This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akbari, H., Davis, S., Dorsano, S., Huang, J., and Winnett, S., 1992, Cooling Our Communities: A Guidebook on Tree Planting and Light-colored Surfacing, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Akbari, H., Huang, J., Martien, P., Rainier, L., Rosenfeld, A., and Taha, H., 1988, The impact of summer heat islands on cooling energy consumption and CO2 emissions, in Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Study in Energy Efficiency in Buildings, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Washington, DC.
Anderson, L. M., and Cordell, H. K., 1988, Influence of trees on residential property values in Athens, Georgia (USA): A survey based on actual sales prices, Landscape Urban Plann. 15:153–164.
Anderson, L. M., Mulligan, B. E., and Goodman, L. S., 1984, Effects of vegetation on human response to sound, J. Arboric. 10(2):45–49.
Aylor, D. E., 1972, Noise reduction by vegetation and ground, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51(1):197–205.
Benjamin, M. T., Sudol, M., Bloch, L., and Winer, A. M., 1996, Low-emitting urban forests: A taxonomic methodology for assigning isoprene and monoterpene emission rates, Atmos. Environ. 30(9):1437–1452.
Birdsey, R. A., and Heath, L. S., 1995, Carbon changes in US forests, in Climate Change and the Productivity of America’s Forests, (L. A. Joyce, ed.), Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-271, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, pp. 56–70.
Bloniarz, D. V., and Ryan, H. D. P., 1996, The use of volunteer initiatives in conducting urban forest inventories, J. Arboric. 22(2):75–82.
Brasseur, G. P., and Chatfield, R. B., 1991, The fate of biogenic trace gases in the atmosphere, in Trace Gas Emissions by Plants (T. D. Sharkey, E. A. Holland, and H. A. Mooney, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–27.
Brown, T. L., Dawson, C. P., and Miller, R. C., 1979, Interests and attitudes of metropolitan New York residents about wildlife, Trans. 44th North. Am. Wildl. and Nat. Resour. Conf. 44:289–297.
Cackowski, J. M., and Nassar, J. L., 2003, The restorative effects of nature: Implications for driver anger and frustration, Env. Behav. 25:736–751.
Cardelino, C. A., and Chameides, W. L., 1990, Natural hydrocarbons, urbanization, and urban ozone, J. Geophys. Res. 95(D9):13, 971–13, 979.
Chicago Wilderness website at http://www.chicagowilderness.org, Last accessed May, 2005.
Chenoweth, R. E., and Gobster, P. H., 1990, The nature and ecology of aesthetic experiences in the landscape, Landscape J. 9:1–18.
Cook, D. I., 1978, Trees, solid barriers, and combinations: Alternatives for noise control, in Proceedings of the National Urban Forestry. Conference (G. Hopkins, ed.), SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, pp. 330–339.
Cook, D. I., and Van Haverbeke, D. F., 1971, Trees and shrubs for noise abatement, in Res. Bull., vol. 246, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln.
Corrill, M., Lillydahl, J., and Single, L., 1978, The effects of greenbelts on residential property values: Some findings on the political economy of open space, Land Econ. 54:207–217.
Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers, 2000, Guide for Plant Appraisal, International Society of Arboriculture, Urbana, IL.
Crompton, J. L., 2004, The Proximate Principle: The Impact of Parks, Open Space and Water Features on Residential Property Values and the Property Tax Base, National Recreation and Park Association, Ashburn, VA, 184pp. plus appendix.
De Sousa, C. A., 2003, Turning brownfields into green space in the City of Toronto, Env. Behav. 63:181–198.
DeGraff, R. M., and Payne, B. R., 1975, Economic values of nongame birds and some research needs, Trans. North. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 40:281–287.
Dombrow, J., Rodriquez, M., and Sirmans, C. F., 2000, The market value of mature trees in single family housing markets, Apprais. J. 68: 39–43.
Dwyer, J. F., 1991, Economic value of urban trees, in A National Research Agenda for Urban Forestry in the 1990’s, International Society of Arboriculture, Urbana, IL, pp. 27–32.
Dwyer, J. F., 1995, The significance of trees and their management in built environments, in Trees and Building Sites: Proceedings of an International Conference held in the Interest of Developing a Scientific Basis for Managing Trees in Proximity to Buildings (G. Watson, and D. Neely, eds.), International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, IL, pp. 3–11.
