Skip to main content
Log in

Theoretical milestones in international business: The journey to international entrepreneurship theory

  • Published:
Journal of International Entrepreneurship Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

For many decades global business was considered the preserve of large multinationals and traditional international business theory was developed to explain the behaviour of these firms. However, increasingly there is a realization that the small entrepreneurial firm has an important role to play in international business especially given that there are strong globalization pressures that both pull and push the small firm into international markets to ensure its very survival. On the questions of how and why international business takes place, several theoretical approaches have been developed that appear to run parallel to each other. However, this paper posits that the point of convergence is international entrepreneurship.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aharoni Y (1966) The foreign investment decision process. Division of Research, Harvard School of Business, Boston

  • Andersen O (1993) On the internationalization process of firms: A critical analysis. Journal of International Business Studies 24(2):209–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen PH, Blenker P, Christensen PR (1995) Generic routes to subcontractors’ internationalization. Working Paper presented to Rentx, Italy

  • Anderson E, Gatignon H (1986) Modes of foreign entry: A transaction cost analysis and propositions. Journal of International Business Studies 1(3):1–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson S (2000) The internationalization of the firm from an entrepreneurial perspective. International Studies of Management and Organization 30(1):63–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Autio E, Sapienza HJ, Almelda JG (2000) Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability of international growth. Academy of Management Journal 43(5):909–941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayal I, Raban J (1987) Export management structure and successful high technology innovation. In: Reid SD and Rosson PJ (eds), Managing export entry and expansion. Praeger, New York

  • Ball DA, McCulloch WH, Frantz PL, Geringer JM, Minor MS (2002) International business: The challenge of global competition. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerji K, Sambharya RB (1996) Vertical keiretsu and international market entry: The case of the japanese automobile ancillary industry. Journal of International Business Studies 1st Quarter: 89–113

  • Bell J (1995) The internationalization of small computer software firms: A further challenge to “stage” theories. European Journal of Marketing 29(8):60–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell J, McNaughton R, Crick D (2003) Towards an integrative model of small firm internationalisation. Journal of International Entrepreneurship 1:339–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilkey WJ (1978) An attempted integration of the literature on the export behaviour of firms. Journal of International Business Studies 9(1):33–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonaccorsi A (1992) On the relationship between firm size and export intensity. Journal of International Business Studies 23(4):605–635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brush C (1995) International entrepreneurship: The effect of firm age on motives for internationalization. Garland, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley PJ, Brooke MZ (1992) International business studies: An overview. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley PJ, Casson MC (1976) The future of the multinational enterprise. Macmillan Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley P, Newbould GD, Thruwell J (1979) Going international? The foreign direct investment behaviour of smaller UK firms. In: Mattsson LG, Wiedersheim-Paul F (eds), Recent Research on the Internationalization of Business. Uppsala, Sweden

  • Buckley PJ, Chapman M (1997) A longitudinal study of the internationalisation process in a small sample of pharmaceutical an scientific instrument companies. Journal of Marketing Management 13:43–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley PJ, Casson MC (1998) Analyzing foreign market entry strategies: Extending the internalization approach. Journal of International Business Studies 29(3):539–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgel O, Murray GC (2000) The international market entry choices of start-up companies in high-technology industries. Journal of International Marketing 8(2):33–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns P (2001) Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvet AL (1981) A synthesis of foreign direct investment theories and theories of the multinational firm. Journal of International Business Studies 12(1):43–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavusgil ST, Naor J (1987) Firm and management characteristics as discriminators of export marketing activity. Journal of Business Research 15:221–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra R, Newbury W (1997) A cognitive map of the international business field. International Business Review 6(4):387–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chetty SK (1999) Dimensions of internationalization of manufacturing firms in the apparel industry. European Journal of Marketing 33(1):1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chetty SK, Hamilton RT (1993) Firm-level determinants of export performance: A meta-analysis. International Marketing Review 10(3):26–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chetty S, Campbell-Hunt C (2003) Explosive international growth and problems of success amongst small to medium-sized firms. International Small Business Journal 21(1):5–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chetty S, Campbell-Hunt C (2004) A strategic approach to internationalization: A traditional versus a Born-Global approach. Journal of International Marketing 12(1):57–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coase RH (1937) The nature of the firm: Meaning and influence. In: Williamson OE, Winter SG (eds) The nature of the firm. Oxford University Press

