Skip to main content
Log in

Electrochemical machining

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To the end of 1974 the scientific literature contained over 1200 articles on electrochemical machining (ECM) [1]. Additionally approximately 100 papers appeared in 1975. Although a large number of those references appeared in what might be described as ‘non-learned’ journals, this still leaves the potential student with a difficult task if he wishes to review the state of the art. This is the first attempt to review thoroughly the literature in this field, although only a small proportion of those contributions are considered pertinent. The review will take the following form: after an introductory chapter there will be two chapters on dissolution kinetics, the second concerned with the kinetics as affected by the physical characteristics of the electrolyte; this will be followed by a section on the effects of electrochemically machined surface on the physical properties of a metal. Chapters 5 and 6 will deal with tool design and the optimizing of process parameters, after which will be a review of topics concerned with the application of ECM.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. Bannard and L. Bannard, ‘Bibliography of Electrochemical Machining’, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Nottingham, (1975).

  2. V. N. Gusev and L. A. Rozhkov, Authors Certificate 28384 (1928).

  3. V. N. Gusev, Brit. Pat. 335003 (1928).

  4. Y. N. Petrov and A. L. Vishnitski,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1967) 36.

    Google Scholar 

  5. I. I. Moroz,Zh. Vsesoy, Khim. Obsh. D.I. Mendeleev,8 (1964) 544.

    Google Scholar 

  6. idem, Stanki i Instrument9 (1967) 36.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Y. S. Volkov,ibid 9 (1967) 33.

    Google Scholar 

  8. A. H. Bagramyan,Elekronnya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1968) 21.

    Google Scholar 

  9. E. Y. Grodzinsky,Fizika i Khim Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1968) 52.

    Google Scholar 

  10. V. S. Krylov, A. D. Davydov and J. Kozak,Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 1155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J. H. Crawford, SAE Paper 505C (1962).

  12. N. D. G. Mountford,Trans. Inst. Metal Finishing,40 (1963) 171.

    Google Scholar 

  13. A. E. Debarr, NewScientist,23 Part 398 (1964) 40.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Idem, Metalworking Prod.108 (1964) 66.

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. A. Gurklis, Defence Materials Inf. Centre, Report 213 (1965).

  16. D. L. Norwood, ASTME Tech. Paper MR66-157 (1966).

  17. Idem, Machinery (London)109 (1966) 239.

    Google Scholar 

  18. J. A. Cross, ASTME Tech. Paper MR67-640 (1967).

  19. P. J. Boden and P. A. BrookThe Production Engineer (1969) 408.

  20. P. A. Brook,Metals and Materials,3 (1969) 359.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. J. P. Hoare and M. A. Laboda,Scient. Am. 230 (1974) 30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. A. D. Davydov and V. D. Kashcheev,Itogi Nauki i Teknici Elektrokhimiya,9 (1974) 154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. A. E. Debarr and D. A. Oliver, ‘Electrochemical Machining’, McDonald, London, (1968). Reprinted by M.T.I.R.A., Macclesfield, England.

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. F. Wilson, ‘Practice and Theory of Electrochemical Machining’, Wiley, New York, (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. A. McGeough, ‘Principles of Electrochemical Machining’ Chapman and Hall, London, (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  26. W. B. Stevenson,Products Finishing,26 (1962) 36.

    Google Scholar 

  27. M. Schmeisser, H. Latka and N. Bemelmans,Ind. Anz. 89 (1967) (23), 37.

    Google Scholar 

  28. P. Warburton,Prod. Eng. 44 (1965) 520.

    Google Scholar 

  29. J, Throop, ASTME Tech. Paper SP66-41 (1965).

  30. B. S. Miller,Metalworking,22 (1966) 50.

    Google Scholar 

  31. A. L. Livshits,Stanki i Instrument 1 (1967) 14.

    Google Scholar 

  32. B. R. Lazarenko,Elekronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1967) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  33. L. Y. Popilov, ‘Electrophysical and electrochemical machining of materials’ Mashinostroenya, Moscow (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  34. M. Pourbaix, ‘Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria’ Pergamon, London (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  35. U. R. Evans,Electrochim. Acta 16 (1971) 1825.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. H. H. Uhlig,Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 85 (1944) 307.

    Google Scholar 

  37. K. Schwabe,Angewandte Chem. (Int. Edition)5 (1966) 185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. K. E. Heusler,Z. Elektrochem. 62 (1958) 582.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Idem, Chem. Ing. Tech.36 (1964) 589.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. P. A. Jacquet,Metal Finishing,47 (1949) 48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. H. F. Walton,J. Electrochem. Soc. 97 (1950) 219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. J. M. West, ‘Electrodeposition and Corrosion Processes’, Van Nostrand London, (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  43. M. Cole and T. P. Hoar, CITCE 8 (Now ISE) Butterworth, London, (1958) p. 115.

    Google Scholar 

  44. T. P. Hoar and T. W. Farthing,Nature 169 (1952) 324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. T. P. Hoar and J. A. S. Mowat,Nature 165 (1950) 64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. M. Turner and P. A. Brook,Electrodeposition and Surface Treatment,2 (1973/4) 245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. D. Landolt, R. H. Müller and C. W. Tobias,J. Electrochem. Soc. 118 (1971) 40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Idem, ibid116 (1969) 1384.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. K. Kinoshita, D. Landolt, R. H. Müller and C. W. Tobias,ibid 117 (1970) 1246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. T. P. Hoar, D. C. Mears and G. P. Rothwell,Corr. Sci. 5 (1965) 279.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. T. P. Hoar and D. C. Mears,Proc. Roy. Soc. 294A (1966) 486.

