Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) and processes based on SHS are currently being developed the world over for the production of powders and near-net shape components of advanced materials. The research activities that have been and are being carried out in this field are reviewed here. Theoretical principles underlying SHS process, such as equlibrium computation and kinetics involving heat and mass transfer are described. General concepts about the SHS reaction mechanisms with a few illustrative examples are presented. Along with a detailed description of the processing techniques such as powder production,in situ consolidation and casting, a few of the novel techniques based on SHS are also elaborated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

C p :

Combined heat capacity of the products

D :

Diffusion coefficient,D=D o e−(E/RT)

E :

Activation energy

f :

Fraction melted

ΔH r To ,Q :

Enthalpy of the reaction at temperature,T o

k :

Reaction rate constant,k=k e−(E/RT)

n :

Order of the reaction

p B :

Partial pressure of the reactant gas B

R :

Universal gas constant

S :

Surface area of the solid reactant

T ad :

Adiabatic temperature

T o :

Initial temperature

T m :

Melting point

T b :

Boiling point

v :

Velocity of wave propagation

α:

Thermal diffusivity

αc :

Parameter delineating combustion regimes

η:

Fraction converted

References

  1. A. G. Merzhanov, V. M. Shkiro andI. P. Borovinskaya, “Synthesis of refractory inorganic compounds”, of refractory compounds' (Noyes, New Jersey, USA, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Idem., French Pat. 2088 668 (1972).

  3. Idem., US Pat. 3726 643 (1973).

  4. Idem., UK Pat. 1321 084 (1974).

  5. Idem.,Japan Pat. 1098 839 (1982).

  6. A. G. Merzhanov andI. P. Borovinskaya,Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 204 (1972) 336.

    Google Scholar 

  7. J. F. Crider,Ceram. Engng Sci. Proc. 3 (1982) 519.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. W. F. Frankhouser, K. W. Brendley, M. C. Kieszek andS. T. Sullivan, ‘Gasless combustion synthesis of refractory compounds’ (Noyes, New Jersey, USA, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  9. L. M. Sheppard,Adv. Mater. Proc. 2 (2) (1986) 25.

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. W. McCauley,Ceram. Engng Sci. Proc. 11 (1990) 1137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J. B. Holt,MRS Bull. 12 (1987) 60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Z. A. Munir,Ceram. Bull. 67 (1988) 342.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Z. A. Munir andV. Anselmi-Tamburini,Mater. Sci. Rep. 3 (1989) 277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. G. Merzhanov, in “Combustion and Plasma Synthesis of High temperature Materials”, edited by Z. A. Munir and J. B. Holt (VCH, New York, 1990) p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  15. H. C. Yi andI. J. Moore,J. Mater. Sci. 25 (1990) 1159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. G. Merzhanov, in “Combustion Process in Chemical Technology and Metallury”, edited by A. G. Merzhanov (Chernogolovka, 1975) p. 1.

  17. A. G. Merzhanov,Fizik. Khim. Soverem. Problem. (1983) 7.

  18. I. P. Borovinskaya, A. G. Merzhanov, A. N. Pityulin andV. S. Skekht, in “Combustion Process in Chemical Technology and Metallurgy”, edited by A. G. Merzhanov (Chernogolovka, 1975) p. 113.

  19. J. Subrahmanyam, M. Vijayakumar, andS. Ranganath,Met. Mater. proc. 1 (1989) 105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. B. Holt andZ. A. Munir,J. Mater. Sci. 21 (1986) 251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. N. P. Novikov, I. P. Borovinskaya andA. G. Merzhanov, in “Combustion Process in Chemical Technology and Metallurgy”, edited by A. G. Merzhanov (Chernogolovka, 1975) p. 174.

  22. F. Van Zeggeren andS. H. Storey, “The Computation of Chemical Equilibria” (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  23. C. C. Mamyan, Yu. M. Petrov, L. K. Steceek, in “Combustion Process in Chemical Technology and Metallurgy”, edited by A. G. Merzhanov (Chernogolovka, 1975) p. 188.