  • Coviello NE, Munro HJ (1995) Growing the entrepreneurial firm: Networking for internal market development. European Journal of Marketing 29(7):49–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Coviello NE, Munro HJ (1997) Network relationships and the internationalization process of small software firms. International Business Review 6(4):361–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Coviello NE, Martin MAM (1999) Internationalization of services SMEs: An integrated perspective from the engineering consulting sector. Journal of International Marketing 7(4):23–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick D (1995) An investigation into the targeting of UK export assistance. European Journal of Marketing 29(9):76–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czinkota MR (1982) Export development strategies: US promotion policies. Praeger, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalli D (1994) The exporting process: The evolution of small and medium sized firms toward internationalization. In: Axinn CN (ed) Advances in international marketing. Jai Press, Greenwich, CT

  • Da Rocha A, Christes CH (1994) The export experience of a developing country. Advances in International Marketing 6:111–142

    Google Scholar 

  • De Chiara A, Minguzzi A (2002) Success factors in SMEs internationalization process: An Italian investigation. Journal of Small Business Management 40(2):144–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Denis JE, Depelteau D (1985) Market knowledge, diversification and export expansion. Journal of International Business Studies 16(3):77–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunning JH (1977) Trade location of economic activity and the multinational enterprise: A search for an eclectic approach. In: Ohlin B, Hesselborn PO Wikman PM (eds), The international allocation of economic activity. Macmillan, London

  • Dunning JH (1981) Explaining outward direct investment of developing countries: In support of the eclectic theory of international production. In: Kumar K McLeod MG (eds) Multinationals from developing countries. Lexington: Toronto

  • Ellis J, Williams D (1995) International business strategy. Pitman, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Etemad H (2004) International entrepreneurship as a dynamic adaptive system: Towards a grounded theory. Journal of International Entrepreneurship 2:5–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fillis I (2001) Small firm internationalization: An investigative survey and future research directions. Management Decision 39(9):767–783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fillis I (2002) The internationalization process of the craft microenterprise. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 7(1):25–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford ID, Leonidou LC (1991) Research developments in international marketing: A E uropean perspective. In: Paliwoda SJ (ed) New perspectives on international mrketing. Routledge, London

  • Ghauri PN (2000) Internationalisation of the firm. In: Tayeb MH (Ed) International business: Theories, policies and practices. Pearson

  • Globerman S (1986) Fundamentals of international business management. Prentice Hall International, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecksher E, Ohlin B (1933) Interregional and international trade. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedlund G, Kverneland A (1985) Are strategies for foreign markets changing? International Studies of Management and Organization 15(2):41–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennart JF (1982) A theory of the multinational enterprise. University of Michigan Press, Michigan

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill CWL (2004) International business: Competing in the global market place. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hymer SH (1960) The international operations of national firms: A study of direct foreign investment. Ph.D. Cambridge, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibeh KIN, Young S (2001) Exporting as an entrepreneurial act: An empirical study of Nigerian firms. European Journal of Marketing 35(5/6):566–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Itaki M (1991) A critical assessment of the eclectic theory of the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies. 3rd Quarter:445–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe ED, Pasternak H (1994) An attitudinal model to determine the export intention of non-exporting, small manufacturers. International Marketing Review 11(3):17–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen RE, Johnsen TE (1999) International market development through networks: The case of the Ayrshire knitware sector. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 5(6):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanson J, Mattson LG (1988) Internationalization in industrial systems: A network approach. In: Hood N, Vahlne J-E (eds), Strategies in global competition. Croom Helm, London, pp. 287–314