    Google Scholar 

  52. T. P. Hoar,Coor. Sci. 7 (1967) 341.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. J. M. Evans and P. J. Boden ‘Fundamentals of Electrochemical Machining’, Electrochemical Society, (1971).

  54. T. P. Hoar,Discussions Faraday Society 1 (1947) 299.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Idem, ‘Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 2’, (Ed. J. O'M. Bockris), Butterworths, London (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  56. I. L. Rozenfeld and I. S. Danilov,Zashch. Metallov. 2 (1966) 134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. M. Pourbaix,International Conf. Localised Corrosion, Williamsburg, Virginia, (1971).

  58. V. Ashworth, P. J. Boden, J. S. L. Leach and A. Y. Nehru,Corr. Sci. 10 (1970) 481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. U. F. Franck,Proc. 1st Int. Corr. Congress, London, (1961).

  60. T. P. Hoar,Trans. Farady Soc. 33 (1937) 1152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. H. W. Pickering and R. P. Frankenthal,Int. Conf. Localised Corrosion, Williamsburg, Virginia, (1971).

  62. V. M. Novakowski and A. N. Sorokina,Corr. Sci. 6 (1966) 227.

    Google Scholar 

  63. J. M. Kolotyrkin,Zashch. Metallov. 1 (1965) 161.

    Google Scholar 

  64. D. M. Brasher,Brit. Corr. J. 2 (1967) 95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. J. B. Cotton and I. Dugdale,Corr. Sci. 4 (1964) 397.

    Google Scholar 

  66. S. Ito and K. Chikamori,J. Mech. Lab. (Tokyo)17 (1963) 9.

    Google Scholar 

  67. S. Ito, H. Yamamoto and K. Chikamori,ibid 21 (1967) 103.

    Google Scholar 

  68. S. Ito and H. Yamamoto,ibid 22 (1968) 149.

    Google Scholar 

  69. G. A. Alexeev, Yu. S. Volkov, M. A. Monina and I. I. Moroz,Fiz. i Khim. Obrabot Mat. 5 (1968) 31.

    Google Scholar 

  70. A. D. Davydov, L; L. Knots, V. D. Kashcheev and V. V. Kushnev,Elektronnaya Obrabrot. Mat. 2 (1969) 82.

    Google Scholar 

  71. K. Chikamori and S. Ito,J. Mech. Lab. (Tokyo)22 (1968) 155.

    Google Scholar 

  72. J. P. Hoare, M. A. Laboda, M. L. MacMillan and A. J. Wallace,J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 199.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. J. P. Hoare,ibid 117 (1970) 142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. K. Chikamori and S. Ito,Denki Kagaku 38 (1970) 492.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. D. T. Chin, ‘Fundamentals of ECM’ Electrochem. Soc. (1971).

  76. K-W. Mao,J. Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973) 1056.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. A. J. Levin, M. A. Evseeva and A. V. Nechaev,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1973) 5.

    Google Scholar 

  78. G. N. Zaidman and A. I. Loskutov,ibid 5 (1973) 18.

    Google Scholar 

  79. J. P. Simpson and P. A. Brook,J. Appl. Electrochem. 4 (1974) 163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. A. D. Davydov, A. N. Kamkin, S. V. Klopova and V. D. Kashcheev,Electronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1973) 28.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Yu. S. Volkov, M. A. Monina and I. I. Moroz,ibid. 3 (1972) 11.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Brit. Pat. 1031663.

  83. O. A. Vodyanitsky, M. A. Monina and I. I. Moroz,Fiz. i Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 11 (1968) 45.

    Google Scholar 

  84. K-W. Mao,J. Electrochem. Soc. 118 (1971) 1870.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Idem, ibid118 (1971) 1876.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. K-W. Mao, M. A. Laboda, and J. P. Hoare,ibid 119 (1972) 419.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. D-T. Chin,ibid 119 (1972) 1181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. D-T. Chin and A. J. Wallace,ibid 120 (1973) 1487.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. K-W. Mao and D-T. Chin,ibid 121 (1974) 191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. D-T. Chin and K-W. Mao,J. Appl. Electrochem. 4 (1974) 155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. J. P. Hoare,Nature 219 (1968) 1034.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. P. J. Boden and J. M. Evans,ibid 222 (1969) 377 andElectrochim. Acta 16 (1971) 1071.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. A. D. Davydov, A. D. Romashkan, M. A. Monina and V. D. Kashcheev,Elektrokhimiya 10 (1974) 1681.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. E. S. Varenki, V. P. Galushko, N. D. Koshmanenko and F. M. Kiselchuck,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 2 (1974) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  95. M. Datta and D. Landolt,J. Electrochem. Soc. 122 (1975) 1466.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. D. Landolt.Chem.-Ing. Tech. 45 (1973) 188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. J. P. Hoare, K-W. Mao and A. J. Wallace,Corrosion 27 (1971) 211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. D-T. Chin.J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 1043.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. J. P. Hoare, K-W. Mao and A. J. Wallace,Corr. Sci. 12 (1972) 571.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. N. J. Pryor and M. Cohen,J. Electrochem. Soc. 100 (1953) 203.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. J. P. Hoare and K-W. Mao,ibid 120 (1973) 1452.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. K-W. Mao and D-T. Chin.ibid 121 (1974) 191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. M. A. Laboda, A. J. Chartrand, J. P. Hoare, C. R. Wiese and K-W. Mao,ibidJ. Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973) 643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. K. J. Vetter, ‘Electrochemical Kinetics’, Academic, New York, (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  105. D. Landolt,J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 708.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. H. E. Freer, J. B. Hanley and G. D. S. McLellan, ‘Fundamentals of Electrochemical Machining’, Electrochem. Soc. (1971).