Dwyer, J. F., Nowak, D. J., Noble, M. H., and Sisinni, S. M., 2000, Assessing our Nation’s Urban Forests: Connecting People with Ecosystems in the 21st Century, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-460, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
Dwyer, J. F., and Schroeder, H. W., 1994, The human dimensions of urban forestry, J. For. 92(10):12–15.
Dwyer, J. F., Schroeder, H. W., and Gobster, P. H., 1991, The significance of urban trees and forests: Toward a deeper understanding of values, J. Arboric. 17:276–284.
Dwyer, J. F., Schroeder, H. W., Louviere, J. J., and Anderson, D. H., 1989, Urbanites willingness to pay for trees and forests in recreation areas, J. Arboric. 15(10):247–252.
Dwyer, J. F., McPherson, E. G., Schroeder, H. W., and Rowntree, R. A., 1992, Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest, J. Arboric. 18(5):227–234.
East Bay Hills Vegetation Management Consortium, 1995, Fire Hazard Mitigation Program and Fuel Management Plan for the East Bay Hills, Report prepared by Amphion Environmental, Inc., Oakland, CA.
Feldman, R., and Westphal, L., 1999, Restoring participatory design and planning: Incorporating community empowerment as a tool for social justice, Places 12(2):34–37.
Guenther, A., Zimmerman, P., and Wildermuth, M., 1994, Natural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for US woodland landscapes, Atmos. Environ. 28(6):1197–1210.
Hammitt, W. E., 2002, Urban forests and parks as privacy refuges, J. Arboric. 28(1):19–26.
Heisler, G. M., 1986, Energy savings with trees, J. Arboric. 12(5):113–125.
Heisler, G. M., 1990a, Mean wind speed below building height in residential neighborhoods with different tree densities, ASHRAE Trans. 96(1):1389–1396.
Heisler, G. M., 1990b, Tree plantings that save energy, in Proceedings of the 4th Fourth National Urban Forestry Conference (P. Rodbell, ed.), American Forestry Association, Washington, DC, pp. 58–62.
Heisler, G. M., Grant, R. H., Grimmond, S., and Souch, C., 1995, Urban forests’ cooling our communities?, in Proceedings of the Seventh National Urban Forestry Conference (C. Kollin, and M. Barratt, eds.), American Forests, Washington, DC, pp. 31–34.
Howenstine, W. L., 1993, Urban forests as part of the whole ecosystem, in Proceedings of the 6th National Urban Forestry Conference (C. Kollin, J. Mahon, and L. Frame, eds.), American Forests, Washington, DC, pp. 118–120.
Hull, R. B., 1992a, Brief encounters with urban forests produce moods that matter, J. Arboric. 18(6):322–324.
Hull, R. B., 1992b, How the public values urban forests, J. Arboric. 18(2):98–101.
Jackson, L. E., 2003, The relationship of urban design to human health and condition, Landscape Urban Plan. 64:191–200.
Kaplan, R., 1993, Urban forestry and the workplace, in Managing Urban and High Use Recreation Settings (P. H. Gobster, ed.), Gen. Tech. Rep. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, NC-163, St. Paul, MN, pp. 41–45.
Kaplan, R., and Kaplan, S., 1989, The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Approach, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Kramer, P. J., and Kozlowski, T. T., 1979, Physiology of Woody Plants, Academic Press, New York.
Kuo, F. E., 2003, The role of arboriculture in healthy social ecology, J. Arboric. 29(3):148–155.
Kuo, F. E., Bacaicoa, M., and Sullivan, W. C., 1998, Transforming inner-city landscapes: Trees, sense of safety, and preference, Enviorn. Behav. 30(1):28–59.
Kuo, F. E., and Sullivan, W. C., 2001a, Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?, Enviorn. Behav. 33(3):343–365.
Kuo, F. E., and Sullivan, W. C., 2001b, Aggression and violence in the inner city: Impacts of environment via mental fatigue, Enviorn. Behav. 33(4):543–571.
Lenschow, D. H. (ed.), 1986, Probing the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA.