  • Johanson J, Wiedersheim-Paul F (1975) The internationalization of the firm: Four swedish case studies. Journal of Management Studies 12:305–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanson J, Vahlne JE (1977) The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign commitments. Journal of International Business Studies 8(1):23–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones G (1996) The evolution of international business. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Karagozoglu N, Martin L (1998) Internationalization of small and medium-sized technology-based firms: An exploratory study. Journal of Small Business Management 36(1):44–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Kogut B, Zander U (1993) Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation. Journal of International Business Studies. 4th Quarter: pp. 625–645

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb PW, Liesch PW (2002) The internationalization process of the smaller firm: Re-framing the relationships between market commitment, knowledge and involvement. Management International Review 42(1):7–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence PR, Lorsch JW (1967) Organization and environment: Managing differentiation and integration. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee W, Brasch JJ (1978) the adoption of export as an innovative strategy. Journal of International Business Studies 9:85–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonidou L (2000) Barriers to export management: An organizational and internationalization analysis. Journal of International Management 6:121–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonidou LC, Katsikeas CS (1996) The export development process: An integrative review of empirical models. Journal of International Business Studies 27(3):517–551

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonidou LC, Katsikeas CS, Piercy NF (1998) Identifying managerial influences on exporting: Past research and future directions. Journal of International Marketing 6(2):74–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Leontief W (1953) Domestic production and foreign trade: The American capital position re-examined. proceedings of the American philosophical society

  • Lu JW, Beamish PW (2001) The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal 22(6/7):565–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luostarinen R (1980) The Internationalization of the firm. Acta Academia series A, Vol. 30 Helsinki School of Economics. Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Madsen TK, Servais P (1997) The internationalization of born globals: An evolutionary process? International Business Review 6(6):561–583

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra NK, Agarwal J, Ulgado FM (2003) Internationalization and entry modes: A multitheoretical framework and research propositions. Journal of International Marketing 11(4):1–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall P, Shane S, Oviatt BM (1994) Explaining the formation of international new ventures: The limits of theories from international business research. Journal of Business Venturing 7s(5):419– 429

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall P, Oviatt BM (1996) New venture internationalization, strategic change, and performance: A follow-up study. Journal of Business Venturing 11(1):23–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall P, Oviatt BM (2000) International entrepreneurship: The intersection of two paths. Guest Editor’s Introduction, Academy of Management Journal 43(5):902–908

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller MM (1993) Executive insights: The 10 step road map to success in foreign markets. Journal of International Marketing 1(2):89–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Millington AI, Bayliss BT (1990) The process of internationalisation: UK companies in the E.C. Management International Review 30(2):151–161

  • Morgan RE, Katsikeas CS (1997) Theories of international trade, foreign direct investment and firm internationalization: A critique. Management Decision 35(1):1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mtigwe B (2004) The internationalization process of small-to-medium size enterprise (SMEs) in the African context: A comparative study. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Pretoria

  • Ogbuehi AO, Longfellow TA (1994) Perceptions of U.S. manufacturing SMEs concerning exporting: A comparison based on export experience. Journal of Small Business Management 32(4):37–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohmae K (1995) The end of nation state: The rise of regional economies. Harper, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt BM, McDougall PP (1994) Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies 25(1):45–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Penrose ET (1956) Foreign investment and growth of the firm. Economic Journal 60:220–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter H (1969) The torturous evolution of the multinational enterprise. Columbia Journal of World Business 4(1):9–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinney JK (1970) Process of commitment to foreign trade Indiana Department of Commerce

  • Porter ME (1990) The competitive advantage of nations The Free Press

  • Posner MV (1961) International trade and technical change. Oxford Economic Papers 13:323–341

  • Prahalad CK, Hamel G (1990) The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review 90:79–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Prefontaine L, Bourgault M (2002) Strategic analysis and export behaviour of SMEs: A comparison between the United States and Canada. International Small Business Journal 20(2):123–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Punnett BJ, Ricks DA (1997) International business. Blackwell Cambridge MA