  107. J. P. Hoare and C. R. Wiese,Corr. Sci. 15 (1975) 435.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. J. A. Gurklis, ASTME, Tech. Paper EM67-641 (1967).

  109. Anon,Tool Manufac. Eng. 58 (1967) 82.

  110. A. D. Davydov, V. D. Kashcheev, and V. P. Krivenky,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1973) 5.

    Google Scholar 

  111. D. J. Royer, J. Kleinberg and A. W. Davidson,J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 4 (1957) 115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. T. V. Kuleshova,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. Part 6 (1968) 24.

    Google Scholar 

  113. J. Bannard,J. Appl. Electrochem. 4 (1974) 229.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. K. Chikamori and S. Ito,Denki Kagaku 39 (1971) 493.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Brit. Pat. 1033005.

  116. K-W. Mao and J. P. Hoare,Corr. Sci. 13 (1973) 799.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. A. G. Atanasyants, A. F. Ivanovsky, D. Ya. Dlugach and Ts. O. Georgiev,Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 48 (1974) 366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. N. A. Amirkhanova, A. K. Zhuravski and N. G. Uskova,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1972) 19.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Brit. Pat. 958401.

  120. Brit. Pat. 985158.

  121. V. D. Kulagin,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1971) 16.

    Google Scholar 

  122. P. A. Brook and Q. Iqbal,J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 1458.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. J. Bannard,J. Appl. Electrochem. 4 (1974) 117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. V. I. Mutsianko, E. S. Stepanov and T. V. Kuleshova,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 2 (1973) 89.

    Google Scholar 

  125. A. N. Belyakova, A. D. Davydov, B. N. Kabanov and V. D. Kashcheev,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 2 (1969) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  126. A. D. Davydov and B. N. Kabanov,Elektronnaya Obrabot Mat. 2 (1974) 10.

    Google Scholar 

  127. A. D. Davydov and V. D. Kashcheev,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1968) 40.

    Google Scholar 

  128. A. D. Davydov, B. N. Kabanov and V. D. Kascheev,ibid 1 (1970) 48.

    Google Scholar 

  129. V. N. Misra, P. R. Khangaonkar and V. M. Dokras,J. Inst. Eng. (India)50 (1969) (2) 6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. H. Yamamoto and S. Ito,J. Mech. Lab. (Tokyo)4 (1970) 224.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Brit. Pat. 936871.

  132. Brit. Pat. 1257061.

  133. V. V. Parshutin and Yu. N. Petrov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1969) 17.

    Google Scholar 

  134. I. A. Menzies and A. F. Averill,Electrochim. Acta.13 (1968) 807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. I. A. Menzies, D. Geary and G. B. Griffin,J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 849.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. J. E. Bannard, P. J. Boden and P. A. Brook,I.E.E. Conf. Publ. 133 (1975) 147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Brit. Pat. 1359104.

  138. N. H. Cook, S. P. Loutrel and M. C. Meslink,M.I.T. Report AD659004 (Jan. 1967).

  139. D. G. Lovering, 23rd ISE Meeting, Stockholm (1972) Abstr. p. 103.

  140. D. L. Piron, S. Asakura and K. Nobe,Int. Symp. Metal-Slag-Gas reactions, Electrochem Soc. (1975) 625.

  141. R. K. Flatt and P. A. Brook,Corr. Sci. 11 (1971) 185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. R. A. Robinson and R. H. Stokes, ‘Electrolyte Solutions’, Butterworth, London (1959) 466.

    Google Scholar 

  143. A. D. Davydov, E. Ya. Grodzinski and A. N. Kamkin,Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 518.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. N. Shikata, S. Ito and K. Kikuchi,Bull. Jap. Soc. Pree. Eng. 3 (1969) 61.

    Google Scholar 

  145. B. P. Saushkin, G. N. Korchagin and G. V. Kuleshov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1974) 21.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Ya. N. Petrov, G. N. Zaidman and B. P. Saushkin,ibid 5 (1974) 17.

    Google Scholar 

  147. B. P. Saushkin,ibid 2 (1975) 21 and 3 (1975) 14.

    Google Scholar 

  148. S. Ito, K. Honda and T. Hayashi,J. Mech. Lab. (Tokyo)18 (1964) (5) 7.

    Google Scholar 

  149. V. A. Timoveev, V. V. Klokov, and V. P. Smolentsov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1972) 10.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Ya. N. Petrov, G. N. Zaidman, B. P. Saushkin and N. A. Ferdman,ibid 1 (1975) 24.

    Google Scholar 

  151. F. V. Sedykin, L. B. Dmitriev, V. V. Borodin and V. V. Lyubimov,ibid 1 (1973) 11.

    Google Scholar 

  152. A. I. Levin and A. V. Nechaev,ibid 1 (1971) 12.

    Google Scholar 

  153. N. H. Cook, G. B. Foote, P. Jordan and B. N. Kalyani,J. Eng. Ind (1973) 945.

  154. C. F. Noble and S. J. Shine,J. Appl. Electrochem. 5 (1975) 215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. K. S. Indira, S. K. Rangarajan and K. S. G. Doss,J. Electroanal. Chem. 21 (1969) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  156. J. Postlethwaite and A. Kell,J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 1351.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. J. Cooper, R. H. Müller and C. W. Tobias, ‘Fundamentals of Electrochemical Machining’, Electrochem. Soc. (1971).