Librett, J., Yore, M., Buchner, D. M., and Schmid, T. L., 2005, Take pride in America’s health: Volunteering as a gateway to physical activity, Am J. Health Ed. 36(1):8–13.
Luley, C. J., and Bond, J., 2002, A Plan to Integrate Management of Urban Trees into Air Quality Planning, Report to Northeast State Foresters Association, Davey Resource Group, Kent, OH, 73pp.
Luttik, J., 2000, The value of trees, water, and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands, Landscape Urban Plan. 48:161–167.
Lyons, J. R., 1982, Nonconsumptive wildlife-associated recreation in the US: Identifying the other constituency, Trans. North. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 47:677–685.
McPherson, E. G., 1987, Effects of Vegetation on Building Energy Performance, Ph.D. Discussion, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY.
McPherson, E. G., and Dougherty, E., 1989, Selecting trees for shade in the Southwest, J. Arboric. 15:35–43.
McPherson, E. G., 1998, Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Sacramento’s urban forest, J. Arboric. 24(4):215–223.
Michael, S. E., and Hull, R. B., 1995, Effects of vegetation on crime in urban parks, Arborist News, February, p. 45.
Morales, D. J., Micha, R. R., and Weber, R. L., 1983, Two methods of valuating trees on residential sites, J. Arboric. 9:21–24.
More, T. A., Stevens, T., and Allen, P. G., 1988, Valuation of urban parks, Landscape Urban Plan. 15:139–152.
Murray, F. J., Marsh, L., and Bradford, P. A., 1994, New York State Energy Plan, Vol. II: Issue Reports, New York State Energy Office, Albany.
Myrup, L. O., McGinn, C. E., and Flocchini, R. G., 1991, An analysis of microclimate variation in a suburban environment, in Seventh Conference of Applied Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 172–179.
Neville, L. R., 1996, Urban Watershed Management: The Role of Vegetation, Ph.D. Discussions., SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY.
Nowak, D. J., 1993a, Atmospheric carbon reduction by urban trees, J. Environ. Manage. 37(3):207–217.
Nowak, D. J., 1993b, Compensatory value of an urban forest: An application of tree-value formula, J. Arboric. 19(3):173–177.
Nowak, D. J., 1993c, Historical vegetation change in Oakland and its implications for urban forest management, J. Arboric. 19(5):313–319.
Nowak, D. J., 1994a, Air pollution removal by Chicago’s urban forest, in Chicago’s Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project (E. G. McPherson, D. J. Nowak, and R. A. Rowntree, eds.), Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-186, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA, pp. 63–81.
Nowak, D. J., 1994b, Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Chicago’s urban forest, in Chicago’s Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project (E. G. McPherson, D. J. Nowak, and R. A. Rowntree, eds.), Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-186, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA, pp. 83–94.
Nowak, D. J., 1995, Trees pollute? A “TREE” explains it all, in Proceedings 7th National Urban Forestry Conference (C. Kollin, and M. Barratt, eds.), American Forests, Washington, DC, pp. 28–30.
Nowak, D. J., Civerolo, K. L., Rao, S. T., Sistla, S., Luley, C. J., and Crane, D. E., 2000, A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone, Atmos. Environ. 34:1601–1613.
Nowak, D. J., and Crane, D. E., 2000, The Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) Model: Quantifying urban forest structure and functions, in Proceedings of the Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century, IUFRO Conference, 16–20 August 1998, Boise, ID (M. Hansen, and T. Burk eds.), Gen. Tech. Rep.NC-212, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, St. Paul, MN, pp. 714–720.
Nowak, D. J., and Crane, D. E., 2002, Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA, Environ. Poll. 116(3):381–389.
Nowak, D. J., Crane, D. E., and Dwyer, J. F., 2002a, Compensatory value of urban trees in the United States, J. Arboric. 28(4):194–199.
Nowak, D. J., Crane, D. E., Stevens, J. C., and Ibarra, M., 2002b, Brooklyn’s Urban Forest, Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-290, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA.
Nowak, D. J., and McBride, J. R., 1992, Differences in Monterey pine pest populations in urban and natural forests, For. Ecol. Manage. 50:133–144.
Nowak, D. J., Noble, M. H., Sisinni, S. M., and Dwyer, J. F., 2001a, Assessing the US urban forest resource, J. For. 99(3):37–42.