  24. B. I. Khaikin,ibid., p. 227.

  25. S. B. Morgolis, B. J. Matkowsky andM. R. Botty, in “Combustion and Plasma Synthesis of High temperature Materials”, edited by Z. A. Munir and J. B. Holt (VCH, New York, 1990) p. 73.

    Google Scholar 

  26. A. Baylin andB. J. Matkowsky,ibid.in “, p. 61.

    Google Scholar 

  27. V. Hlavacek, P. Dimitriou, J. Degreve andJ. Scholtz,ibid.in “, p. 83.

    Google Scholar 

  28. R. Armstrong andM. Koszykowski,ibid.in “, p. 88.

    Google Scholar 

  29. V. Hlavacek, J. Puszynski, J. Degreve andS. Kumar,Chem. Engng Sci. 41 (1986) 877.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. J. Puszynski, J. Degreve andV. Hlavacek,Ind. Engng Chem. Res. 26 (1987) 1424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. J. Rajaiah, H. Dandekar, J. Puszynski, J. Degreve andV. Hlavacek,ibid. 27 (1988) 513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. D. I. Khaikin andA. G. Merzhanov,ibid. 2 (1966) 22.

    Google Scholar 

  33. C. Wagner,Z. Physik. Chem. B34 (1936) 309.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. A. P. Hardt andP. V. Phung,Combust Flame 21 (1973) 77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. W. Jander,Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 163 (1927) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. R. E. Carter,J. Chem. Phys. 34 (1961) 2010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Idem., ibid. 35 (1961) 1137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. H. Schmalzried, in “Treatise an Solid State Chemistry”, Vol. 4, “Reactivity of Solids”, edited by N. B. Hannay (Plenum Press, New York, 1976) p. 233.

    Google Scholar 

  39. A. W. D. Hills, in “Heterogeneous Kinetics at Elevated Temperatures”, edited by G. R. Belton and W. L. Worrel (Plenum Press, New York, 1970) p. 449.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  40. R. Pampuch, J. Lis andL. Stobierski, in “Science of Ceramics 14”, edited by D. Taylor (The Institute of Ceramics, Shelton, Stoke-on-trent, Staffs., UK, 1988) p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  41. A. A. Zenin, A. G. Merzhanov, G. A. Nersisyan,Combust. Explos. Shock Waves USSR 17(1) (1981) 63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. F. G. Shkadinski, B. I. Khaikin andA. G. Merzhanov,ibid. 7 (1971) 15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. V. M. Shkiro, G. A. Nersisyan andI. P. Borovinskaya,ibid. 14 (1978) 455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. A. R. Serkisyan, S. K. Dolukhanyan, I. P. Borovinskaya andA. G. Merzhanov,ibid. 14 (1978) 310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. A. R. Serkisyan, S. K. Dolukhanyan andI. P. Borovinskaya,Sov. Powd. Met. Met. Cer. 17 (1978) 424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. G. Hagg,Z. Phys. Chem. B12 (1931) 33.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Idem., ibid. B11 (1930) 433.

    Google Scholar 

  48. A. Westgren,J. Franklin Inst. 212 (1931) 577.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. S. G. Vadchenko, Y. M. Grigorev andA. G. Merzhanov,Combust. Explos. Shock Waves USSR 12 (1976) 606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. V. A. Knyazik, A. G. Merzhanov, V. V. Solomonov andK. S. Shteinberg,ibid. 21 (1985) 333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. A. S. Rogachev, A. S. Mukasyan andA. G. Merzhanov,Dokl. Phys. Chem. 297 (1987) 1240.