  158. J. Hopenfeld and R. R. Cole,J. Eng. Ind. (1966) 455.

  159. V. V. Klokov and V. P. Smolentsov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 4 (1972) 13.

    Google Scholar 

  160. G. N. Zaidman, V. V. Parshutin and Yu. N. Petrov,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 2 (1969) 53.

    Google Scholar 

  161. D. Landolt, R. Acosta, R. H. Müller and C. W. Tobias,J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 839.

    Google Scholar 

  162. J. W. Throop, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR69-573 (1969).

  163. T. P. Lohouse,ibid MR67-645 (1967).

  164. W. P. Huhn,ibid MR67-646 (1967).

  165. F. A. Pitschke,ibid MR65-115 (1965).

  166. Yu. S. Volkov and I. I. Moroz,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1968) 17.

    Google Scholar 

  167. S. P. Loutrel and N. H. Cook, ASME Publ. No. 3 (1973).

  168. K. Seimija and S. Ito,J. Mech. Eng. Lab. (Tokyo)26 (1972) (2) 69.

    Google Scholar 

  169. V. P. Kiselev,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1970) 19.

    Google Scholar 

  170. V. V. Grigorev, V. A. Shmanov, and Ya. A. Sirazh,ibid 4 (1968) 19.

    Google Scholar 

  171. K. Seimiya and S. Ito,Bull. Jap. Soc. Proc. Eng. 4 Part 2 (1970) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  172. S. Ito, K. Chikamori, A. Kogure and T. Mori,J. Mech. lab. (Tokyo)19 Part 2 (1965) 17.

    Google Scholar 

  173. S. Ito, K. Chikamori and F. Sakurai,ibid 20 Part 2 (1966) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  174. G. E. Gadd,Nature 212 (1966) 874.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. L. Kops and V. B. Quach,Proc. N. Am. Metalwork Res. Conf. (May 1973) p. 159.

  176. Idem304/5 (1975) 16.

    Google Scholar 

  177. D. K. Pramanik, R. A. Agarural and A. K. De,Machinery (London)126 (1975) 224.

    Google Scholar 

  178. C. N. Larsson and T. Pyle, ‘Fundamentals of electrochemical machining’, Electrochem. Soc. (1971).

  179. G. N. Zaidman, V. V. Parshutin and Yu. N. Petrov,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1968) 41.

    Google Scholar 

  180. G. N. Zaidman, G. L. Mochalova and Yu. N. Petrov,ibid 1 (1970) 36.

    Google Scholar 

  181. A. D. Davydov, G. N. Korchagin and V. D. Kashcheev,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 4 (1975) 9.

    Google Scholar 

  182. J. W. Cuthbertson and T. S. Turner,The Production Engineer (May 1966) 270.

  183. R. M. Wolosewicz, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR70-220 (1970).

  184. E. Rössner and L. Franke,Technik. 26 (1971) 504.

    Google Scholar 

  185. S. P. Loutrel and N. H. Cook, ASME Publ. No.1 (1973).

  186. Brit. Pat. 954557.

  187. J. Bannard,J. Appl. Electrochem. 5 (1975) 43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. H. Dietz, K. Otto and G. Stark,V.D.I. Zeit 109 (1967) 1057.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. F. V. Sedykin,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 2 (1967) 24.

    Google Scholar 

  190. V. D. Kashcheev, S. V. Klopova and A. D. Davydov,ibid 1 (1969) 12.

    Google Scholar 

  191. L. A. Williams,I.E.E.E. Trans. Ind. Electr. 10 (1963) 101.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Brit. Pat. 1317945.

  193. Brit. Pat. 1320000.

  194. Brit. Pat. 1041766.

  195. Brit. Pat. 1072952.

  196. S. Ito, K. Chikamori and F. Sakurai,J. Mech. Lab. (Tokyo)20 (1966) 146.

    Google Scholar 

  197. V. V. Morosov, E. I. Pupkov, B. L. Orlov and V. I. Gnidin,Technol. Mashinstr. Tula21 (1971) 66.

    Google Scholar 

  198. M. Minca,Constr. Masini 25 (1973) 665.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Brit. Pat. 1240929.

  200. U. Buttner,Technik 21 (1966) 554.

    Google Scholar 

  201. V. V. Vasilev and Yu. M. Sukhorukov,Stankt i Instr. 9 (1975) 28–9.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Brit. Pat. 789293.

  203. Brit. Pat. 1074749.

  204. B. I. Morozov and G. N. Zaidman,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 4 (1973) 17; and B. I. Morozov,ibid 6 (1974) 26.

    Google Scholar 

  205. N. A. Amirkhanova, Ya. M. Bikbaev, N. Z. Gimaev and A. M. Myzdrikov,ibid (1975)1 15.

    Google Scholar 

  206. N. I. Ivanov, V. P. Rassakazov and F. V. Sedykin, Sedykin,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1969) 38.

    Google Scholar 

  207. G. V. Chaika,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1970) 23.

    Google Scholar 

  208. L. M. Kovalev,Vestnik. Mashinostroeniya 54 (1974) (4) 77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. T. M. Mercer,Metal Progr. 97 (1970) 136.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Brit. Pats. 1301189, 1115409, 1004009, 1239963.

  211. N. G. Kharlan, A. A. Mamakov, A. N. Yagubets and V. V. Karyakin,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1969) 47.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Brit. Pat. 970436.

