Abstract
There are many ways that accountants and managers can influence the reported accounting results of their organizational units. When such influence is directed at changing the amount of reported earnings, it is known as earnings management. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of surveys of undergraduate students, MBA students, and practicing accountants concerning their attitudes on the ethical acceptability of earnings management. Analysis of the survey results reveals how the attitudes of the three groups differ and what variables are associated with these differences. Based on the analysis, the authors suggest changes in accounting education curriculum and ethics awareness programs in business which might increase students' and practitioners' sensitivity to the ethical ramifications of earnings management.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Accounting Association Committee on the Future Structure, Content, and Scope of Accounting Education: 1986, ‘Future Accounting Education: Preparing for the Expanding Profession’,Issues in Accounting Education, pp. 168–195.
Armstrong, M. B.: 1990, ‘Professional Ethics and Accounting Education: A Critique of the 8-Step Method’,Business and Professional Ethics Journal 9, 181–191.
Bruns, W. J. and K. A. Merchant: 1990, ‘The Dangerous Morality of Managing Earnings’,Management Accounting (Aug.), 22–25.
Buchholz, R. A.: 1989,Fundamental Concepts and Problems in Business Ethics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ), pp. 115–139.
DesJardins, J. R. and J. J. McCall: 1990, ‘Virtues and Business Ethics’,Contemporary Issues in Business Ethics 2nd Edition (Wadsworth Pub. Co., Belmont, CA), pp. 54–59.
Donnelly, J. and G. A. Miller: 1989, ‘The Treadway Commission Recommendations for Education: Professors' Opinions’,Business and Professional Ethics Journal 8, 83–92.
‘Ethics Test for Everyday Managers’,Harvard Business Review (March–April, 1989), pp. 220–221.
Goodpaster, K. E. and J. B. Mathews, Jr.: 1982, ‘Can A Corporation Have a Conscience?’Harvard Business Review (Jan–Feb.), 132–141.
Griffiths, I.: 1986,Creative Accounting (Sidgwick & Jackson, London).
Hill, J. W., M. B. Metzger and D. R. Dalton: 1992, ‘How Ethical Is Your Company?’Management Accounting (July), 59–61.
Hoffman, W. M.: 1986, ‘What is Necessary for Corporate Moral Excellence?’Journal of Business Ethics 5, 233–242.
Institute of Management Accountants: 1983, ‘Standards of Ethical Conduct for Management Accountants’, SMA1C (Montvale, NJ).
Jones, J.: 1991, ‘Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations’,Journal of Accounting Research 26, 193–228.
Langenderfer, H. Q. and J. W. Rockness: 1989, ‘Integrating Ethics into the Accounting Curriculum: Issues, Problems, and Solutions’,Issues in Accounting Education 4, 58–69.
Loeb, S. E.: 1988, ‘Teaching Students Accounting Ethics: Some Crucial Issues’,Issues in Accounting Education 3, 316–329.
Macintosh, N. B.: (forthcoming), ‘A Dialectic of Control Perspective of the Earnings Management Practices of Profit Center General Managers’,Critical Perspectives on Accounting.
McNichols, M. and G. P. Wilson: 1988, ‘Evidence of Earnings Management from the Provision for Bad Debts’,Journal of Accounting Research 26 (supplement), 1–40.
Mendenhall R. and W. Nichols: 1988, ‘Bad News and Differential Market Reactions of Announcements of Earlier-Quarters Versus Fourth-Quarter Earnings’,Journal of Accounting Research 26 (supplement), 63–90.
Merchant, K. A. and J. Rockness: (forthcoming), ‘The Ethics of Managing Earnings: An Empirical Investigation’,Journal of Accounting and Public Policy.
Murphy, P. E.: 1988, ‘Implementing Business Ethics’,Journal of Business Ethics 7, 907–915.
Pastin, M.: 1986,The Hard Problems of Management: Gaining the Ethics Edge (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).
Ponemon, L. and A. Glazer: 1990, ‘Accounting Education and Ethical Development: The Influence of Liberal Learning on Students and Alumni in Accounting Practice’,Issues in Accounting Education (Fall), 195–208.
Report of the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting, October, 1987.
Rest, J.: 1986,Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory (Praeger, New York).
Solomon, R. C. and K. R. Hanson: 1985,It's Good Business (Atheneum, NY).
Sorensen, J. E.: 1967, ‘Professional and Bureaucratic Organization in the Public Accounting Firm’,Accounting Review (July), 553–565.
SPSS-X User's Guide: 1988, 3rd ed. (SPSS, Inc., Chicago).
Sullivan, W. M.: 1988, ‘Calling or Career: The Tensions of Modern Professional Life’, in Albert Flores (ed.),Professional Ideals (Wadsworth Pub. Co., Belmont, CA), pp. 40–46.
Trueman, B. and S. Titman: 1988, ‘An Explanation for Accounting Income Smoothing’,Journal of Accounting Research 26 (supplement), 127–143.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Marilyn Fischer, is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Dayton in Dayton, Ohio. She specializes in workplace ethics, particularly in the nonprofit sector, and has published articles in business ethics, and social and political philosophy.
Kenneth Rosenzweig, is Associate Professor of Accounting at the University of Dayton in Dayton, Ohio. He specializes in teaching management accounting, and has published articles in a wide variety of accounting areas.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fischer, M., Rosenzweig, K. Attitudes of students and accounting practitioners concerning the ethical acceptability of earnings management. J Bus Ethics 14, 433–444 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872085
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872085