Nowak, D. J., Pasek, J., Sequeira, R., Crane, D. E., and Mastro, V., 2001b, Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States, J. Econom. Entomol. 94(1):116–122.
Nowak, D. J., and Rowntree, R. A., 1990, History and range of Norway maple, J. Arboric. 16(11):291–296.
Nowak, D. J., McHale P. J., Ibarra, M., Crane, D., Stevens, J., and Luley, C., 1998, Modeling the effects of urban vegetation on air pollution, in Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XII (S. Gryning, and N. Chaumerliac, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 399–407.
Nowak, D. J., Stevens, J. C., Sisinni, S. M., and Luley C. J., 2002c, Effects of urban tree management and species selection on atmospheric carbon dioxide, J. Arboric. 28(3):113–122.
Nowak, D. J., Walton, J. T., Dwyer, J. F., Kaya, L. G., and Myeong, S., 2005, The increasing influence of urban environments on US forest management, J. Forestry 103(8): 377–382.
Parsons, R., Tassinary, L. G., Ulrich, R. S., Hebl, M. R., and Grossman-Alexander, M., 1998, The view from the road: Implications for stress recovery and immunization, J. Enviorn. Psych. 18(2):113–140.
Reethof, G., and McDaniel, O. H., 1978, Acoustics and the urban forest, in Proceedings of the National Urban Forestry Conference (G. Hopkins, ed.), SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, pp. 321–329.
Robinette, G. O., 1972, Plants/People/ and Environmental Quality, USDI National Park Service, Washington, DC.
Rodriquez, M., and Sirmans, C. F., 1994, Quantifying the value of a view in single-family housing markets, Apprais. J., 62(4): 600–603.
Rolfe, G. L., 1974, Lead distribution in tree rings, For. Sci. 20(3):283–286.
Sanders, R. A., 1986, Urban vegetation impacts on the urban hydrology of Dayton Ohio, Urban Ecol. 9:361–376.
Schroeder, H. W., and Anderson, L. M., 1984, Perception of personal safety in urban recreation sites, J. Leis. Res. 16(2):178–194.
Schroeder, H. W., 1989, Environment, behavior, and design research on urban forests, in Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design (E. H. Zube, and G. L. Moore, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 87–107.
Schroeder, H. W., 1991, Preference and meaning of arboretum landscapes: Combining quantitative and qualitative data, J. Environ. Psych. 11:231–248.
Schroeder, H. W., and Anderson, L. M., 1984, Perception of personal safety in urban recreation sites, J. Leisure Res. 16:178–194.
Schroeder, H. W., 2002, Experiencing nature in special places, J. For. 100(5):8–14.
Schroeder, H. W., 2004. Special Places in the Lake Calumet Area, USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station, General Technical Report 249, St Paul MN, 23pp.
Scott, K. I., Simpson, J. R., and McPherson, E. G., 1999, Effects of tree cover on parking lot microclimate and vehicle emissions, J. Arboric. 25(3):129–142.
Selia, A. F., and Anderson, L. M., 1982, Estimating costs of tree preservation on residential lots, J. Arboric. 8:182–185.
Selia, A. F., and Anderson, L. M., 1984, Estimating tree preservation costs on urban residential lots in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia For. Res. Pap. No. 48. MACON, 6A. 6pp.
Sharkey, T. D., and Singsaas, E. L., 1995, Why plants emit isoprene, Nature 374(27 April):769.
Shaw, W. W., Magnum, W. R., and Lyons, J. R., 1985, Residential enjoyment of wildlife resources by Americans, Leisure Sci. 7:361–375.
Smith, W. H., 1990, Air Pollution and Forests, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Sommer, R., Learey, F., Summit, J., and Tirell, M., 1994a, Social benefits of resident involvement in tree planting: Compressions with developer-planted trees, J. Arboric. 20(6):323–328.
Sommer, R., Learey, F., Summitt, J., Tirrell, M., 1994b, Social benefits of residential involvement in tree planting, J. Arboric. 20(3):170–175.
Sommer, R., Summitt, J., Learey, R., and Tirrell, M., 1995, Social and educational benefits of a community shade tree program: A replication, J. Arboric. 21(5):260.
Sommer, R., 2003, Trees and human identity, in Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature (S. Clayton, and S. Opotow, eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge and London, pp. 179–204.
