in Turkey. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 27: 346–353.
Jesse, Neal G., and Kristen P. Williams. 2011. Ethnic conflict: A systematic approach to cases of conflict. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Johnston, Douglas, and Brian Cox. 2003. Faith-based diplomacy and preventive engagement. In Faith-based diplomacy: Trumping realpolitik, ed. Douglas Johnston, 11–31. New York: Oxford University Press.
Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2000. Terror in the mind of god: The global rise of religious violence. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kunovich, Robert, and Randy Hodson. 1999. Conflict, religious identity and ethnic intolerance in Croatia. Social Forces 78 (2): 643–668.
Kurt, Mehmet. 2017. Kurdish Hizbullah in Turkey: Islamism, violence and the state. London: Pluto Press.
Laitin, David. 1998. Identity in formation: The Russian-speaking populations in the near abroad. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Lamont, Michele, and Marcel Fournier, eds. 1992. Cultivating differences: Symbolic boundaries and the making of inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lamont, Michele, and Virag Molnar. 2002. The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology 28: 167–195.
Lee, Sung Yong. 2015. Peacebuilding and Islamic leadership in southern Thailand. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 27 (3): 328–336.
Leezenberg, Michiel. 2003. Kurdish Alevis and the Kurdish nationalist movement in the 1990s. In Turkey’s Alevi enigma: A comprehensive overview, ed. Paul J. White and Joost Jongerden, 197–214. Leiden: Brill.
Lichterman, Paul. 2008. Religion and the construction of civic identity. American Sociological Review 73 (1): 83–104.
Little, David. 1994. Sri Lanka: The invention of enmity. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Little, D., and S. Appleby. 2004. A moment of opportunity? The promise of religious peacebuilding in an era of religious and ethnic conflict. In Religion and peacebuilding, ed. Harold Coward and Gordon Smith, 1–23. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Little, David, ed. 2007. Peacemakers in action: Profiles of religion in conflict resolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mahler, Sarah J., and Katrin Hansing. 2005. Toward a transnationalism of the middle: How transnational religious practices help bridge the divide between Cuba and Miami. Latin American Perspectives 32 (1): 121–146.
Min, Pyong Gap. 2010. Preserving ethnicity through religion in America: Korean Protestants and Indian Hindus across generations. New York: New York University Press.
Mitchell, Claire. 2006. The religious content of ethnic identities. Sociology 40: 1135–1152.
Mitchell, Claire. 2010. The push and pull between religion and ethnicity: The case of loyalists in Northern Ireland. Ethnopolitics: Formerly Global Review of Ethnopolitics 9 (1): 53–69.
Nagel, Joane. 1994. Constructing ethnicity: Creating and recreating ethnic identity and culture. Social Problems 41 (1): 152–176.
O’Malley, Eoin, and Dawn Walsh. 2013. Religion and democratization in Northern Ireland: Is religion actually ethnicity in disguise? Democratization 20 (5): 939–958.
Omer, Atalia, Scott Appleby, and David Little, eds. 2015. The Oxford handbook of religion, conflict, and peacebuilding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Özgen, Zeynep. 2015. Maintaining ethnic boundaries in ‘non-ethnic’ contexts: Constructivist theory and the sexual reproduction of diversity. Theory and Society 44 (1): 33–64.
Özoğlu, Hakan. 2007. The impact of Islam on Kurdish identity formation in the Middle East. In Evolution of Kurdish nationalism, ed. Michael Gunter, 18–35. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishing.
Özsoy, Hişyar. 2010. Between gift and taboo: Death and the negotiation of national identity and sovereignty in the Kurdish conflict in Turkey. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Texas at Austin.
Peek, Lori. 2005. Becoming Muslim: The development of a religious identity. Sociology of Religion 66 (3): 215–242.
Philpott, Daniel. 2007. Explaining the political ambivalence of religion. The American Political Science Review 101 (3): 505–525.
Pratt, Douglas. 2006. Religion and terrorism: Christian fundamentalism and extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence 22 (3): 438–456.
Ruane, Joseph, and Jennifer Todd. 2010. Ethnicity and religion: Redefining the research agenda. Ethnopolitics 9 (1): 1–8.
Rudolph, Susanne H., and James Piscatori. 1997. Transnational religion and fading states. Boulder: Westview Press.
Sampson, Cynthia. 1997. Religion and peacebuilding. In Peacemaking in international conflict: methods and techniques, ed. William Zartman, 273–326. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Sanders, Jimmy M. 2002. Ethnic boundaries and identity in plural societies. Annual Review of Sociology 28: 327–357.
Sarıgil, Zeki, and Ömer Fazlıoğlu. 2013. Religion and ethno-nationalism: Turkey’s Kurdish issue. Nations and Nationalism 19 (3): 551–571.
Saunders, Robert A. 2008. The ummah as nation: A reappraisal in the wake of the cartoons affair. Nations and Nationalism (14) 2: 303–321.
Sells, Michael Anthony. 1996. The bridge betrayed: Religion and genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Shore, Megan. 2009. Religion and conflict resolution: Christianity and South Africa’s truth and reconciliation commission. Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.