    Google Scholar 

  52. E. A. Nekrasov, Y. M. Maksimov, M. K. Ziatdilov andA. S. Shteinberg,ibid. 14 (1978) 575.

    Google Scholar 

  53. A. I. Kirbyashkin, I. M. Moksimov andA. G. Merzhanov,ibid. 17 (1982) 191.

    Google Scholar 

  54. T. S. Azatyan, V. M. Maltsev, A. G. Merzhanov andV. A. Seleznev,ibid. 13 (1977) 156.

    Google Scholar 

  55. V. M. Shkiro andI. P. Borovinskaya, in “Combustion Process in Chemical Technology and Metallurgy”, edited by A. G. Merzhanov, (Chernogolovka, 1975) p. 253.

  56. V. M. Shkiro, V. N. Doroshin andI. P. Borovinskaya,Combust. Explos. shock Waves USSR 16 (1981) 370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Y. S. Naiberdenko, V. I. Itin, A. G. Merzhanov, I. P. Borovinskaya, V. P. Ushakov andV. M. Maslov,Sov. Phys. J. 6 (1975) 872.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Y. S. Naiberdenko andV. I. Itin,Combust. Explos. Shock Waves USSR 11 (1975) 293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. V. M. Maslov, I. P. Borovinskaya andA. G. Merzhanov,ibid. 12 (1976) 31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Y. S. Naiberdenko andV. I. Itin,ibid. 11 (1975) 626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. B. V. Boldyrev, V. V. Aleksandrov, M. A. Korchagin, B. P. Tolochko, S. N. Gusko, A. S. Solokov, M. A. Sheromov andN. Z. Lyakhov,Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 259 (1981) 1127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. V. V. Aleksandrov, M. A. Korchagin, B. P. Tolochko andM. A. Sheromov,Combust. Explos. Shock Waves USSR 19 (1984) 430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. K. A. Philpot, Z. A. Munir andJ. B. Holt,J. Mater. Sci. 22 (1987) 159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Y. S. Naibordenko, V. I. Itin, B. P. Belozerov andV. P. Ushakov,Sov. Phys. J. 16 (1973) 1507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. I. P. Borovinskaya andV. E. Loryan,Sov. Powd. Met. Met. Ceram. 17 (1978) 851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Z. A. Munir andJ. B. Holt,J. Mater. Sci. 22 (1987) 710.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. A. G. Merzhanov, I. P. Borovinskaya andY. E. Volodin,Dokl. Phys. Chem. 206 (1973) 833.

    Google Scholar 

  68. M. Eslaomloo-Grami andZ. A. Munir,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 73 (1990) 1235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. A. N. Pityulin, V. A. Sheherbakov, I. P. Borovinskaya andA. G. Merzhanov,Combust. Explos. Shock Waves USSR 15 (1979) 432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. A. G. Strunina, T. M. Martem'yanove, V. V. Barzykin andV. I. Ermakov,ibid. 10 (1974) 449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. P. V. Phung andA. P. Hardt,Combust. Flame 22 (1974) 323.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. I. I. Korotkevich, G. V. Khil'chenko, G. P. Polunina andL. M. Vidavskii,Combust. Explos. Shock Waves USSR 17 (1981) 61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. N. A. Martirosyan, S. K. Dolukhanyan, I. P. Borovinskaya andA. G. Merzhanov,Sov. Powd. Met. Met. Ceram. 16 (1977) 522.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Pamphlets from Licensintorg, Moscow, Russia

  75. R. W. Rice andW. J. McDonough,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 68 (1985) c-122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. K. A. Gabriel andJ. R. Alexander, in “Material Processing by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS)”, edited by K. Gabriel, S. Wah and J. W. McCauley, MTL SP87-3, DARPA/Army Symposium Proceedings October 1985, p. 441.

  77. A. G. Merzhanov et al., USSR Pat. 584 052 (1975).

  78. G. Y. Richardson, R. W. Rice andW. J. McDonough,Ceram. Engng Sci. Proc. 7 (1986) 761.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. C. P. Cameron, J. H. Enloe, L. E. Dolhert andR. W. Rice,ibid. 11 (1990) 1190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. R. W. Rice,ibid. 11 (1990) 1126.