  • Ramaswamy K, Kroeck KG, Renforth W (1996) Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm: A Comment. Journal of International Business Studies 26(1):167–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid S (1981) The decision make and export entry and expansion. Journal of International Business Studies 12(2):101–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid SR (1984) Information acquisition and export entry decisions in small firms. Journal of Business Research 12(2):141–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reuber AR, Fischer E (1997) The influence of the management’s team’s experience on the internationalization behaviours of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies 4th Quarter:807–825

  • Ricardo D (1817) On the principles of political economy and taxation. London

  • Root FR (1987) Entry strategies for international markets, Lexington: Massachussetts

  • Rugman AM (1971) Risk reduction by international diversification. International Journal of Business Studies 7(Fall):75–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Rugman AM, Verbeke A (1992) A note on cost theory of multinational strategic management. International Journal of Business Studies 4th Quarter:761–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadler-Smith E, Spicer DP, Chaston I (2001) Learning orientations in smaller firms. Long Range Planning 34(1):139–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma D, Johanson J (1987) Technical consultancy in internationalization. International Marketing Review 4(4):20–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrader RC, Oviatt BM, McDougall P (2000) How new ventures exploit trade offs among international risk factors: Lessons for the accelerated internationalization of the century. Academy of Management Journal 43(6):1227–1258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds K, Smith H (1968) The first export order: A marketing innovation. British Journal of Marketing 2(2):93–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson CL, Kujawa D (1974) The export decision process: An empirical enquiry. Journal of International Business Studies 5(1):107–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith A (1776) The wealth of nation. Modern Library Edition, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson HH, Jarillo JC (1990) A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. Strategic Management Journal 11:17–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone MM, Brush CG (1996) Planning in ambiguous contexts: The dilemma of meeting needs for commitment and demands for legitimacy. Strategic Management Journal 17:633–652

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan D (1994) Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm. Journal of International Business Studies 25(2):325–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan D, Bauerschmidt A (1990) Incremental Internationalization: A test of Johanson and Vahlne’s thesis. Management International Review 20(1):19–30

  • Sundaram AK, Black JS (1995) The international business environment: Text and cases. Prentice Hall International, Illinois

    Google Scholar 

  • Suranovic S (2004) The theory of comparative advantage: Overview’ http://internationalecon.com/v1.0/ch40/40c000.html accessed on 30 November 2004

  • Teece DJ, Pisano G, Shuen A (1997) Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal 18:509–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tikkaneen H (1998) The network approach in analyzing international marketing and purchasing operations: A case study of a European SME’s focal net 1992–95. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing 13(2):1–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Toyne B (1989) International exchange: A foundation for theory building in international business. Journal of International Business Studies 20(1):1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull PW (1987) A challenge to the stages theory of the Internationalization process. In: Rosson PJ Reid SD (eds.) Managing export and expansion, Praeger, New York, pp. 21–40

  • Turnbull PW, Valla JP (1986) Strategies for international industrial marketing. Croom Helm, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernon R (1966) International Investment and International trade in the product life cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics 80(2):120–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells LT (July 1968) A product life cycle for international trade? Journal of Marketing 32 (July): 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson OE (1975) Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock CP, Beamish PW, Makino S (1994) Ownership-based entry mode strategies and international performance. Journal of International Business Studies 2nd Quarter:253–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung HW (2002) Entrepreneurship and the internationalization of Asian firms: An institutional perspective. In Young S. (ed) Entrepreneurship and the internationalization of Asian firms: An institutional perspective. (Review), International Small Business Journal 21(2):229–232

  • Zahra SA, George G (2005) International entrepreneurship: The current status of the field and future research agenda. http://instruction.bus.wisc.edu/ggeorge/research/IE.pdf accessed on 3 Feb. 2005

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bruce Mtigwe.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mtigwe, B. Theoretical milestones in international business: The journey to international entrepreneurship theory. J Int Entrepr 4, 5–25 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-006-5872-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-006-5872-5

Keywords

Navigation