Shtromas, Alexander. 1992. Religion and ethnicity in world order. International Journal on World Peace 9 (2): 33–45.
Sidel, John T. 2006. Riots, pogroms, jihad: Religious violence in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Smith, Timothy L. 1978. Religion and ethnicity in America. The American Historical Review 83 (5): 1155–1185.
Smith, Anthony. 1993. The ethnic sources of nationalism. In Ethnic conflict and international security, ed. Michael Edward Brown, 27–43. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Snow, David, and Leon Anderson. 1987. Identity work among the homeless: The verbal construction and avowal of personal identities. American Journal of Sociology 92 (6): 1336–1371.
Somer, Murat and Gitta Glüpker-Kesebir. 2015. Is Islam the solution? Comparing Turkish Islamic and secular thinking toward ethnic and religious minorities. Journal of Church and State 58 (3): 529–555.
Stern, Jessica. 2003. Terror in the name of God: Why religious militants kill. New York: Harper Collins.
Stewart, Frances. 2012. Religion versus ethnicity as a source of mobilization: Are there differences? In Understanding collective political violence, ed. Yvan Guichaoua, 196–221. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Svensson, Isak. 2007. Fighting with faith: Religion and conflict resolution in civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution 51 (6): 930–949.
Svensson, Isak. 2013. One god, many wars: Religious dimensions of armed conflict in the Middle East and North Africa. Civil Wars 15 (4): 411–430.
Svensson, Isak. 2016. Conflict and peace. In Handbook of religion and society, ed. David Yamane, 467–484. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Ter Haar, Gerrie. 2005. Religion: Source of conflict or resource for peace? In Bridge or barrier: Religion, violence, and visions for peace, ed. Gerrie Ter Haar and James J. Busuttil, 3–34. Leiden: Brill.
Toft, Monica Duffy. 2007. Getting religion? The puzzling case of Islam and civil war. International Security 31 (4): 97–131.
Toft, Monica Duffy, Daniel Philpott, and Timothy Samuel Shah. 2011. God’s century: Resurgent religion and global politics. New York: W.W. Norton.
Ünlü, Barış. 2016. The Kurdish struggle and the crisis of the Turkishness contract. Philosophy and Social Criticism 42 (4-5): 397–405.
van Bruinessen, Martin. 1997. Aslını inkar eden haramzadedir! The debate on the ethnic identity of the Kurdish Alevis. In Syncretistic religious communities in the Near East, ed. Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, and Anke Otter-Beaujean, 1–23. Leiden: Brill.
Warner, Lloyd, and Paul Lunt. 1941. The social life of a modern community. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Watson, Helen, and Jack Boag. 2000. Religion and ethnicity. Queens College: Paper presented at the 50th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs: Eliminating the Causes of War.
Weber, Max. 1978. In Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology, ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wimmer, Andreas. 2008. The making and unmaking of ethnic boundaries: A multilevel process theory. American Journal of Sociology 113 (4): 970–1022.
Wimmer, Andreas. 2009. Elementary strategies of ethnic boundary making. Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (6): 1025–1055.
Wimmer, Andreas. 2013. Ethnic boundary making: Institutions, power, networks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Winter, Alan J. 1996. Symbolic ethnicity or religion among Jews in the United States: A test of Gansian hypotheses. Review of Religious Research 37 (3): 233–247.
Yalman, Nur. 1969. Islamic reform and the mystic tradition in eastern Turkey. European Journal of Sociology 10 (1): 41–60.
Yavuz, Hakan, and Nihat Ali Özcan. 2006. The Kurdish question and Turkey’s Justice and Development Party. Middle East Policy 13 (1): 102–119.
Yeğen, Mesut. 2004. Citizenship and ethnicity in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies 40: 51–66.
Yeğen, Mesut. 2007. Turkish nationalism and the Kurdish question. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (1): 119–151.
Yıldız, Ahmet. 2010. Ne mutlu Türküm diyebilene: Türk ulusunun etno-seküler sınırları (1919-1938). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Metadaten
Titel
Negotiating Symbolic Boundaries in Conflict Resolution: Religion and Ethnicity in Turkey’s Kurdish Conflict
verfasst von
Gülay Türkmen
Publikationsdatum
15.10.2018
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Qualitative Sociology / Ausgabe 4/2018
Print ISSN: 0162-0436
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7837
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-018-9400-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2018

Qualitative Sociology 4/2018 Zur Ausgabe

OriginalPaper

Drawing Boundaries or Drawing Weapons? Neighborhood Master Status as Suppressor of Gang Violence

OriginalPaper

Committed, Grateful, and Worthy of Acceptance: Master Chef Israel and the Social Construction of Immigration Narratives

Book Review

Qualitative Inquiry of Multiracial Identities and Experiences

OriginalPaper

More than Subversion: Four Strategies for the Dominated

OriginalPaper

The Contested State vs. Contentious Workers: The Symbolic Labor Politics in Transitional China

OriginalPaper

Escaping the Interpersonal Power Game: Online Shopping in China