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Representing 3D Space in Working Memory: Spatial Images from Vision, Hearing, Touch, and Language

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Multisensory Imagery

Abstract

The chapter deals with a form of transient spatial representation referred to as a spatial image. Like a percept, it is externalized, scaled to the environment, and can appear in any direction about the observer. It transcends the concept of modality, as it can be based on inputs from the three spatial senses, from language, and from long-term memory. Evidence is presented that supports each of the claimed properties of the spatial image, showing that it is quite different from a visual image. Much of the evidence presented is based on spatial updating. A major concern is whether spatial images from different input modalities are functionally equivalent—that once instantiated in working memory, the spatial images from different modalities have the same functional characteristics with respect to subsequent processing, such as that involved in spatial updating. Going further, the research provides some evidence that spatial images are amodal (i.e., do not retain modality-specific features).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Röder and Rösler (1998) used the term “spatial image” in connection with the study of internal scanning of images from both vision and touch. Because their study focused on 2D maps, their use of the term seems to refer to a concept narrower than ours. Conversely, in their review of behavioral and neural research on mental imagery, Struiksma et al. (2009) use “spatial image” as a more encompassing term than we do.

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Acknowledgments

Preparation of this chapter was supported by NIH grant R01EY016817 awarded to the three authors. Roberta Klatzky also acknowledges the support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. The authors thank Rebecca Lawson, Simon Lacey, Maria Kozhevnikov, Marios Avraamides, and Jonathan Kelly for helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA

    Jack M. Loomis

  2. Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Roberta L. Klatzky

  3. Spatial Informatics Program: School of Computing and Information Science, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA

    Nicholas A. Giudice

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  1. Jack M. Loomis
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  3. Nicholas A. Giudice
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Correspondence to Jack M. Loomis .

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  1. , Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, WOODRUFF CIRCLE WMB 6207 101, ATLANTA, 30329, Georgia, USA

    Simon Lacey

  2. , School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, Montserrat

    Rebecca Lawson

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Loomis, J.M., Klatzky, R.L., Giudice, N.A. (2013). Representing 3D Space in Working Memory: Spatial Images from Vision, Hearing, Touch, and Language. In: Lacey, S., Lawson, R. (eds) Multisensory Imagery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5879-1_8

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