    Google Scholar 

  81. L. J. Kecskes, T. Kohke andA. Niiler,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 73 (1990) 1274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. L. J. Kecskes, R. F. Benck andP. H. Netherwood Jr,ibid. 73 (1990) 383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Y. Miyamoto, M. Koizumi andO. Yamada,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 67 (1984) c-224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. O. Yamada, Y. Miyamoto andM. Koizumi,Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 64 (1985) 319.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. S. Adachi, T. Wada, T. Mihara, Y. Miyamoto, M. Koizumi andO. Yamada,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 72 (1989) 805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. S. Adachi, T. Wada, T. Mihara, Y. Miyamoto andM. Koizumi,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 73 (1990) 1451.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Y. Miyamoto,Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 69 (1990) 686.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. R. W. Rice, W. J. McDonough, G. Y. Richardson, J. M. Kunutz andT. Schroeter,Ceram. Engng Sci. Proc. 7 (1986) 751.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. R. W. Rice,ibid. 11 (1990) 1203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. J. Subrahmanyam, unpublished.

  91. H. J. Frost andM. F. Ashby, “Deformation Mechanism Maps” (Pergamon Press, 1982) p. 90.

  92. J. A. Puszynski, S. Majorowski andV. Hlavacek,Ceram. Engng Sci. Proc. 11 (1990) 1182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. G. E. Dieter, in “Metals Handbook, 9th Edn, Vol. 14 (ASM International, Ohio, USA, 1988) pp. 363, 373.

    Google Scholar 

  94. S. I. Oh,Int. J. Mech. Sci. 17 (1982) 293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. A. G. Merzhanov, V. I. Jukhvid, I. P. Borovinskaya andF. I. Dobovitsky, UK Pat. 1497 025 (1978).

  96. O. Odawara, US Pat. 4363 832 (1982).

  97. O. Odawara andJ. Ikeuchi,J. Jpn Inst. Metals Sendai 45 (1981) 316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Idem., J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 69 (1986) c-85.

    Google Scholar 

  99. O. Odawara,ibid. 73 (1990) 629.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. O. Odawara, in “MRS International Meet on Advanced Materials”, Vol. 4 (Eds. M. Doyama, S. Somiya, R. P. H. Chang, Publ. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Penn., USA, 1989) p. 535.

    Google Scholar 

  101. G. B. Schafer andP. G. McCormik,Scripta Metall. 23 (1989) 835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. P. G. McCormik, private communication 1990.

  103. N. Sata, K. Nagata, N. Sanada, T. Hirano andM. Niino, in “MRS International Meet on Advanced Materials”, Vol. 4 (Eds. M. Doyama, S. Somiya, R. P. H. Chang, Publ. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Penn., USA, 1989) 541.

    Google Scholar 

  104. L. Christodoulou, D. C. Nagle andBrupbacher, Int. Pat. wo86/06366 (1986).

  105. A. K. Kuruvilla, K. S. Prasad, V. V. Bhanuprasad andY. R. Mahajan,Scripta Metall. 24 (1990) 873.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. S. Ranganath, M. Vijayakumar andJ. Subrahmanyam,Mat. Sci. & Engg., A149 (1992) 253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. J. J. Kingsley, N. Manickam andK. C. Patil,Bull. Mater. Sci. 13 (1990) 179.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. M. M. A. Sekhar, S. S. Manoharan andK. C. Patil,J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 9 (1990) 1205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. R. Gopichandran andK. C. Patil,Mater. Lett. 10 (1990) 291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. R. Gopalan, Y. S. N. Murthy, T. Rajasekharan, S. Ravi andV. Seshubai,ibid. 8 (1989) 441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Combustion Synthesis Group, 500 258, Hyderabad, India

    J. Subrahmanyam & M. Vijayakumar

Authors
  1. J. Subrahmanyam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Vijayakumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Subrahmanyam, J., Vijayakumar, M. Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. J Mater Sci 27, 6249–6273 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00576271

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00576271

Keywords

Search

Navigation