  213. W. Mauz,VDI (Ber.)240 (1975) 51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Brit. Pat. 1252691.

  215. S. Ito, K. Honda and F. Sakurai,J. Mech. Lab. (Japan)11 (1965) 67.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Yu. N. Petrov and G. L. Mochalova,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1968) 15.

    Google Scholar 

  217. V. V. Parshutin and G. N. Zaidman,ibid 18 Part 4 (1966) 26.

    Google Scholar 

  218. G. L. Mochalova,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1970) 52.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Idem, Fiz.-Khim. Mekhan. Mat.6 (1970) 101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. A. B. Dmitriev, A. A. Eliseev, N. N. Kharitonov and N. V. Romanov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 3 (1972) 8.

    Google Scholar 

  221. L. M. Voronenko and I. I. Moroz,ibid 1 (1970) 25.

    Google Scholar 

  222. L. M. Voronenko, A. D. Davydov and V. D. Kashcheev,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1972) 133.

    Google Scholar 

  223. G. Pahlitzsch, and E. Dreesmann,Z. Wirt. Fertigung 68 (1913) 409.

    Google Scholar 

  224. G. L. Mochalova,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1969) 34.

    Google Scholar 

  225. J. P. Hoare, A. J. Chartrand and M. A. Laboda,J. Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973) 1071.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. K. Mirumachi and K. Hijikata,J. Jap. Soc. Powder Met. 18 (1972) 18.

    Google Scholar 

  227. V. V. Parshutin, Yu. N. Petrov and A. I. Loskutov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 3 (1970) 15.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Yu. Petrov and V. V. Parshutin,ibid 4 (1972) 22.

    Google Scholar 

  229. O. P. Gamov,ibid 3 (1973) 18.

    Google Scholar 

  230. H. Reinhart and W. Grünwald,Werkstoff u. Betrieb. 95 (1962) 212.

    Google Scholar 

  231. ‘Electrochemical treatment of metals’, Kishinev, Izdatel'stvo Shtiintsa (1971).

  232. J. F. Kahles,Tool Prod. 36 (1970) 61.

    Google Scholar 

  233. J. F. Kahles and M. Field, SME Tech. paper IQ 71-240.

  234. G. Bellows, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR68-518 (1968).

  235. G. Bellows,Tool Manufac. Eng. 61 (1968) (3) 66.

    Google Scholar 

  236. J. Frisch and R. R. Cole, ASME Paper 61-WA-94 (1961) andEng. Ind. 84 (1962) 483.

    Google Scholar 

  237. R. C. Movich, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR69-110 (1969).

  238. M. Field, J. F. Kahles and W. P. Koster,ibid MR67-142 (1967).

  239. J. M. Evans, P. J. Boden and A. A. Baker, ‘Proc. 12th Int. Machine Tool Design and Research Conference’, Macmillan, London (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  240. J. A. Gurklis, ASTME Tech. Paper EM66-166 (1966).

  241. H. Heitmann,Ind. Anz. 89 (1967) (23) 25.

    Google Scholar 

  242. E. N. Kanin, V. P. Batrakov, V. S. Poroikova and T. N. Smirnova,Elektrkhim. Polirovanie Met. (1974) 30.

  243. M. Field, W. P. Koster and J. F. Kahles,Int. Conf. Manf. Technol. (1967) 1319.

  244. H. Wiegand and H. Speckhardt,Metalloberfläche 20 (1966) 2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. S. V. Ventsel and B. V. Indin,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 3 (1975) 18.

    Google Scholar 

  246. G. Rowden,Metallurgia 77 (1968) 189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. J. R. Stephens,NASA Tech. note D304 (August 1964).

  248. K. Sedlatschek and D. A. Thomas,Powder Met. Bull. 8 (1957) (1–2) 35.

    Google Scholar 

  249. A. Fourdeaux and A. Wronski,Brit. J. Appl. Physics 14 (1963) 218.

    Google Scholar 

  250. W. A. Ward, M. L. Jacobson and C. O. Matthews,Trans. A.S.M. 54 (1961) 84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. G. P. Zlobin and A. B. Platov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1968) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  252. H. W. Bredin,Machinery 66 (1960) (11) 113.

    Google Scholar 

  253. R. Mondon,Met. Prog. 83 (1963) 95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. G. K. Gorobets, A. D. Kornev, N. F. Kuz'min and N. I. Ogurtsev,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1971) 38.

    Google Scholar 

  255. A. I. Isaev, G. V. Kargin and P. P. Kryuchkov,Veshnik Mashinostroenya 3 (1975) 77.

    Google Scholar 

  256. F. B. Fuller,Met. Prog. 56 (1949) 348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. H. H. Hanink,Prod. Engineering 22 (1951) 164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. G. Bellows and R. M. Niemi, SME Tech. Paper IQ71-239 (1971).

  259. A. M. Egorov and I. A. Kostromin,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1975) 85.

    Google Scholar 

  260. L. M. Shcherbakov,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1968) 36.

    Google Scholar 

  261. B. P. Saushkin,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1973) 11.

    Google Scholar 

  262. V. P. Kiselev,ibid 4 (1971) 9.

    Google Scholar 

  263. C. L. Faust,Trans. Int. Metal Finishing 41 (1964) 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. M. Minca,Const. Masini 26 (1974) 85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. W. Forke, and L. Franke,Technik 23 (1968) 19.

    Google Scholar 

  266. Yu. N. Petrov, I. N. Verkhovetski and G. N. Zaidman,Elektronnaya Obrabot Mat. 5 (1970) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  267. N. D. Pronichev and V. A. Shmanov,ibid 1 (1975) 19.