Sullivan, W. C., and Kuo, F. E., 1996, Do trees strengthen urban communities, reduce domestic violence? Arbor. News 5(2):33–34.
Souch, C. A., and Souch, C., 1993, The effect of trees on summertime below canopy urban climates: A case study, Bloomington, Indiana, J. Arboric. 19(5):303–312.
Sydor, T., Bowker, J. M., Newman, D. H., and Cordell, H. K., 2005, Valuing Trees in a Residential Setting: Revisiting Athens, Clarke County, Georgia, draft paper, 15pp.
Taha, H., 1996, Modeling impacts of increased urban vegetation on ozone air quality in the South Coast Air Basin, Atmos. Environ. 30(20):3423–3430.
Taylor, A. F., Kuo, F. E., and Sullivan, W. C., 2001a, Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings, Enviorn. Behav. 33(1):54–77.
Taylor, A. F., Kuo, F. E., and Sullivan, W. C., 2001b, Views of nature and self-discipline: Evidence from inner-city children, J. Enviorn. Psych. 21:49–63.
Thompson, R., Hanna, R., Noel, J., and Piirto, D., 1999, Valuation of tree aesthetics on small urban-interface properties, J. Arboric. 25(5):225–234.
Tingey, D. T., Turner, D. P., and Weber, J. A., 1991, Factors controlling the emissions of monoterpenes and other volatile organic compounds, in Trace Gas Emissions by Plants (T. D. Sharkey, E. A. Holland, and H. A. Mooney, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 93–119.
Ulrich, R. S., 1984, View through a window may influence recovery from surgery, Science, 224:420–421.
US Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Nonroad engine and vehicle emission study report, USEPA Office of Air and Radiation ANR-43. EPA-21A–2001, Washington, DC.
US Environmental Protection Agency, 2004, Incorporating Emerging and Voluntary Measures in a State Implementation Plan (SIP), USEPA Air Quality Strategies and Standards Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC.
US Environmental Protection Agency, 2000, Introduction to Phytoremediation, US EPA Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
VanDruff, L. W., Leedy, D. L., and Stearns, F. W., 1995, Urban wildlife and human well-being, in Urban Ecology as the Basis of Urban Planning (H. Sukopp, M. Numata, and A. Huber, eds.), SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 203–211.
Wells, N. M., 2000, At home with nature: Effects of “greening” on children’s cognitive functioning, Enviorn. Behav. 32(5):775–795.
Westphal, L. M., 1993, Why trees? Urban forestry volunteers values and motivations, in Managing Urban and High Use Recreation Settings (P. H. Gobster, ed.), Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-163, USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN, pp. 19–23.
Westphal, L. M., 1999, Empowering people through urban greening projects: Does it happen? in Proceedings of the 1999 National Urban Forestry Conference (C. Kollin, ed.), American Forests, Washington, D.C, pp. 60–63.
Westphal, L. M., and Isebrands, J. G., 2001, Phytoremediation of Chicago’s brownfields: Consideration of ecological approaches to social issues, in Brownfields 2001 Proceedings, Chicago IL, http://www.brownfields2001.org/proceedings/BB-11–02.pdf, Last accessed April, 2005.
Westphal, L. M., 2003, Urban greening and social benefits: A study of empowerment outcomes, J. Arboric. 29(3):137–147.
Wolf, K. L., 2003a, Public response to the urban forest in inner-city business districts, J. Arboric. 29(3):117–126.
Wolf, K. L., 2003b, Freeway roadside management: The urban forest beyond the white line, J. Arboric. 29(3):127–136.
Wolf, K. L., 2004, Trees and business district preferences: A case study of Athens, Georgia US, J. Arboric. 30(6):336–346.
Yeomans, J. A., and Barclay, J. S., 1981, Perceptions of residential wildlife programs, Trans. North. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 46:390–395.
Ziegler, I., 1973, The effect of air–polluting gases on plant metabolism, in Environmental Quality and Safety, vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, pp. 182–208.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nowak, D.J., Dwyer, J.F. (2007). Understanding the Benefits and Costs of Urban Forest Ecosystems. In: Kuser, J.E. (eds) Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4289-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4289-8_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-4288-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4289-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)