Abstract
Nitrogen alloyed in austenitic stainless steels improves austenite stability, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Steels supersaturated with nitrogen (“super-nitrogen steels”) have been investigated, which rival the latest ferritic steels in strength but have potentially greater toughness.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Adcock, “The Effect of Nitrogen on Chromium and Some Iron-Chromium Alloys,” J. Iron Steel Inst., 114 (1926), pp. 119–126.
R.B. Gunia and G.R Woodrow, “Nitrogen Improves Engineering Properties of Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels,” J. Mater., 5 (1970), pp. 413–430.
V.F. Zackay, J.F. Carlson and P.L. Jackson, “High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels,” Trans. Amer. Soc. Met., 46 (1956), pp. 509–525.
V.F. Zackay, E.R Morgan and J.C. Shyne, “Production of High Nitrogen Steels,” J. Met., 8 (1956), p. 216.
W.M. Small and R.D. Pehlke, “The Effect of Alloying Elements on the Solubility of Nitrogen in Liquid Iron-Chromium-Nickel Alloys,” Trans. AlME, 242 (1968), pp. 2501–2505.
H. Feichtinger, A. Satir-Kolorz and Z. Xiao-Hong, “Solubility of Nitrogen in Solid and Liquid Iron Alloys with Special Regard to the Melting Range,” accepted for publication in HNS—88, ed. J. Fact and A. Hendry (London: Institute of Metals, 1989).
M. Kikuchi, M. Kajihara and K. Frisk, “Solubility of Nitrogen in Austenitic Stainless Steels,” accepted for publication in Proc. HNS—88 (Lille, France) ed. J. Fact and A. Hendry (London: Institute of Metals, 1989) (hereafter cited as HNS—88).
M.A. Harzenmoser and P.J. Uggowitzer, “Neue aufgesteckte austenitischrostfreie Stähle und Duplexstähle,” Modem Stähle, vol. 1, ed. P.J. Uggowitzer and M.O. Speidel (Zurich: Schweizerischen Akademie der Werkstoffwissenschaften, ETH, 1987), pp. 219–247.
K. Frisk and M. Hillert, “Thermodynamics of the Fe-CrNi-N System,” HNS—88.
R.P. Reed, “Austenitic Stainless Steels with Emphasis on Strength at Low Temperatures,” Alloying (Metals Park, OH: ASM, 1988), pp. 225–256.
G.R. Speich, Source Book on Stainless Steels (Metals Park, OH: ASM, 1976), pp. 424–426.
A.L. Schaeffier, “Constitution Diagram for Stainless Steel Weld Metals,” Met. Prog., 56 (1949), pp. 680.
T.A. Siewert, C.N. McCowan and D.L. Olson, “Ferrite Number Prediction to 100FN in Stainless Steel Weld Metal,” Weld. J., 67 (1988), pp. 289s–298s.
T. Masumoto and Y. Imai, “Structural Diagrams and Tensile Properties of the 18%Cr-Fe-Ni-N Quaternary System Alloys,” J. Jap. Inst. Met., 33 (1969), pp. 1364–1371.
R.P. Reed, unpublished data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado (1988).
H.M. Ledbetter and M.W. Austin, “Stacking-Fault Energies in 304-Type Stainless Steels: Effects of Interstitial Carbon and Nitrogen,” Materials Studies for Magnetic Fusion Energy Applications at Low Temperatures—VIII, ed. R.P. Reed (NBSIR 85.3025, National Bureau of Standards, 1985), pp. 271-294.
R. Taillard and J. Fact, ldMechanisms of the Action of Nitrogen Interstitials upon the Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 316 Stainless Steel,” HNS—88.
R.E. Stoltz and J.B. VanderSande, “The Effect of Nitrogen on Stacking Fault Energy of Fe-Ni-Cr-Mn Steels,” Met. Trans., 11 (A) (1980), pp. 1033–1037.
T. Sakamoto et al., “High Corrosion Resistant Nitrogen-Containing Stainless Steels for Use by the Chemical Industry,” Alloys for the Eighties, ed. R.Q. Barr (Greenwich, CT: Amax, 1980), pp. 269–279.
J.R. Kerns, “The Effect of Nitrogen on the Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Alloys Containing Molybdenum,” New Developments in Stainless Steel Technology, ed. R.A. Lula (Metals Park, OH: ASM, 1985), pp. 117–127.
C.R. Clayton and K.G. Martin, “Evidence of Anodic Segregation of Nitrogen in High Nitrogen Stainless Steels and Its Influence on Passivity,” HNS—88.
J.E. Truman, “Effects of Nitrogen Alloying on Corrosion Behavior of High Alloy Steels,” HNS—88.
P. Gümpel and T. Ladwein, “The Effect of Nitrogen on Mechanical-Technological and Corrosion Properties of Stainless Steels,” HNS—88.
H. Their, A. Baumel and E. Schmidtmann, “Einfluss von Stickstoff auf des Ausscheidungsverhalten des Stahles x5CrNiMol713,” Arch. Eisenhüttenw, 40 (1969), pp. 333–339.
M.H. Lewis and B. Hattersley, “Precipitation of M23C6 in Austenitic Steels,” Acta Metall., 13 (1965), pp. 1159–1168.
R.P. Reed and N.J. Simon, ““Nitrogen Strengthening of Austenitic Staioless Steels at Low Temperatures,” HNS—88.
R.P. Reed, P.T. Purtacher and L.A. Delgado, “Low-Temperature Properties of High-Manganese Austenitic Steels,” High-Manganese Austenitic Steels, ed. R.A. Lula (Metals Park, OH: ASM, 1988), pp. 13–22.