    Google Scholar 

  268. M. A. Laboda and J. P. Hoare,J. Electrochem. Soc. 122 (1975) 1489.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. A. L. Krylov, V. G. Shuster and R. D. Eidelman,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 3 (1969) 21.

    Google Scholar 

  270. A. L. Krylov and N. I. Gavrilenko,ibid 6 (1972) 13.

    Google Scholar 

  271. J. M. FitzGerald and J. A. McGeough,J. Inst. Maths Appl. 5 (1969) 387.

    Google Scholar 

  272. J. M. FitzGerald, J. A. McGeough and L. M. Marsh,ibid 5 (1969) 409.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Yu. B. Zakharov and L. M. Shcherbakov,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1968) 59.

    Google Scholar 

  274. S. Ito, K. Chikamori and F. Sakurai,J. Mech. Lab. (Tokyo)20 (1966) (1) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  275. G. N. Korchagin, I. K. Mingazetinov and V. A. Petrov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 4 (1972) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  276. V. A. Arantsev and Yu. N. Petrov,ibid 1 (1973) 83.

    Google Scholar 

  277. W. H. Stoll, J. Puhr-Westerheide and R. Scharwachter, IEE Pub. 133 (1975) 169.

  278. V. A. Arantsev,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1975) 88.

    Google Scholar 

  279. G. K. Vandenburgh, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR68412 (1968).

  280. L. A. Williams,Mod. Machine Shop 41 (1969) 129.

    Google Scholar 

  281. J. W. Throop, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR 67-709 (1967).

  282. D. Ya. Dlugach, E. I. Slepushkin and V. M. Shchitova,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 2 (1968) 17.

    Google Scholar 

  283. H. Tipton, ‘Proc. 5th Int. Mach. Tool Design and Res. Conf’., Birmingham. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  284. G. N. Zaidman, V. V. Parshutin and Yu. N. Petrov,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1970) 42.

    Google Scholar 

  285. H. Dietz, K. G. Gunther and K. Otto,Mech. Mat. Electr. 304/5 (1975) 22.

    Google Scholar 

  286. G. N. Korchagin, I. K. Mingazetinov, V. A. Petrov and L. A. Semakov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1973) 9.

    Google Scholar 

  287. G. N. Korchagin and V. A. Makarov,ibid 3 (1974) 21.

    Google Scholar 

  288. J. Hopenfeld and R. R. Cole,J. Eng. Ind. 91, (1969) 755.

    Google Scholar 

  289. F. Feuillebois,Mec. Mat. Electr. 304/5 (1975) 27.

    Google Scholar 

  290. R. Ippolito,CIRP Ann. 24 (1975) 115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. J. F. Thorpe and R. D. Zerkle,Int. J. Mach. Tool Design and Res. 9 (1969) 131.

    Google Scholar 

  292. J. F. Thorpe, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR70-513 (1970).

  293. H. Tipton,Machinery (London)112 (1968) 325.

    Google Scholar 

  294. A. G. Degtyarenko,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1968) 19.

    Google Scholar 

  295. G. A. Alekseev, Yu. S. Volkov and I. I. Moroz,Stanki i. Instrument 39 Part 6 (1968) 11.

    Google Scholar 

  296. H. Geisel,Werkstatt u. Betrieb 102 (1969) 91.

    Google Scholar 

  297. H. Heitmann and D. Pahl,Ind. Anz. 88 (1966) 1509.

    Google Scholar 

  298. K. Kawafune, T. Mikoshiba and K. Noto,CIRP Ann. 16 (1968) 345.

    Google Scholar 

  299. H. Tipton, In reference 23‘.

    Google Scholar 

  300. H. Tipton,IEE Conf. Electr. Methods of Mach. and Form. London (1967).

  301. L. B. Dmitriev, V. V. Lyubimov, V. G. Shlyakov, V. P. Garin and V. D. Strukov,Tekhnol. Mashinostroenya, Tula21 (1971) 87.

    Google Scholar 

  302. L. N. Goldfarb,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 2 (1974) 79.

    Google Scholar 

  303. V. A. Arantsev,ibid 3 (1972) 88.

    Google Scholar 

  304. J. Molloy,Machinery (London)107 (1965) 1027.

    Google Scholar 

  305. S. C. Ratmansky, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR67-311 (1967).

  306. Brit. Pat. 1129268.

  307. N. Shikata and S. Ito,J. Mech. Eng. Lab. (Tokyo)28 (1974) 8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. A. M. Cherevatski, A. G. Farrakhov and V. G. Kozin,Vestnik Machinostroyenya 2 (1975) 81.

    Google Scholar 

  309. G. S. Shmakov and B. P. Yurchenko,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1971) 7.

    Google Scholar 

  310. K. Brinsmead and G. Yuraski, SME Tech, Paper CM70-812 (1970).

  311. C. N. Larsson and E. M. Baxter,IEE Conf. Pub. 133 (Nov. 1975) 161.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Brit. Pat. 1103486.

  313. Brit. Pat. 1353327.

  314. Brit. Pat. 1250902.

  315. Brit. Pats. 933731, 969957.

  316. Brit. Pats. 998739, 1228053.

  317. Brit. Pats. 1136024, 1309491.

  318. Brit. Pat. 1255930.

  319. Brit. Pat. 1318826 and V. V. Zenin, V. P. Kondratev, Vu. M. Vodyanov and F. N. Ryzhkov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 5 (1975) 85.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Brit. Pat. 1169042.

  321. Brit. Pat. 1141022.

  322. Brit. Pat. 1219957.

  323. Brit. Pat. 1238944.

  324. Brit. Pat. 1310702.

  325. Brit. Pat. 1321077.

  326. Brit. Pat. 1310701.

  327. J. W. Cuthbertson and T. S. Turner,Production Engineer 45 (1966) 270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  328. S. P. Loutrel and N. H. Cook, ASME Publications No. 2 (1973).

  329. S. K. Sorkhel, P. Mishra and B. Sur,Trans. Soc. Advancement Electroch. Sci and Techn. 8 (1973) 154.

    Google Scholar 

  330. V. V. Gutikov, V. V. Klokov and V. P. Smolentsev.Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 1 (1971) 31.

    Google Scholar 

  331. J. F. Thorpe and R. D. Zerkle, ‘Fundamentals of ECM’, Electrochem. Soc. (1971).

  332. R. D. Zerkle and J. F. Thorpe, ASTME Tech. Paper MR72-537 (1972).

  333. G. L. Baldwin, D. C. Brown and J. L. Gulati,Engineer 225 (1968) 307.

    Google Scholar 

  334. K. Schekulin,T. Z. Prak. Metallbearbeitung 60 (1966) 22.

    Google Scholar 

  335. G. Bellows, ASTME Tech. Paper MR67-710 (1967).

  336. Anon,Iron Age Metalworking Int. 7 (1968) (2) 42.

  337. Anon,Am. Mach. Metalworking Manuf. 111 (1967) (22) 149.

  338. Anon,Iron Age 199 (1967) (16) 62.

  339. H. J. Humbs,VDI (Ber.)240 (1975) 13.

    Google Scholar 

  340. J. A. Cross, ASTME Tech. Paper MR73-228 (1973).

  341. S. C. Ratmansky,ibid MR69-135 (1969).

  342. H. J. Billing and P. Lawrence,ibid MR73-230 (1973).

  343. C. R. Allison,ibid MR70-554 (1970).

  344. E. J. Krabacher,Metalworking 22 (1966) (4) 44.

    Google Scholar 

  345. A. H. Meleka in reference 23 ‘.

    Google Scholar 

  346. PERA Report 234 (May 1971) reviewed in Engineering Tech. File No. 9 (Sept. 1974).

  347. F. A. Pitschke,S.A.E. Journal 10 (1962) 53.

    Google Scholar 

  348. M. Kronenberg,T.Z. Prak. Metallbearbeitung 59 (1965) 282.

    Google Scholar 

  349. Anon,Can. Mech. Metalworking 79 (1968) 137.

  350. Anon,Metalworking 16 (Dec. 1960) 17.

  351. Anon,Aircraft Production 23 (Feb. 1961) 68.

  352. Anon,Production Equipment 39 (1962) (2) 4, 8, 36.

  353. H. Kubeth,Werkstatt u. Betrieb. 104 (1971) 178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. D. A. Glew, SME Paper No. MR73-162 (1973).

  355. C. Jackson and R. D. Olson,Tool Manuf. Eng. 63 (1969) (3) 44.

    Google Scholar 

  356. C. Jackson,Metal Progr. 97 (1970) (3) 106, 108, 110.

    Google Scholar 

  357. A. Uhlir,Rev. Sci. Instr. 26 (1955) 965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Brit. Pats. 1147952, 1159092, 1159115, 1162648, 1208856, 1222943, 1240757.

  359. Anon,Steel 160 (1967) 49.

  360. P. M. Kelly and J. Nutting,Iron and Steel Inst. J. 192 (1959) 246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Brit. Pat. Application No. P47905 and Brit. Pat. 1339544.

  362. S. Gardner, D. Molloy and K. G. Payne,IEE Conf. Pub. 133 (1975) 176.

    Google Scholar 

  363. J. W. M. Van den Brekel,Metallinstuut T.N.O. 172 (Feb. 1969) 12.

    Google Scholar 

  364. L. A. Williams,Machine Moderne 57 (1963) 26.

    Google Scholar 

  365. H. Kubeth,Ind. Anz. 86 (1964) 1661.

    Google Scholar 

  366. W. B. Kleiner, ASTME, Tech. Paper SP63-40 (1963).

  367. M. Metzger,Rev. Sci. Instr. 29 (1958) 620.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Brit. Pat. 1419992.

  369. W. J. M. Tegart, ‘Electrolytic and chemical polishing of metals in Research and Industry’, Pergamon, New York (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  370. J. L. Jamieson and L. A. Holmes,Tool and Manuf. Eng. 51 (1963) 105.

    Google Scholar 

  371. Brit. Pats. 1147393, 1229043 and 1368422.

  372. Brit. Pats. 1091157, 1110131, 1169234, 1200089, 1224226,

  373. F. E. Cook, H. S. Preiser and J. F. Mills,J. Am. Soc. Naval Eng. 66 (1954) 1005.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. Brit. Pats. 1172135, 1196395.

  375. Brit. Pats. 1032293, 1032734, 1243937.

  376. M. Kubota,Mec. Mat. Electr. 303 (1975) 15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. H. Opitz, H. Heitmann and U. Becker-Barbrock,CIRP Ann. 15 (1967) 263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. R. R. Cole,J. Eng. Ind. 83B (May 1961) 194.