E. Werner, P.J. Uggowitzer and M.O. Speidel, “Mechanical Properties and Aging Behavior of Nitrogen Alloyed Austenitic Steels,” Mechanical Behaviour of Materials—V, (New York: Pergamon, 1987).
S. Yamamoto, N. Yamagami and C. Ouchi, “Effect of Metallurgical Variables on Strength and Toughness of Mn-Cr and Ni-Cr Stainless Steels at 4.2 K,” Advances in Cryogenic Engineering-Materials, vol. 32, ed. R.P. Reed and A.F. Clark (New York, NY: Plenum, 1986), pp. 57–64.
T. Sakamoto et al., “Nitrogen-Containing 25Cr-13Ni Stainless Steel as a Cryogenic Structural Material,” Advances in Cryogenic Engineering—Materials, vol. 30, ed. A.F. Clark and R.P. Reed (New York, NY: Plenum, 1984), 137–144.
Y. Takahasbi et al., “Mechanical Evaluation of Nitrogen.Strengthened Stainless Steels at 4 K, “Advances in Cryogenic Engineering—Materials, vol. 28, ed. R.P. Reed and A.F. Clark (New York, NY: Plenum, 1982), pp. 73–81.
M. Fujikura and T. Kato, “Effects of Carbon, Nitrogen and Nickel Content on the Low Temperature Impact Value of High Manganese Austenitic Steel,” J. Iron Steel Inst. Jap., 64 (1978), pp. 97–106.
L.A. Norström, “The Influence of Nitrogen and Grain Size on Yield Strength in Type AISI 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel,” Met. Sci., 11 (1977), pp. 208–212.
K.J. Irvine, T. Gladman and F.B. Pickering, “The Strength of Austenitic Steels,“ J. Iron Steel Inst., 207 (1969), pp. 1017–1028.
K.J. Irvine, D.T. Llewellyn and F.B. Pickering, “High-Strength Austenitic Stainless Steels,” J. Iron Steel Inst., 199 (1961), pp. 153–175.
G. Stein, J. Menzel and H. Dörr, “Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung von Schmiedestrücken mit hohen Stickstoffgehalten in der Desu-Anlage,” Moderne Stähle, Ergebnisse der Werkstoff-Forschung, vol. 1 (Zurich: Schweizerische Akademie der Werstoffwissenschaften, 1987), pp. 181–193.
P.J. Uggowitzer and M. Harzenmoser, “Strengthening of Austenitic Stainless Steels by Nitrogen,” HNS—88.
P.D. Goodell, T.M. Cullen and J.W. Freeman, “The Influence of Nitrogen and Certain Other Elements on the Creep-Rupture Properties of Wholly Austenitic Type 304 Steel,” J. Basic Eng. (Trans. Amer. Soc. Met. E), 89 (1967), pp. 517–524.
J.H. Hoke, “Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures,” Handbook of Stainless Steels, ed. D. Peckner and I.M. Bernstein (New York: McGrawHill, 1977), pp. 21.1–21.20.
Y. Kawabe, R. Nakagawa and T. Makoyama, “Effect of Nitrogen and Molybdenum on the High Temperature Strength of 18Cr-12Ni-0.02C Austenitic Steel,” Trans Iron Steel Inst. Jap., 8 (1968), pp. 353–362.
T. Nakazawa et al., “Effects of Nitrogen and Carbon on Creep Properties of Type 316 Stainless Steels,” HNS—88.
J.K. Solberg, “The Influence of Carbon and Nitrogen on the High Temperature Creep Properties of AISI 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel,” Mater. Sci. Eng., 55 (1982), pp. 39–44.
J. Sobotka et al., “Creep Ductility and Creep Fracture of Non-Stabilized CrNiMo Steels with Nitrogen Additions,” HNS—88.
T. Matsuo et al., “Effect of Nitrogen on Creep Deformation of 25Cr-28Ni Austenitic Stee1s-Solid Solution Strengthening Due to Nitrogen,” HNS—88.
R.L. Tobler and R.P. Reed, “Interstitial Carbon and Nitrogen Effects on the Cryogenic Fatigue Crack Growth of AISI 304 Stainless Steel,” J. Test. Eval., 12 (1984), pp. 364–370.
S. Degallaix, J.I. Dickson and J. Foot, “The Effect of Nitrogen on the Fatigue and Creep-Fatigue Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels,” HNS—88.
G. Torkhov et al., “Development of Melting and Thermomechanical Processing Parameters for a High-Nitrogen Stainless Steel Prepared by Plasma-Arc Remelting,” J. Met., 30 (1978), pp. 20–27.
G. Stein, J. Menzel and H. Dörr, “Manufacture of Massively Nitrogen-Alloyed Steels,” HNS—88.
W. Holzgruber, “Process Technology for High Nitrogen Steels,” HNS—88.
P.J. Uggowitzer, M.O. Speidel and E. Werner, “Fracture Tonghness of Cold Worked Austenitic Steels,” Mechanical Behaviour of Materials—V (New York: Pergamon, 1987), pp. 401–410.
E.B. Kula, Army Materials Technology Laboratory, Watertown, Massachusetts; private communication, 1988.
M.O. Speidel, “atProperties and Applications of High-Nitrogen Steels,” HNS—88.
J. Menzel, G. Stein and P. Dahlmann, “Massively Nitrogen-Alloyed Bolt Materials for High-Strength and High-Temperature Applications,” HNS—88.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reed, R.P. Nitrogen in austenitic stainless steels. JOM 41, 16–21 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03220991
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03220991