    Google Scholar 

  379. E. Ya. Grodzinsky, M. V. Kozlov and A. D. Davydov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1974) 82.

    Google Scholar 

  380. F. Huges and A. Notter,Mach. Shop. Eng. Manuf. 28 (1967) 218.

    Google Scholar 

  381. A. Geddam and C. F. Noble,IEE Conf. Pub. 133 (Nov. 1975) 249.

    Google Scholar 

  382. M. A. Manolov,Mec. Mat. Electr. 304/5 (1975) 11.

    Google Scholar 

  383. R. M. Latanison, K. C. Nielson and R. Kirschbaum,Mod. Mach. Shop. 46 (1974) (9) 69.

    Google Scholar 

  384. Brit. Pats. 1064995, 1338221, 1346174.

  385. K. Iliev,CIRP Ann. 24 (1975) 141, and L. Kops,Proceedings, 3rd Int. North American Metalworking Research Conf. (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. C. F. Noble,IEE Conf. Pub. 133 (Nov. 1975) 181.

    Google Scholar 

  387. E. A. Randlett and M. P. Ellis, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR67-648 (1967).

  388. G. K. Vandenburgh,ibid MR66-167 (1966).

  389. L. A. Williams,ibid MR66-213 (1966).

  390. C. L. Faust, J. A. Gurklis and J. A. Cross,Int. Conf. Manuf. Technol. (1967) 341.

  391. E. E. Weismantel and R. H. Kuhn, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR68-206 (1968).

  392. S. Sheff,Electrochem. Technol. 5 (1967) 47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. A. V. Margules,Zavod. Lab. 37 (1971) 471.

    Google Scholar 

  394. R. F. Pawel and T. S. Mundy,J. Electrochem. Soc. 115 (1968) 233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. D. White, C. H. Johnson and S. Leber,Prakt. Metallographie 6 (1969) 48.

    Google Scholar 

  396. Anon,Aircraft Engineering 33 (Feb. 1961) 46.

  397. A. K. Karimov, A. A. Abrosimov and S. A. Burchakov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1974) 84.

    Google Scholar 

  398. V. V. Parshutin, M. G. Govberg and A. I. Loskutov,ibid 5 (1974) 89.

    Google Scholar 

  399. E. M. Grala, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR67-642 (1967).

  400. J. A. Gurklis,Cobalt 39 (1968) 81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  401. L. W. Collins,Machinery (US)72 (1965) 171.

    Google Scholar 

  402. J. B. Darling, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR68-208 (1968).

  403. D. Fishlock and K. W. Hards, ‘New ways of working metals’ Newnes, London (1965) pp. 65–82.

    Google Scholar 

  404. O. I. Egorova, A. P. Ivanov, R. I. Poluden and M. A. Tolstaya,Fiz. i. Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 4 (1969) 145.

    Google Scholar 

  405. R. C. Movich, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR68-207 (1968).

  406. Idem, ibid MR69-711 (1969).

  407. Brit. Pat. 1211290.

  408. J. Molloy,Machinery (London)107 (1965) 1198.

    Google Scholar 

  409. A. S. Bairamyan,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 3 (1974) 87.

    Google Scholar 

  410. J. A. Cross, ASTME, Tech. Paper MR72-536 (1972).

  411. J. Molinelli, G. J. Michaels and G. Owens,ibid MR67-647 (1967).

  412. J. A. Cross,ibid MR67-234 (1967).

  413. E. Morris, SME Tech. Paper MR75-477 (1975).

  414. V. P. Olenchich, M. A. Sokolov and V. S. Petrusenko,Stanki i Instr. 7 (1975) 39.

    Google Scholar 

  415. Brit. Pats. 1135023, 1144739, 1153015.

  416. J. Summer,Engineer 231 (1970) 32.

    Google Scholar 

  417. B. A. Medvedev and V. P. Smolentsev,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 4 (1974) 13.

    Google Scholar 

  418. Brit. Pat. 1217410.

  419. D. T. Vasilev and L. D. Ponomarov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 3 (1970) 20.

    Google Scholar 

  420. V. M. Mordekhai,Stanki. i. Instrument 39 (1968) (8) 21.

    Google Scholar 

  421. Anon,Machinery (N.Y.)66 (Dec. 1959) 182.

  422. Anon,Steel 149 (Oct. 1962) 71.

  423. W. Grant,Technica 13 (1964) 1116.

    Google Scholar 

  424. Anon,Am. Machinist/Metalworking Manuf. 112 (1968) (13) 110.

  425. Brit. Pat. 1226033.

  426. B. N. Berezkhov, V. A. Golovachev, V. A. Shmanov and Yu. A. Sirazh,Elektronnaya Obrabot Mat. 3 (1969) 34.

    Google Scholar 

  427. Brit. Pats. 943101, 1315059.

  428. F. V. Sedykin and L. B. Dmitriev,Techn. Machinostroyenia, Tula22 (1972) 24.

    Google Scholar 

  429. L. A. Williams,Mach. Moderne 709 (April 1968) 67.

    Google Scholar 

  430. Brit. Pats. 1109720, 1143932, 1180159, 1251182, 1254587, 1280496.

  431. Brit. Pats. 939402, 1353562 and E. S. Stepanov,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1968) 14.

    Google Scholar 

  432. Anon,Iron Age 193 (1964) (7) 90.

  433. V. Buickaens and I. Paganini,Rev. Sci. Instr. 42 (1971) 1687.

    Google Scholar 

  434. Brit. Pats. 1028247, 1065485, 1066197.

  435. A. P. Zakonov and G. N. Korchagin,Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 6 (1973) 30.

    Google Scholar 

  436. Brti. Pats. 991454, 1046471, 1195669.

  437. L. A. Williams, SME Paper SP63-44 (1963).

  438. R. A. Wilson,Iron Age 214 (1974) (25) 45.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bannard, J. Electrochemical machining. J Appl Electrochem 7, 1–29 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00615526

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00615526

Keywords

Navigation